Stamboom Heijting (heiting,heitink,heytinck,heyting,heytink) » Egbert 3 de grote van Wessex (± 775-839)

Persoonlijke gegevens Egbert 3 de grote van Wessex 

• Hij is geboren rond 775.
• Hij is overleden op 2 februari 839.
• De biologische vader is Ealhmund van Wessex
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 25 december 2019.

Gezin van Egbert 3 de grote van Wessex

Hij is getrouwd met Redburga van Franken.

Zij zijn getrouwd

Kind(eren):

1. Aedgyth  
2. Ethelwulf van Engeland  ± 800-858 

Notities over Egbert 3 de grote van Wessex

Egbert (geboren ca. 770 – Cornwall, overleden juli 839) was koning van Wessex. Hij was het die de macht van Mercia overwon en van Wessex het dominante AngelSaksische koninkrijk maakte. Hij kreeg de titel ‘Bretwalda’, waarmee door de Angelsaksen een heerser werd aangeduid die macht had over andere heersers. Hij wordt gezien als de eerste koning van Engeland. Hij is begraven in de Old Minster te Winchester.
Egbert was zoon van Ealhmund, koning van Kent. Na de dood van zijn vader verkeert hij in een onzekere positie en wordt hij door Offa van Mercia en Beorhtric van Wessex in 789 naar het vasteland van Europa verbannen. Daar leeft hij 13 jaar onder bescherming van Karel de Grote. Na het overlijden van Beorhtric in 802, weet Egbert met steun van Karel de Grote en van de paus de troon van Wessex te verwerven. Voor Karel is hij vooral een tegenwicht tegen de overmacht van Mercia. Het leger van Hwicce (een hertogdom binnen Mercia) valt direct Wessex aan maar wordt door Egbert afgeslagen.

Cornwall wordt onderworpen in twee veldtochten in 815 en 825. Ook in 825 verslaat hij Beornwulf van Mercia bij Ellendun (nu Wroughton) en stuurt zijn zoon Ethelwulf om zijn gezag te vestigen in de gebieden die onder het gezag van Mercia stonden: Kent, Essex en Sussex. In 826 vraagt East Anglia de bescherming van Egbert. Aanvallen van Mercia op East Anglia in 826 en 827 zijn een grote mislukking. In 829 verslaat Egbert Wiglaf van Mercia en slaat zelf munten als koning van Mercia. Egbert wordt Bretwalda (de hoogste koning) van Engeland, dus ook met een vorm van gezag over Northumberland. In 830 volgt nog een expeditie naar de gebieden in Wales die onder invloed van Mercia stonden.

Vanaf 830 volgt echter een periode van tegenslag: Wiglaf wint de troon van Mercia terug. De macht van Egbert over East-Anglia, Essex en misschien ook Kent lijkt verdwenen. Mogelijk is hier een samenhang met de periode van burgeroorlogen in het Frankische Rijk waardoor Egbert zijn Frankische steun verliest? Uiteindelijk ontstaat er een natuurlijk machtsevenwicht tussen Wessex, Mercia, East-Anglia en Northumberland – de kleine staten hebben hun zelfstandigheid dan verloren: Sussex, Kent, Surrey en mogelijk ook Essex zijn een onder-koninkrijk onder Egberts zoon Ethelwulf.

In 836 wordt Egbert bij Carhampton verslagen door een strijdmacht van 35 Deense schepen. In 838 verslaat hij bij Exeter een bondgenootschap van Denen en Kelten. De onafhankelijkheid van het Keltische koninkrijk Dumnonia is hiermee feitelijk afgelopen. Egbert en Aethelwulf sluiten een overeenkomst met de bisschoppen van Canterbury en Winchester. In ruil voor aanzienlijke schenkingen erkennen de bisschoppen Aethelwulf als opvolger van Egbert en erkennen ze Egbert en Aethelwulf als heer en beschermer van hun kerken en kloosters. In 839 is er nog correspondentie met Lodewijk de Vrome over zijn voorgenomen reis naar Rome. Het testament van Egbert geeft alleen bezittingen aan mannelijke familieleden, zodat er niet via huwelijk bezittingen uit de familie zullen verdwijnen. Het overgrote deel van zijn bezit gaat echter naar zijn opvolger.

Egbert trouwde met Redburga, een buitenechtelijke dochter van keizer Karel de Grote.
Kinderen:
– Ethelwulf
– de Heilige Edith van Polesworth
– Athelstan Van Kent.

john ooms.nl

< A History of the British Monarchy‎ | Saxon Rulers

Egbert is often listed as the first name on lists or family trees of English kings, as his grandson Alfred is considered to be the first 'King of the English' and Alfred's grandson Athelstan was the first to declare himself 'King of England'. He is the first king of Wessex of whom historians have a complete record of his reign.

This future king was born between the years 770 and 780. His father was the King of Kent, so he was of royal blood. After the murder of King Cynewulf, Egbert's kinsman Beothric was elected to take the vacant throne of Wessex in 786. However, Egbert who considered himself to have a better claim, contested his right. Egbert was forced to take refuge at the court of the powerful Offa, King of the kingdom of Mercia. However, Beothric was sneaky. He responded by proposing an alliance between himself and Offa, which was to be cemented by his marriage to Offa's daughter Eadburgha. He further requested that Offa deliver the rebel Egbert to him. Offa accepted Beorthric's offer for his daughter's hand in marriage, but instead of handing over Egbert to his enemy and certain death, he merely banished him from England.

Egbert was forced to flee to France, then ruled by Emperor Charlemagne. There are records of Egbert serving in the French army. He remained safely in France for the rest of Beothric's reign in Wessex. He contracted a marriage to Redburga, a Frankish princess, said to have been the sister of Charlemagne, although she remains a shadowy figure and no one really knows much about her. The marriage of Egbert and Redburga produced two sons and a daughter.

On the death of Beothric, Egbert returned to his native England to claim the vacant throne of Wessex in 800. He was widely accepted, although the Mercians opposed his rule. Wessex was attacked by the Hwicce, under ealdorman Ethelmund (the Hwicce had originally formed a separate kingdom, but by that time formed part of Mercia). Weohstan, a Wessex ealdorman and supposedly Egbert's brother-in-law, met him with men from Wiltshire. The Hwicce were defeated, and Weohstan and Ethelmund slain.

Inspired by Frankish military and imperial ideas, Egbert made rigorous efforts to bring the native Britons (Celts) into subjection. Eventually, all of what is now Wales was subject to his authority. Egbert defeated the rival king Beornwulf of Mercia in battle at Ellandune, near Swindon, and marched an army into Kent, which at that time was under Mercian rule. Baldred, the Mercian under-king of Kent, fled and the men of Kent declared for Egbert. Surrey, Sussex, and Essex followed suit. Egbert's elder son, Ethelwulf was made sub-king of these regions.

The East Anglians, who were also subjects of the Mercian king, rebelled. Beornwulf, King of Mercia was intent on re-asserting his authority in the province. The East Anglians then placed themselves under the protection of Egbert, who came to their aid and Beornwulf himself was killed in the ensuing conflict. Wiglaf was elected to succeed him in 829. Allowing Wiglaf no time for preparation, Egbert quickly invaded Mercia and expelled him from the kingdom. This made Egbert ruler of all of England south of the Humber. Egbert then turned his attention to the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria, which also fell to him. He now controlled all of England. He had triumphed, he was Bretwalda.

Viking attacks followed and began to grow in strength in the last years of Egbert's reign. They came from over the sea from Denmark and Norway in their dragon prows, or long ships. In 835, the Vikings raided the Isle of Sheppey, Egbert lead an army against them at Carhampton on the North Devon coast. The Celts of Cornwall and Devon, known to the Saxons as Wilisc men (i.e. foreigners) allied themselves with the Danes. Egbert defeated them, but by the time of his death in 839 the Viking raids had become annual occurrences and Mercia had regained its independence.

Egbert was succeeded by his eldest son Ethelwulf, and was buried at Winchester. Following the Norman Conquest, Winchester Cathedral was erected on the Saxon site of the Old Minster. The Royal remains, including King Egbert's bones, were exhumed and placed around St. Swithin's Shrine in the new building. However in the seventeenth century, during the English Civil War, the bones, after being used as missiles to shatter stained glass windows, were scattered and mixed in various mortuary chests along with those of other Saxon kings and bishops. The chests remain today, seated upon a decorative screen surrounding the presbytery of the Cathedral.

ECGBERHT, son of EALHMUND Under-King of Kent & his wife --- ([769/80]-4 Feb or [Jun] 839, bur Winchester Cathedral). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Egbert succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex" after the death of Beorhtric in 802, in a later passage describing him as Ecgberht as son of Ealhmund, and in another passage which setting out his complete ancestry from his son Æthelwulf King of Wessex[1466]. According to the Chronicle, Ecgberht was expelled from England in 789 by King Beorhtric after he unsuccessfully challenged Beorhtric's succession[1467]. It may be significant that "England" rather than "Wessex" is specified in this passage of the Chronicle. Ecgberht's father was king of Kent around this time, and it is possible that the expulsion was from Kent, maybe a consequence of his father being deposed as Kentish king. According to William of Malmesbury, Beorhtric was allied with Offa King of Mercia at this time. He explains that Ecgberht had sought refuge with King Offa after his expulsion by King Beorhtric, but that the latter bribed Offa for Ecgberht's surrender and was offered Offa's daughter in marriage in return[1468]. Ecgberht sought refuge at the Frankish court until [792][1469]. Under-King in Kent in [796][1470]. On Beorhtric's death, he established himself in 802 as ECGBERHT King of Wessex, rebelling against Mercian overlordship. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that he ravaged the Britons of Dumnonia (Cornwall) 815[1471]. He defeated Beornwulf King of Mercia in 825 at Ellendun [=Wroughton, Wiltshire], which marked the end of Mercian ascendancy. King Ecgberht immediately sent his son Æthelwulf with a large army into Kent, which submitted to him along with Surrey, Sussex and Essex. East Anglia, in revolt against Mercia, turned to Ecgberht for protection[1472]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Ecgberht conquered Mercia in 829[1473], taking the title rex Merciorum, from evidence provided by a limited number of coins[1474], but lost control of Mercia again in 830. He exacted tribute from Eanred King of Northumbria in 829. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that the first Danish raiders landed at Sheppey in 835 and King Ecgberht was defeated by Viking invaders at Carhampton in 836[1475], but defeated the Vikings at Hingston Down, Cornwall in 838[1476], which is probably when Cornwall was integrated into Wessex. "Ægberhtus rex occidentalium Saxonum" granted land at Canterbury to "Ciaba clericus", jointly with "Æthelwulfi regis filii mei", by charter dated 836[1477]. "Æthelwulf rex Cancie" was co-grantor of land in Kent with "Egberthus rex occident Saxonum pater meus" by charters dated [833/39] and 838 respectively[1478]. Despite his successes, he does not seem to have claimed overlordship over all the southern English or referred to himself as king of England. He is listed as eighth bretwalda in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[1479], supplementing the original list given by Bede. William of Malmesbury records that King Ecgberht died "after a reign of thirty-seven years" and was buried at Winchester[1480]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Ecgberht died in 839[1481].

m ([789/92]) REDBURGA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. According to Weir, she is said to have been "sister of the king of the Franks", who at the time was Charles I, later Emperor "Charlemagne", but her identity is uncertain[1482]. The primary source on which this is based has not been identified. If her origin was Frankish, King Ecgberht presumably married her during his exile at the Frankish court between [789/792].

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