Genealogie Wylie » Pepin III "The Short" King of (Pepin III "The Short" King of) Franks [ChFather-Wikibio+] (714-768)

Persoonlijke gegevens Pepin III "The Short" King of (Pepin III "The Short" King of) Franks [ChFather-Wikibio+] 

• Roepnaam Pepin III "The Short" King of.
• Hij is geboren in het jaar 0714 in Austrasia.Bronnen 11, 12
• Beroep: ruled: 741-768 ?.
• (Unknown ) in het jaar 0741 in Neustria, France: Mayor of the Palace Neustrie.Bronnen 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13
• (Unknown ) in het jaar 0751 in Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Preussen: King of the Franks.Bronnen 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13
• Hij is overleden op 24 september 768 in St. Denis, Seine-St-Denis now in France, hij was toen 54 jaar oud.Bronnen 11, 12
• Een kind van Charles "The Hammer" Martel en Rotrude of Trèves
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 18 maart 2023.

Gezin van Pepin III "The Short" King of (Pepin III "The Short" King of) Franks [ChFather-Wikibio+]

(1) Hij is getrouwd met Bertrada de Laon.

CHAN26 Feb 2002

Zij zijn getrouwd rond 0740 te Ingelmunster, West Flanders in present day Belgium.Bronnen 1, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

Kind(eren):

1. Charlemagne  742-814 
2. Bertha Carolingians  ± 745-????
3. Rothaide Carolingians  ± 748-????
4. Adelaide Carolingians  ± 749-????
5. Hermenlinde Princess of the Franks of Bavaria  ± 750-????
6. Carloman I Carolingians  751-771
7. Gilles Carolingians  ± 755-????
8. Pepin Carolingians  756-± 761
9. Gisele Carolingians  757-811
10. Ade Carolingians  759-????
11. Readburh (Readberg) de Carolingians  < 774-> 805 

(2) Hij is getrouwd met Leuthergis de Saxony.

_STATConcubinage
CHAN26 Feb 2002

Zij zijn getrouwd te no marriage.

Kind(eren):

1. Bertbelle Martel  ± 760-???? 

Notities over Pepin III "The Short" King of (Pepin III "The Short" King of) Franks [ChFather-Wikibio+]

============Father of Charlemagne===================

=========
WIKIPEDIA
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Source above, includes portraits, paintings, maps and other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short

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Pepin the Short

Contents: These live links at source as follows by clicking into wikibio
found by using above main link, clicking and looking at upper left column
-------
Assumption of power
First Carolingian king
Expansion of the Frankish realm
Legacy
Family
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
-------
Contents list above are live links at source as follows by clicking into wikibio
found by using above main link, clicking and looking at upper left column

Pepin the Short
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Pepin the Short
PippinImperialChronicleCorpusChristiCollegeMS373Fol14.jpg
Pepin the Younger, miniature, Anonymi chronica imperatorum, c. 1112–1114
King of the Franks
Reign751 – 24 September 768
PredecessorChilderic III
SuccessorCharlemagne and Carloman I
Mayor of the Palace of Neustria
Reign741–751
PredecessorCharles Martel
SuccessorCharlemagne
Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia
Reign747–751
PredecessorCarloman
SuccessorMerged into crown
Bornc. 714
Died24 September 768 (aged 53–54)
Saint-Denis, Kingdom of the Franks
BurialBasilica of St Denis
SpouseBertrada of Laon
IssueCharlemagne
Carloman I
Gisela
DynastyCarolingian
FatherCharles Martel
MotherRotrude of Hesbaye
ReligionChalcedonian Christianity
SignaturePepin the Short's signature
Pepin[a] the Short (French: Pépin le Bref; c. 714 – 24 September 768), also called Pepin the Younger (German: Pippin der Jüngere), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian to become king.[2]

Pepin was the son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude. Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the Christian monks of the Abbey Church of St. Denis, near Paris. Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother, Carloman. Pepin ruled in Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence, while his older brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia. The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the Bavarians, Aquitanians, Saxons, and the Alemanni in the early years of their reign. In 743, they ended the Frankish interregnum by choosing Childeric III, who was to be the last Merovingian monarch, as figurehead King of the Franks.

Being well disposed towards the Christian Church and Papacy on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing, Pepin and Carloman continued their father's work in supporting Saint Boniface in reforming the Frankish church, and evangelizing the Saxons. After Carloman, who was an intensely pious man, retired to religious life in 747, Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks. He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother Grifo, and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia. Giving up pretense, Pepin then forced Childeric into a monastery and had himself proclaimed King of the Franks with the support of Pope Zachary in 751. The decision was not supported by all members of the Carolingian family and Pepin had to put down a revolt led by Carloman's son, Drogo,[citation needed] and again by Grifo.

As King of the Franks, Pepin embarked on an ambitious program to expand his power. He reformed the legislation of the Franks and continued the ecclesiastical reforms of Boniface. Pepin also intervened in favour of the Papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy. In the midsummer of 754, Stephen II anointed Pepin afresh,[3] together with his two sons, Charles and Carloman.[4] The ceremony took place in the Abbey Church of St. Denis, and the Pope formally forbade the Franks ever to elect as king anyone who was not of the sacred race of Pepin. He also bestowed upon Pepin and his sons the title of Patrician of Rome.[5] Pepin was able to secure several cities, which he then gave to the Pope as part of the Donation of Pepin. This formed the legal basis for the Papal States in the Middle Ages. The Byzantine Greeks, keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish Empire, gave Pepin the title of Patricius.

In wars of expansion for the Frankish realm, Pepin conquered Septimania from the Umayyad and Andalusian Muslims and defeated them at the siege of Narbonne in 759,[6][7] and proceeded to subjugate the southern realms by repeatedly defeating Waiofar and his Gascon troops, after which the Gascon and Aquitanian lords saw no option but to pledge loyalty to the Franks. Pepin was, however, troubled by the relentless revolts of the Saxons and the Bavarians. He campaigned tirelessly in Germania as well, but the final subjugation of the Germanic tribes was left to his successors.

Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, Pepin's reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne.

Assumption of power
Pepin's father Charles Martel died in 741. He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, Carloman, his surviving sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria. Grifo, Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild (also known as Swanhilde), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was besieged in Laon, forced to surrender and imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers.

In the Frankish realm the unity of the kingdom was essentially connected with the person of the king. So Carloman, to secure this unity, raised the Merovingian Childeric to the throne (743). Then in 747 Carloman resolved to entering a monastery after years of consideration.[8] This left Francia in the hands of Pepin as sole mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum.

At the time of Carloman's retirement, Grifo escaped his imprisonment and fled to Duke Odilo of Bavaria, who was married to Hiltrude, Pepin's sister. Pepin put down the renewed revolt led by his half-brother and succeeded in completely restoring the boundaries of the kingdom.

Carolingian dynasty
Charlemagne autograph.svg
Pippinids
Arnulfings
Carolingians
After the Treaty of Verdun (843)
vte
Under the reorganization of Francia by Charles Martel, the dux et princeps Francorum was the commander of the armies of the kingdom, in addition to his administrative duties as mayor of the palace.[9]

First Carolingian king

Coronation in 751 of Pepin by Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz
As mayor of the palace, Pepin was formally subject to the decisions of Childeric III, who had only the title of king, with no power. Since Pepin had control over the magnates and actually had the power of a king, he now addressed to Pope Zachary a suggestive question:

In regard to the kings of the Franks who no longer possess the royal power: is this state of things proper?
Hard pressed by the Lombards, Pope Zachary welcomed this move by the Franks to end an intolerable condition and lay the constitutional foundations for the exercise of the royal power. The Pope replied that such a state of things is not proper. Under these circumstances, the wielder of actual power should be called King. After this decision, Childeric III was deposed and confined to a monastery. He was the last of the Merovingians.

Pepin was then elected King of the Franks by an assembly of Frankish nobles, with a large portion of his army on hand. The earliest account of his election and anointing is the Clausula de Pippino, written around 767. Meanwhile, Grifo continued his rebellion, but was eventually killed in the battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in 753.

Pepin was assisted by his friend Vergilius of Salzburg, an Irish monk who probably used a copy of the "Collectio canonum Hibernensis" (an Irish collection of canon law) to advise him to receive royal unction to assist his recognition as king.[10] Anointed a first time in 751 in Soissons, Pepin added to his power after Pope Stephen II traveled all the way to Paris to anoint him a second time in a lavish ceremony at the Basilica of St Denis in 754, bestowing upon him the additional title of Patricius Romanorum (Patrician of the Romans). This was the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a Pope.[11] As life expectancies were short in those days, and Pepin wanted family continuity, the Pope also anointed Pepin's sons, Charles (eventually known as Charlemagne), who was 12, and Carloman, who was 3.

The significance of the ceremony of anointment is visible in that it was newly adopted by the Pope and was unheard of in Rome. This, together with granting the title of Patrician of the Romans, which was connected to the role of Defensor Civitatis (protector of oppressed citizens), meant that Pippin was now designated as the defender of the Church.[12]

Expansion of the Frankish realm

Muslim troops leaving Narbonne in 759, after 40 years of occupation

Pepin's expedition to Septimania and Aquitaine (760)
Pepin's first major act as king was to go to war against the Lombard king Aistulf, who had expanded into the ducatus Romanus. After a meeting with Pope Stephen II at Ponthion, Pepin forced the Lombard king to return property seized from the Church.[13] He confirmed the papacy in possession of Ravenna and the Pentapolis, the so-called Donation of Pepin, whereby the Papal States were established and the temporal reign of the papacy officially began.[13] At about 752, he turned his attention to Septimania. The new king headed south in a military expedition down the Rhone valley and received the submission of eastern Septimania (i.e. Nîmes, Maguelone, Beziers and Agde) after securing count Ansemund's allegiance. The Frankish king went on to invest Narbonne, the main Umayyad stronghold in Septimania, but could not capture it from the Iberian Muslims until seven years later in 759,[14] when they were driven out to Hispania.

Aquitaine still remained under Waiofar's Gascon-Aquitanian rule, however, and beyond Frankish reach. Duke Waiofar appears to have confiscated Church lands, maybe distributing them among his troops. In 760, after conquering the Roussillon from the Muslims and denouncing Waiofar's actions, Pepin moved his troops over to Toulouse and Albi, ravaged with fire and sword most of Aquitaine, and, in retaliation, counts loyal to Waiofar ravaged Burgundy.[15] Pepin, in turn, besieged the Aquitanian-held towns and strongholds of Bourbon, Clermont, Chantelle, Bourges and Thouars, defended by Waiofar's Gascon troops, who were overcome, captured and deported into northern France with their children and wives.[16]

In 763, Pepin advanced further into the heart of Waiofar's domains and captured major strongholds (Poitiers, Limoges, Angoulême, etc.), after which Waiofar counterattacked and war became bitter. Pepin opted to spread terror, burning villas, destroying vineyards and depopulating monasteries. By 765, the brutal tactics seemed to pay off for the Franks, who destroyed resistance in central Aquitaine and devastated the whole region. The city of Toulouse was conquered by Pepin in 767 as was Waiofar's capital of Bordeaux.[17]

As a result, Aquitanian nobles and Gascons from beyond the Garonne too saw no option but to accept a pro-Frankish peace treaty (Fronsac, c. 768). Waiofar escaped but was assassinated by his own frustrated followers in 768.

Legacy

Allegoric depiction of Pepin
Pepin died during a campaign, in 768 at the age of 54. He was interred in the Basilica of Saint Denis in modern-day Metropolitan Paris. His wife Bertrada was also interred there in 783. Charlemagne rebuilt the Basilica in honor of his parents and placed markers at the entrance.

The Frankish realm was divided according to the Salic law between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I.

Historical opinion[who?] often seems to regard him as the lesser son and lesser father of two greater men, though a great man in his own right. He continued to build up the heavy cavalry which his father had begun. He maintained the standing army that his father had found necessary to protect the realm and form the core of its full army in wartime. He not only contained the Spanish Muslims as his father had, but drove them out of what is now France and, as important, he managed to subdue the Aquitanians and the Gascons after three generations of on-off clashes, so opening the gate to central and southern Gaul and Muslim Spain. He continued his father's expansion of the Frankish church (missionary work in Germany and Scandinavia) and the institutional infrastructure (feudalism) that would prove the backbone of medieval Europe.

His rule was historically important and of great benefit to the Franks as a people. Pepin's assumption of the crown, and the title of Patrician of Rome, were harbingers of his son's imperial coronation. He made the Carolingians the ruling dynasty of the Franks and the foremost power of Europe. Known as a great conqueror, he was undefeated during his lifetime.

Family
Pepin married Leutberga from the Danube region. They had five children. She was repudiated some time after the birth of Charlemagne and her children were sent to convents.[18]

In 741, Pepin married Bertrada, daughter of Caribert of Laon. They are known to have had eight children, at least three of whom survived to adulthood:

Charles (Charlemagne) (2 April 742 – 28 January 814)
Carloman (751 – 4 December 771)
Pepin (756–762)
Gisela (757–810)
Berthe, died young
Adelais (Adelaide), died young, buried in Metz
Chrothais (Rothaide), died young, buried in Metz.
Notes
Pronounced /ˈpɛpɪn/; rarely, his name may be spelled Peppin or Pippin.[1]
References
Duckett 2022
Riché 1993, p. 65.
Doig 2008, p. 110
Duckett 2022
R.H.C 1957, p. 133
Deanesly, Margaret (2019). "The Later Merovingians". A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.). London and New York City: Routledge. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780367184582.
Collins, Roger (1998). "Italy and Spain, 773–801". Charlemagne. Buffalo, London, and Toronto: Palgrave Macmillan/University of Toronto Press. pp. 65–66. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-26924-2_4. ISBN 978-1-349-26924-2.
Duckett 2022
Schulman 2002, p. 101.
Enright 1985, p. ix, 198.
Kazhdan 1991
Ullmann 2013, pp. 67–69
Brown 1995, p. 328.
Lewis 2010, p. chapter 1.
Petersen 2013, p. 728.
Petersen 2013, pp. 728–731.
Tucker 2011, p. 215.
Borovský 2019, p. 139
Bibliography
Borovský, Jozef (2019). Chrysalis: Metamorphosis of Odium. FriesenPress. ISBN 9781525547690.
Brown, T.S. (1995). "Byzantine Italy". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.700-c.900. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press.
Doig, Allan (2008). Liturgy and architecture from the early church to the Middle Ages. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754652748.
Duckett, Eleanor Shipley (20 September 2022). "Pippin III". www.britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
Dutton, Paul Edward (2008). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan.
Enright, M.J. (1985). Iona, Tara, and Soissons: The Origin of the Royal Anointing Ritual. Walter de Gruyter.
Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium. (Aleksandr Petrovich), 1922-1997, Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry, Cutler, Anthony, 1934-, Gregory, Timothy E., Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195046528. OCLC 22733550.
Lewis, Archibald R. (2010). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE.
Petersen, Leif Inge Ree (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-25199-1.
R.H.C, Davis (1957). A History of Medieval Europe - From Constantine to Saint Louis. Great Britain: A Longman Paperback. ISBN 0582482089.
Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Schulman, Jana K., ed. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Press.
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). A Global Chronology of Conflict. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.
Ullmann, Walter (2013). Growth of Papal Government in Middle Ages - Study in Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power. Routledge.
External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pepin the Short.
Literatur über Pippin den Jüngeren in the German National Library catalogue
Document by Pepin for Fulda Abbey, 760, "digitalised image". Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents (Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden). University of Marburg..
Pepin the Short
Carolingian Dynasty
Born: 714 Died: 768
Preceded by
Charles Martel
Mayor of the Palace of Neustria
741–751Merged into crown
Preceded by
Carloman
Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia
747–751
Preceded by
Childeric III
King of the Franks
751 – 24 September 768Succeeded by
Charles I and
Carloman I
vte
Monarchs of France
vte
Pippinids, Arnulfings and Carolingians
==============================================================
Categories as live links at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short near end
714 births
768 deaths
Frankish warriors
Mayors of the Palace
Monarchs killed in action
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Carolingian dynasty
People from Liège
8th-century Frankish kings
===============================================================
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Pepin the Short
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pepin the Short
PippinImperialChronicleCorpusChristiCollegeMS373Fol14.jpg
Pepin the Younger, miniature, Anonymi chronica imperatorum, c. 1112–1114
King of the Franks
Reign751 – 24 September 768
PredecessorChilderic III
SuccessorCharlemagne and Carloman I
Mayor of the Palace of Neustria
Reign741–751
PredecessorCharles Martel
SuccessorMerged into crown
Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia
Reign747–751
PredecessorCarloman
SuccessorMerged into crown
Born714
Died24 September 768 (aged 54)
Saint-Denis
BurialBasilica of St Denis
SpouseBertrada of Laon
IssueCharlemagne
Carloman I
Gisela
DynastyCarolingian
FatherCharles Martel
MotherRotrude of Hesbaye
ReligionCatholicism
SignaturePepin the Short's signature
Pepin[a] the Short, also called the Younger (German: Pippin der Jüngere, French: Pépin le Bref, c. 714 – 24 September 768) was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian to become king.[1]

The younger son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude, Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of St. Denis. Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother Carloman. Pepin ruled in Neustria, Burgundy and Provence, while his older brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia, Alemannia and Thuringia. The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the Bavarians, Aquitanians, Saxons and the Alemanni in the early years of their reign. In 743, they ended the Frankish interregnum by choosing Childeric III, who was to be the last Merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the Franks.

Being well disposed towards the church and papacy on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing, Pepin and Carloman continued their father's work in supporting Saint Boniface in reforming the Frankish church, and evangelising the Saxons. After Carloman, who was an intensely pious man, retired to religious life in 747, Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks. He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother Grifo, and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia. Giving up pretense, Pepin then forced Childeric into a monastery and had himself proclaimed king of the Franks with support of Pope Zachary in 751. The decision was not supported by all members of the Carolingian family and Pepin had to put down a revolt led by Carloman's son, Drogo, and again by Grifo.

As king, Pepin embarked on an ambitious program to expand his power. He reformed the legislation of the Franks and continued the ecclesiastical reforms of Boniface. Pepin also intervened in favour of the papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy. In the midsummer of 754, Stephen II anointed Pepin afresh, together with his two sons, Charles and Carloman. The ceremony took place in the Abbey Church of St. Denis, near Paris, and the Pope formally forbade the Franks ever to elect as king anyone who was not of the sacred race of Pepin. He also bestowed upon Pepin and his sons the title of 'Patrician of Rome'.[2] Pepin was able to secure several cities, which he then gave to the Pope as part of the Donation of Pepin. This formed the legal basis for the Papal States in the Middle Ages. The Byzantines, keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish empire, gave Pepin the title of Patricius. In wars of expansion, Pepin conquered Septimania from the Islamic Umayyads, and subjugated the southern realms by repeatedly defeating Waiofar and his Gascon troops, after which the Gascon and Aquitanian lords saw no option but to pledge loyalty to the Franks. Pepin was, however, troubled by the relentless revolts of the Saxons and the Bavarians. He campaigned tirelessly in Germany, but the final subjugation of these tribes was left to his successors.

Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, Pepin's reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne.

Contents
1Assumption of power
2First Carolingian king
3Expansion of the Frankish realm
4Legacy
5Family
6Notes
7References
8Further reading
9External links
Assumption of power
Pepin's father Charles Martel died in 741. He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, Carloman, his surviving sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria. Grifo, Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild (also known as Swanhilde), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was besieged in Laon, forced to surrender and imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers.

In the Frankish realm the unity of the kingdom was essentially connected with the person of the king. So Carloman, to secure this unity, raised the Merovingian Childeric to the throne (743). Then in 747 Carloman either resolved to or was pressured into entering a monastery. This left Francia in the hands of Pepin as sole mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum.

At the time of Carloman's retirement, Grifo escaped his imprisonment and fled to Duke Odilo of Bavaria, who was married to Hiltrude, Pepin's sister. Pepin put down the renewed revolt led by his half-brother and succeeded in completely restoring the boundaries of the kingdom.

Carolingian dynasty
Charlemagne autograph.svg
Pippinids
Arnulfings
Carolingians
After the Treaty of Verdun (843)
vte
Under the reorganization of Francia by Charles Martel, the dux et princeps Francorum was the commander of the armies of the kingdom, in addition to his administrative duties as mayor of the palace.[3]

First Carolingian king

Coronation in 751 of Pepin by Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz
As mayor of the palace, Pepin was formally subject to the decisions of Childeric III who had only the title of king but no power. Since Pepin had control over the magnates and actually had the power of a king, he now addressed to Pope Zachary a suggestive question:

In regard to the kings of the Franks who no longer possess the royal power: is this state of things proper?
Hard pressed by the Lombards, Pope Zachary welcomed this move by the Franks to end an intolerable condition and lay the constitutional foundations for the exercise of the royal power. The Pope replied that such a state of things is not proper. Under these circumstances, the wielder of actual power should be called King. After this decision, Childeric III was deposed and confined to a monastery. He was the last of the Merovingians.

Pepin was then elected King of the Franks by an assembly of Frankish nobles, with a large portion of his army on hand. The earliest account of his election and anointing is the Clausula de Pippino, written around 767. Meanwhile, Grifo continued his rebellion, but was eventually killed in the battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in 753.

Pepin was assisted by his friend Vergilius of Salzburg, an Irish monk who probably used a copy of the "Collectio canonum Hibernensis" (an Irish collection of canon law) to advise him to receive royal unction to assist his recognition as king.[4] Anointed a first time in 751 in Soissons, Pepin added to his power after Pope Stephen II traveled all the way to Paris to anoint him a second time in a lavish ceremony at the Basilica of St Denis in 754, bestowing upon him the additional title of Patricius Romanorum (Patrician of the Romans). This was the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a Pope.[5] As life expectancies were short in those days, and Pepin wanted family continuity, the Pope also anointed Pepin's sons, Charles (eventually known as Charlemagne), who was 12, and Carloman, who was 3.

The significance of the ceremony of anointment is visible in that it was newly adopted by the Pope and was unheard of in Rome. This, together with granting the title of Patrician of the Romans, which was connected to the role of Defensor Civitatis (protector of oppressed citizens), meant that Pippin was now designated as the defender of the Church.[6]

Expansion of the Frankish realm

Muslim troops leaving Narbonne in 759, after 40 years of occupation

Pepin's expedition to Septimania and Aquitaine (760)
Pepin's first major act as king was to go to war against the Lombard king Aistulf, who had expanded into the ducatus Romanus. After a meeting with Pope Stephen II at Ponthion, Pepin forced the Lombard king to return property seized from the Church.[7] He confirmed the papacy in possession of Ravenna and the Pentapolis, the so-called Donation of Pepin, whereby the Papal States were established and the temporal reign of the papacy officially began.[7] At about 752, he turned his attention to Septimania. The new king headed south in a military expedition down the Rhone valley and received the submission of eastern Septimania (i.e. Nîmes, Maguelone, Beziers and Agde) after securing count Ansemund's allegiance. The Frankish king went on to invest Narbonne, the main Umayyad stronghold in Septimania, but could not capture it from the Iberian Muslims until seven years later in 759,[8] when they were driven out to Hispania.

Aquitaine still remained under Waiofar's Gascon-Aquitanian rule, however, and beyond Frankish reach. Duke Waiofar appears to have confiscated Church lands, maybe distributing them among his troops. In 760, after conquering the Roussillon from the Muslims and denouncing Waiofar's actions, Pepin moved his troops over to Toulouse and Albi, ravaged with fire and sword most of Aquitaine, and, in retaliation, counts loyal to Waiofar ravaged Burgundy.[9] Pepin, in turn, besieged the Aquitanian-held towns and strongholds of Bourbon, Clermont, Chantelle, Bourges and Thouars, defended by Waiofar's Gascon troops, who were overcome, captured and deported into northern France with their children and wives.[10]

In 763, Pepin advanced further into the heart of Waiofar's domains and captured major strongholds (Poitiers, Limoges, Angoulême, etc.), after which Waiofar counterattacked and war became bitter. Pepin opted to spread terror, burning villas, destroying vineyards and depopulating monasteries. By 765, the brutal tactics seemed to pay off for the Franks, who destroyed resistance in central Aquitaine and devastated the whole region. The city of Toulouse was conquered by Pepin in 767 as was Waiofar's capital of Bordeaux.[11]

As a result, Aquitanian nobles and Gascons from beyond the Garonne too saw no option but to accept a pro-Frankish peace treaty (Fronsac, c. 768). Waiofar escaped but was assassinated by his own frustrated followers in 768.

Legacy

Allegoric depiction of Pepin
Pepin died during a campaign, in 768 at the age of 54. He was interred in the Basilica of Saint Denis in modern-day Metropolitan Paris. His wife Bertrada was also interred there in 783. Charlemagne rebuilt the Basilica in honor of his parents and placed markers at the entrance.

The Frankish realm was divided according to the Salic law between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I.

Historical opinion[who?] often seems to regard him as the lesser son and lesser father of two greater men, though a great man in his own right. He continued to build up the heavy cavalry which his father had begun. He maintained the standing army that his father had found necessary to protect the realm and form the core of its full army in wartime. He not only contained the Spanish Muslims as his father had, but drove them out of what is now France and, as important, he managed to subdue the Aquitanians and the Gascons after three generations of on-off clashes, so opening the gate to central and southern Gaul and Muslim Spain. He continued his father's expansion of the Frankish church (missionary work in Germany and Scandinavia) and the institutional infrastructure (feudalism) that would prove the backbone of medieval Europe.

His rule was historically important and of great benefit to the Franks as a people. Pepin's assumption of the crown, and the title of Patrician of Rome, were harbingers of his son's imperial coronation. He made the Carolingians the ruling dynasty of the Franks and the foremost power of Europe. Known as a great conqueror, he was undefeated during his lifetime.

Family
Pepin married Leutberga from the Danube region. They had five children. She was repudiated some time after the birth of Charlemagne and her children were sent to convents.[citation needed]

In 741, Pepin married Bertrada, daughter of Caribert of Laon. They are known to have had eight children, at least three of whom survived to adulthood:

Charles (Charlemagne) (2 April 742 – 28 January 814)
Carloman (751 – 4 December 771)
Pepin (756–762)
Gisela (757–810)
Berthe, died young
Adelais (Adelaide), died young, buried in Metz
Chrothais (Rothaide), died young, buried in Metz.
Notes
Rarely his name may be spelled "Peppin".
References
Riché 1993, p. 65.
R.H.C, Davis (1957). A History of Medieval Europe - From Constantine to Siant Louis. Great Britain: A Longman Paperback. p. 133. ISBN 0582482089.
Schulman 2002, p. 101.
Enright 1985, p. ix, 198.
The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium. Kazhdan, A. P. (Aleksandr Petrovich), 1922-1997,, Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry,, Cutler, Anthony, 1934-, Gregory, Timothy E.,, Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson. New York: Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 0195046528. OCLC 22733550.
Walter Ullmann (2013). Growth of Papal Government in Middle Ages - Study in Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power. Routledge. pp. 67–69.
Brown 1995, p. 328.
Lewis 2010, p. chapter 1.
Petersen 2013, p. 728.
Petersen 2013, pp. 728–731.
Tucker 2011, p. 215.
Further reading
Brown, T.S. (1995). "Byzantine Italy". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.700-c.900. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press.
Dutton, Paul Edward (2008). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan.
Enright, M.J. (1985). Iona, Tara, and Soissons: The Origin of the Royal Anointing Ritual. Walter de Gruyter.
Lewis, Archibald R. (2010). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE.
Petersen, Leif Inge Ree (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-25199-1.
Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Schulman, Jana K., ed. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Press.
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). A Global Chronology of Conflict. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pepin the Short.
Literatur über Pippin den Jüngeren in the German National Library catalogue
Document by Pepin for Fulda Abbey, 760, "digitalised image". Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents (Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden). University of Marburg..
Pepin the Short
Carolingian Dynasty
Born: 714 Died: 768
Preceded by
Charles Martel
Mayor of the Palace of Neustria
741–751Merged into crown
Preceded by
Carloman
Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia
747–751
Preceded by
Childeric III
King of the Franks
751 – 24 September 768Succeeded by
Charles I and
Carloman I
vte
Monarchs of France
vte
Pippinids, Arnulfings and Carolingians
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
Categories: 714 births768 deathsFrankish warriorsMayors of the PalaceMonarchs killed in actionBurials at the Basilica of Saint-DenisCarolingian dynastyPeople from Liège8th-century Frankish kings

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Pepin III, King des Francs (Andre Roux: Scrolls, 191.)(Rosamond, Frankish kingdom under Carolingians.)(Stuart, Royalty for Commoners, Page 129, Line 171-42.)(Andre Castelot, Histoire de La France, Tome 1, Pages 269 - 283, 369). Also Known As: Pepin "Le Bref".Born: in 714 in Austrasia, son of Charles Martel and Rotrude=Chrotrud, Duchesse d'Austrasie ). Married circa 740: Berthe=Bertrada de Laon, daughter of Charibert, Count de Laon and Bertrade N? ;Berthe was for may years, at least since 740, the concubine of Pepin III. In 749 she convinced him to marry her. Note - between 742 and 753: Pepin III was baptized by the then future Saint Willibrod, famous apostle of Frisia and was brought up at the Monastery of Saint-Denis. He would protect the bishops.Upon the death of his father, Charles Martel in Quierzy-sur-Oise on 22 October 741, Pepin III received Neustria, Burgundy and the Provence. The next year, Pepin "Le Bref", whose surname was derived in the 9th. century because of his size, joined his older brother, Carloman in military operations in Aquitaine. They ravaged the region of Bourges and set fire to the Castle of Loches. By Autumn, they had pushed beyond the Rhine, defeated Duke Odilon of Bavaria and forcing the Allemanians to submit. In the year 743, they re-establish a Merovingian King by taking Childeric III from an abbey, purportedly one of the sons of Childeric II. In 744, Hunaud, son of Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine, undertakes his campaign in Allemania, crosses the Loire and destroys Chartres, burning its cathedral. The next year, he was forced by Carloman and Pepin III to retire at the Monastery of the Ile de Re. Hunaud's son Waifre succeeds him. Pepin decides to free Grifon, his half-brother, and to thank him, Grifon joins a rebellion against Pepin, refusing Pepin's offer of a dozen Neustrian countships. In 749, Pepin III forces the Allemanians in rebellion to submit as well as the Bavarians. Grifon escapes but dies that year on his way to seek the help Waifre, Duke of Aquitaine, near Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne. The Merovingian dynasty comes to an end in November of 751 when Pepin III receives the Holy Oil from Boniface, Bishop of Soissons, thus becoming King. His wife becomes Queen of the Francs the same day. Childeric III and his son Thierry both are shaven and they are sent to the Monastery of Saint-Berton, near Arras.

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