The temperature on January 1, 1878 was about 3.7 °C. The air pressure was 3 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the west-northwest. The airpressure was 77 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 91%. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from November 3, 1877 to August 20, 1879 the cabinet Kappeijne van de Coppello, with Mr. J. Kappeijne van de Coppello (liberaal) as prime minister.
January 16 » Russo-Turkish War (1877–78): Battle of Philippopolis: Captain Aleksandr Burago with a squadron of Russian Imperial army dragoons liberates Plovdiv from Ottoman rule.
February 21 » The first telephone directory is issued in New Haven, Connecticut.
March 24 » The British frigate HMSEurydice sinks, killing more than 300.
June 10 » League of Prizren is established, to oppose the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and the Treaty of San Stefano, as a consequence of which the Albanian lands in the Balkans were being partitioned and given to the neighbor states of Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece.
June 15 » Eadweard Muybridge takes a series of photographs to prove that all four feet of a horse leave the ground when it runs; the study becomes the basis of motion pictures.
July 1 » Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.
Day of marriage July 17, 1912
The temperature on July 17, 1912 was between 13.3 °C and 28.1 °C and averaged 21.6 °C. There was 11.8 hours of sunshine (73%). The average windspeed was 3 Bft (moderate breeze) and was prevailing from the northeast. Source: KNMI
March 6 » Italo-Turkish War: Italian forces become the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.
April 15 » The British passenger liner RMSTitanic sinks in the North Atlantic at 2:20a.m., two hours and forty minutes after hitting an iceberg. Only 710 of 2,227 passengers and crew on board survive.
October 14 » Former president Theodore Roosevelt is shot and mildly wounded by John Flammang Schrank. With the fresh wound in his chest, and the bullet still within it, Roosevelt delivers his scheduled speech.
October 24 » First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo concludes with the Serbian victory against the Ottoman Empire.
October 26 » First Balkan War: The Ottomans lose the cities of Thessaloniki and Skopje.
December 16 » First Balkan War: The Royal Hellenic Navy defeats the Ottoman Navy at the Battle of Elli.
Day of death July 12, 1939
The temperature on July 12, 1939 was between 8.8 °C and 18.9 °C and averaged 14.2 °C. There was 3.1 hours of sunshine (19%). The average windspeed was 3 Bft (moderate breeze) and was prevailing from the west. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from June 24, 1937 to July 25, 1939 the cabinet Colijn IV, with Dr. H. Colijn (ARP) as prime minister.
In The Netherlands , there was from July 25, 1939 to August 10, 1939 the cabinet Colijn V, with Dr. H. Colijn (ARP) as prime minister.
In The Netherlands , there was from August 10, 1939 to September 3, 1940 the cabinet De Geer II, with Jonkheer mr. D.J. de Geer (CHU) as prime minister.
February 5 » Generalísimo Francisco Franco becomes the 68th "Caudillo de España", or Leader of Spain.
March 16 » From Prague Castle, Hitler proclaims Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.
April 18 » Robert Menzies, who became Australia's longest-serving prime minister, is elected as leader of the United Australia Party after the death of Prime Minister Joseph Lyons.
May 14 » Lina Medina becomes the youngest confirmed mother in medical history at the age of five.
May 22 » World War II: Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel.
May 23 » The U.S. Navy submarine USS Squalus sinks off the coast of New Hampshire during a test dive, causing the death of 24 sailors and two civilian technicians. The remaining 32 sailors and one civilian naval architect are rescued the following day.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: J.J. Top, "Family tree Familie Top", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-top/I1472.php : accessed February 16, 2026), "Betje TOP (1878-1939)".
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