The temperature on July 19, 1845 was about 18.0 °C. Wind direction mainly northwest. Weather type: half bewolkt. Source: KNMI
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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
January 29 » "The Raven" is published in The Evening Mirror in New York, the first publication with the name of the author, Edgar Allan Poe.
March 1 » United States President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas.
March 3 » Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state.
March 25 » New Zealand Legislative Council pass the first Militia Act constituting the New Zealand Army.
October 10 » In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later the United States Naval Academy) opens with 50 students.
November 20 » Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: Battle of Vuelta de Obligado.
Day of marriage August 30, 1878
The temperature on August 30, 1878 was about 20.3 °C. The air pressure was 26 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the south. The airpressure was 75 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 67%. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from November 3, 1877 to August 20, 1879 the cabinet Kappeijne van de Coppello, with Mr. J. Kappeijne van de Coppello (liberaal) as prime minister.
February 22 » In Utica, New York, Frank Woolworth opens the first of many of five-and-dime Woolworth stores.
March 24 » The British frigate HMSEurydice sinks, killing more than 300.
July 1 » Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.
July 13 » Treaty of Berlin: The European powers redraw the map of the Balkans. Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become completely independent of the Ottoman Empire.
November 17 » First assassination attempt against Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Giovanni Passannante, who was armed with a dagger. The King survived with a slight wound in an arm. Prime Minister Benedetto Cairoli blocked the aggressor, receiving an injury in a leg.
December 31 » Karl Benz, working in Mannheim, Germany, filed for a patent on his first reliable two-stroke gas engine, and he was granted the patent in 1879.
Day of death April 11, 1911
The temperature on April 11, 1911 was between 0.6 °C and 11.7 °C and averaged 6.0 °C. There was 0.1 mm of rain. There was 9.1 hours of sunshine (67%). The average windspeed was 3 Bft (moderate breeze) and was prevailing from the northeast. Source: KNMI
January 3 » A gun battle in the East End of London left two dead and sparked a political row over the involvement of then-Home Secretary Winston Churchill.
April 27 » Following the resignation and death of William P. Frye, a compromise is reached to rotate the office of President pro tempore of the United States Senate.
September 23 » Pilot Earle Ovington makes the first official airmail delivery in America under the authority of the United States Post Office Department
September 29 » Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
November 1 » World's first combat aerial bombing mission takes place in Libya during the Italo-Turkish War. Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti of Italy drops several small bombs.
December 14 » Roald Amundsen's team, comprising himself, Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, and Oscar Wisting, becomes the first to reach the South Pole.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Edo Kroef, "Family tree Kroef", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-kroef/I94.php : accessed March 16, 2026), "Helena Catharina KROEF (1845-1911)".
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