Family tree Kroef » Abraham Robbert KROEF (1787-1866)

Christening day September 16, 1787

• The temperature on September 16, 1787 was about 8.0 °C. Wind direction mainly south-southeast. Weather type: betrokken regen. Source: KNMI
• Erfstadhouder Prins Willem V (Willem Batavus) (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was from 1751 till 1795 sovereign of the Netherlands (also known as Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden)
• In the year 1787: Source: Wikipedia
  • January 11 » William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus.
  • May 13 » Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England, with eleven ships full of convicts (the "First Fleet") to establish a penal colony in Australia.
  • September 17 » The United States Constitution is signed in Philadelphia.
  • September 28 » The Congress of the Confederation votes to send the newly-written United States Constitution to the state legislatures for approval.
  • October 29 » Mozart's opera Don Giovanni receives its first performance in Prague.
  • December 18 » New Jersey becomes the third state to ratify the U.S. Constitution.

Day of marriage November 5, 1818

• The temperature on November 5, 1818 was about 13.0 °C. Wind direction mainly south-southeast. Weather type: omtrent helder. Source: KNMI
•  This page is only available in Dutch.
  De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
• In the year 1818: Source: Wikipedia
  • February 12 » Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile.
  • April 5 » In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement, led by Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín, win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Chilean patriots dead.
  • April 19 » French physicist Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the Fresnel integrals.
  • April 20 » The case of Ashford v Thornton ends, with Abraham Thornton allowed to go free rather than face a retrial for murder, after his demand for trial by battle is upheld.
  • July 29 » French physicist Augustin Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light", precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light.
  • October 20 » The Convention of 1818 is signed between the United States and the United Kingdom, which settles the Canada–United States border on the 49th parallel for most of its length.

Day of death May 21, 1866

• The temperature on May 21, 1866 was about 16.1 °C. The air pressure was 10 kgf/m² and came mainly from the east-northeast. The airpressure was 77 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 25%. Source: KNMI
• Koning Willem III (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was from 1849 till 1890 sovereign of the Netherlands (also known as Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)
• In The Netherlands , there was from February 1, 1862 to February 10, 1866 the cabinet Thorbecke II, with Mr. J.R. Thorbecke (liberaal) as prime minister.
• In The Netherlands , there was from February 10, 1866 to June 1, 1866 the cabinet Fransen van de Putte, with I.D. Fransen van de Putte (liberaal) as prime minister.
• From June 1, 1866 till June 4, 1868 the Netherlands had a cabinet Van Zuijlen van Nijevelt - Heemskerk with the prime ministers Mr. J.P.J.A. graaf Van Zuijlen van Nijevelt (AR) and Mr. J. Heemskerk Azn. (conservatief).
• In the year 1866: Source: Wikipedia
  • The Netherlands had about 3.6 million citizens.
  • April 6 » The Grand Army of the Republic, an American patriotic organization composed of Union veterans of the American Civil War, is founded. It lasts until 1956.
  • June 2 » The Fenians defeat Canadian forces at Ridgeway and Fort Erie, but the raids end soon after.
  • June 24 » Battle of Custoza: An Austrian army defeats the Italian army during the Austro-Prussian War.
  • July 20 » Austro-Prussian War: Battle of Lissa: The Austrian Navy, led by Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, defeats the Italian Navy near the island of Vis in the Adriatic Sea.
  • August 23 » Austro-Prussian War ends with the Treaty of Prague.
  • October 22 » A plebiscite ratifies the annexion of Veneto and Mantua to Italy, which had occurred three days before, on October 19.

Source: Wikipedia

• 1844 » Giuseppe Baini, Italian priest and composer (b. 1775)
• 1858 » José de la Riva Agüero, Peruvian soldier and politician, 1st President of Peru and 2nd President of North Peru (b. 1783)
• 1862 » John Drew, Irish-American actor and manager (b. 1827)
• 1879 » Arturo Prat, Chilean lawyer and commander (b. 1848)
• 1894 » Émile Henry, French anarchist (b. 1872)
• 1894 » August Kundt, German physicist and academic (b. 1839)