April 9 » Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce.
July 9 » Bohemia is granted freedom of religion through the Letter of Majesty by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.
July 30 » Beaver Wars: At Ticonderoga (now Crown Point, New York), Samuel de Champlain shoots and kills two Iroquois chiefs on behalf of his native allies.
August 25 » Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.
September 11 » Henry Hudson discovers Manhattan Island and the indigenous people living there.
September 12 » Henry Hudson begins his exploration of the Hudson River while aboard the Halve Maen.
February 13 » With the accession of young Charles XI of Sweden, his regents begin negotiations to end the Second Northern War.
March 16 » The Long Parliament of England is dissolved so as to prepare for the new Convention Parliament.
April 23 » Treaty of Oliva is established between Sweden and Poland.
October 17 » The Nine regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I of England are hanged, drawn and quartered.
November 28 » At Gresham College, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
December 31 » James II of England is named Duke of Normandy by Louis XIV of France.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Bruce Fast, "Genealogy Harssema", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/genealogy-harssema/I145021.php : accessed August 11, 2025), "Princess Maria GONZAGA of Mantova (1609-1660)".
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