Davíd (Davíd "The Saint") "The Saint" mac Maíl Choluim I (± 1083-1153) » Stamboom Den Hollander en Van Dueren den Hollander

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Alternatieve namen: David I "The Scotland, David I Scotland, David I The Saint King Of Scotland, Matilda (edith) Of Scotland, David I the Saint of /...
Roepnaam is The Saint.
Hij is geboren rond 1083Fordoun
Scotland.
Hij werd gedoopt in King of Scotland, 1124-53, reigned 29 yrs, 2 mos.2 days.
Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk in SUBMITTED.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877 in SGEOR.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877 in SG.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877 in SGEOR.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877 in SGEOR.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877 in SGEOR.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 31 juli 1877.
Titel: King
Beroepen:

unknown in DAVID I, King of Scotland, 1124-53.
unknown in King of Scotland, 23 Apr 1124-24 May 1153.
unknown in Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton (from 1113).
unknown in Earl of Huntington and Northhampton.
unknown in Scotland.
Roi, d'Ecosse, 1124, Comte, de Huntingdon, de Northampton.
unknown in Prince of Cumbria (1113-1124).
unknown in King of Scotland.
in het jaar 1124 unknown in King of Scots.
april 1124 unknown.
op 23 april 1153 Scotland- King.
Rei da Escócia, King of Scotland, King Bet 1124 and 1153, , Scotland, KING OF SCOTLAND, EARL OF HUNTINGDON, 'THE SAINT', King of the Scots (1124–1153)., Scotland- King, Roi, d'Ecosse, 1124, Comte, de Huntingdon, de Northampton, Prince of the Cumbrians.

Woonachtig:

Scotland.

Hij is overleden op 24 mei 1153Carlisle
England.
Hij is begraven op 24 mei 1153 in Church of the Holy Trinity, Dunfermline AbbeyDunfermline
Scotland.
Een kind van Máel Coluim mac Donnchada en Margaret

Gezin van Davíd (Davíd "The Saint") "The Saint" mac Maíl Choluim I

Hij is getrouwd met Matilda of Huntingdon.

Zij zijn getrouwd in het jaar 1113 te Scone, Perth, Scotland.

Kind(eren):

Henry of Scotland 1114-1152

Notities over Davíd (Davíd "The Saint") "The Saint" mac Maíl Choluim I

GIVN David I, "The
SURN Scotland
AFN 8XJB-C4
DATE 8 OCT 2000
TIME 21:32:29

Name Prefix: King Name Suffix: Of Scotland "The Saint"

SOURCE CITATION:
Title: Ancestral File (TM)
Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Publication Information: July 1996 (c), data as of 2 January 1996
Repository Name: Family History Library
Address: 35 N West Temple Street
Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA

SOURCE CITATION:
Title: Ancestral File (TM)
Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Publication Information: July 1996 (c), data as of 2 January 1996
Repository Name: Family History Library
Address: 35 N West Temple Street
Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA

SOURCE CITATION:
Title: Ancestral File (TM)
Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Publication Information: July 1996 (c), data as of 2 January 1996
Repository Name: Family History Library
Address: 35 N West Temple Street
Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA

[v37t1235.ftw]

Facts about this person:

Fact 1April 23, 1124
Acceded:

Fact 2
Interred: Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, Scotland

David I (1124-1153)
Born 1082 - Died May 24, 1153, Carlisle, Cumberland, Eng.
One of the most powerful Scottish kings (reigned from 1124). He admitted into Scotland an Anglo-French (Norman) aristocracy that played a major part in the later history of the kingdom. He also reorganized Scottish Christianity to conform with continental European and English usages and founded many religious communities, mostly for Cistercian monks and Augustinian canons.
The youngest of the six sons of the Scottish king Malcolm III Canmoreand Queen Margaret (afterward St. Margaret), David spent much of his early life at the court of his brother-in-law King Henry I of England.Through David's marriage (1113) to a daughter of Waltheof, earl of Northumbria, he acquired the English earldom of Huntingdon and obtained much land in that county and in Northamptonshire. With Anglo-Norman help, David secured from his brother Alexander I, king of Scots from 1107, the right to rule Cumbria, Strathclyde, and part of Lothian. In April 1124, on the death of Alexander, David became king of Scots.
David recognized his niece, the Holy Roman empress Matilda (died 1167), as heir to Henry I in England, and from 1136 he fought for her against King Stephen (crowned as Henry's successor in December 1135), hoping thereby to gain Northumberland for himself. A brief peace made withStephen in 1136 resulted in the cession of Cumberland to David and the transfer of Huntingdon to his son Earl Henry. David, however, continued to switch sides. While fighting for Matilda again, he was defeated in the Battle of the Standard, near Northallerton, Yorkshire (Aug. 22, 1138). He then made peace once more with Stephen, who in 1139 granted Northumberland (as an English fief) to Earl Henry. In 1141 David reentered the war on Matilda's behalf, and in 1149 he knighted her son Henry Plantagenet (afterward King Henry II of England), who acknowledged David's right to Northumberland.
In Scotland, David created a rudimentary central administration, issued the first Scottish royal coinage, and built or rebuilt the castles around which grew the first Scottish burghs: Edinburgh, Stirling, Berwick, Roxburgh, and perhaps Perth. As ruler of Cumbria he had taken Anglo-Normans into his service, and during his kingship many others settled in Scotland, founding important families and intermarrying with theolder Scottish aristocracy. Bruce, Stewart, Comyn, and Oliphant are among the noted names whose bearers went from northern France to England during the Norman Conquest in 1066 and then to Scotland in the reign of David I. To these and other French-speaking immigrants, David granted land in return for specified military service or contributions of money, as had been done in England from the time of the Conquest.

David I., King of Scotland, (second son of Malcolm III.), succeeded his brother, Alexander the Fierce, in 1124. He was the uncle of Empress Maude and also of her cousin Queen Matilda . He married Maud, grand-niece of William the Conqueror ; and was Earl of Northumberland and Huntingdon when called to the Scottish throne. On the death of Henry I. , king of England, he maintained the claim of his daughter Maud against King Stephen , and seized Carlisle, but was defeated at the battle of Northallerton in 1138. A negotiation was entered into the following year, by which Carlisle was suffered to remain in the possession of David. He died there in 1153.
The traditional system of tribal land tenure was abolished during the reign of David. He is known as "Saint David of Scotland", and his feast day in May 24.

King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I "the Saint") (1084 - May 24, 1153), was King of Scots from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). He married Matilda, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, in 1113 and thus gained possession of the earldom of Huntingdon.

On the death of King Edgar in 1107, the territories of the Scottish crown were divided in accordance with the terms of his will between his two brothers, Alexander and David. Alexander, together with the crown, received Scotland north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde, David the southern district with the title of Earl of Cumberland. The death of Alexander in 1124 gave David possession of the whole starting on 27 April of that year.

In 1127, in the character of an English baron, he swore fealty to Matilda as heiress to her father Henry I, and when the usurper Stephen ousted her in 1135 David vindicated her cause in arms and invaded the Kingdom of England. But Stephen marched north with a great army, whereupon David made peace. The peace, however, was not kept. After threatening an invasion in 1137, David marched into England in 1138, but sustained a minor defeat on Cutton Moor in the engagement known as the Battle of the Standard.

He returned to Carlisle, and soon afterwards concluded peace. In 1141 he joined Matilda in London and accompanied her to Winchester, but after a narrow escape from capture he returned to Scotland. Henceforth he remained in his own kingdom and devoted himself to its political and ecclesiastical reorganisation. A devoted son of the church, he founded five bishoprics and many monasteries. In secular politics he energetically forwarded the process of feudalisation and anglicisation which his immediate predecessors had initiated. He died at Carlisle. David I is recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as a Saint, although he was never formally canonized.

He had two sons, Malcolm (not to be confused with Malcolm IV of Scotland, this Malcolm's nephew) and Henry and two daughters, Claricia and Hodierna.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland)
Military
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d6323c8d-515b-494e-bc87-0e11807ee14c&tid=929940&pid=-2023988157

Royal
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=76234820-4e32-41f3-9e02-4f00c55e557e&tid=929940&pid=-2023988157

David I
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=368c7f79-2d7a-428d-a166-20df2991148c&tid=929940&pid=-2023988157

When his oldest brother Edgar died, Brother Alexander became king and David
inherited southern Scotland with the title, Earl of Cumbria, but when he
married the daughter of the Earl of Northumbria, he thereby became the Earl
of Huntington, and a vassal of the English crown. David replaced the
traditional Scottish Tribal organization with one modeled after that of
Norman of England, and was noted for the castles he build and the
montasteries he founded. He was succeeded by Grandson Malcolm IV.

David I of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

KIng David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Coluim), known as "the Saint", (1084 – May 24, 1153), king of Scotland, the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling), was born in 1084. He married in 1113 Matilda, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, and thus gained possession of the earldom of Huntingdon.

On the death of Edgar, king of Scotland, in 1107, the territories of the Scottish crown were divided in accordance with the terms of his will between his two brothers, Alexander and David. Alexander, together with the crown, received Scotland north of the Forth and Clyde, David the southern district with the title of earl of Cumbria. The death of Alexander in 1124 gave David possession of the whole starting on April 27 of that year.

In 1127, in the character of an English baron, he swore fealty to Matilda as heiress to her father Henry I, and when the usurper Stephen ousted her in 1135 David vindicated her cause in arms and invaded England. But Stephen marched north with a great army, whereupon David made peace. The peace, however, was not kept. After threatening an invasion in 1137, David marched into England in 1138, but sustained a crushing defeat on Cutton Moor in the engagement known as the Battle of the Standard.

He returned to Carlisle, and soon afterwards concluded peace. In 1141 he joined Matilda in London and accompanied her to Winchester, but after a narrow escape from capture he returned to Scotland. Henceforth he remained in his own kingdom and devoted himself to its political and ecclesiastical reorganization. A devoted son of the church, he founded five bishoprics and many monasteries. In secular politics he energetically forwarded the process of feudalization and anglicisation which his immediate predecessors had initiated . He died at Carlisle.

He had two sons, Malcolm (not to be confused with Malcolm IV of Scotland, this Malcolm's nephew) and Henry and two daughters, Claricia and Hodierna.

[edit]
Richard Oram's biography
In 2004, British historian Richard Oram released the first modern biography of David I called David I: The King Who Made Scotland in which he argues that David I modernized Scotland, formulated a national legal code, introduced native currency, founded the main cities, reformed the church and established monasteries. Dr Oram says

"David was the king who effectively created the kingdom of Scotland as we would now recognise it. The man was a complete swine but then you didn't succeed by being nice in those days. Wallace and Bruce are seen as the 'liberators', the patriotic heroes who rescued Scotland from the tyranny of foreign oppression or so the conventional propaganda would have it. Both were the subject of epic poems which, whatever their historical merit, fixed them eternally in the popular mind as the towering personalities of medieval Scotland. David, despite his successes in projecting Scottish royal power further than any of his predecessors and extending it more effectively than any of his successors before the fifteenth century, did not have a similar propagandist. In post-Reformation Scotland, he was simply too Catholic for the taste of some historians."[1]
Richard Oram's thesis is somewhat controversial. Earlier and later monarchs of Scots can be claimed to have established national legal codes, cities and established monasteries. David's attention was often focussed southwards, and had Carlisle as one of his national capitals.

It has often been argued whether David I was a normaniser or not. However Nevboz believes that therere were other far more important social changes that managed to revolutionise Scotland such as the English language becoming far more prominent.

[edit]
See also
Wimund (bishop) -- A bishop turned pirate along the Scottish coast, David helped defeat him.
[edit]
References
Richard Oram (2004), David I: The King Who Made Scotland, ISBN 075242825X , The first biography of King David I

Preceded by:
Alexander I King of Scots
1124–1153 Succeeded by:
Malcolm IV

When his oldest brother Edgar died, Brother Alexander became king and David
inherited southern Scotland with the title, Earl of Cumbria, but when he
married the daughter of the Earl of Northumbria, he thereby became the Earl
of Huntington, and a vassal of the English crown. David replaced the
traditional Scottish Tribal organization with one modeled after that of
Norman of England, and was noted for the castles he build and the
montasteries he founded. He was succeeded by Grandson Malcolm IV.

David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim;[1] b. 1083 x 1085, died 24 May 1153) was a 12th century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians (x 1113–1124) and later King of the Scots (1124–1153). The youngest son of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada and Margaret, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England in 1093. At some point, perhaps after 1100, he became a hanger-on at the court of King Henry I and experienced long exposure to Norman and Anglo-French culture.

When David's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Subduing the latter took David ten years, and involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. David's victory allowed him to expand his control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, the former Empress-consort, Matilda, to the throne of England; in the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.

The term "Davidian Revolution" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of burghs, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant French and Anglo-French knights.

Early years
Main article: Early life of David I

A modern depiction of David's father, King Máel Coluim III.The early years of David I are the most obscure of his life. Historians can only guess at most of David's activities in this period because of the sparsity of the evidence.

[edit] Childhood and flight to England
David was born at an unknown point between 1083 and 1085.[2] He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III, and certainly the sixth and youngest produced by Malcolm's second marriage to Queen Margaret.[3]

In 1093 King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the river Aln during an invasion of Northumberland.[4] David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar, both future kings of Scotland, were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards.[5] According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their uncle, Domnall Bán.[6]

William "Rufus", the Red, King of the English, and partial instigator of the Scottish civil war, 1093–1097.It is likely that Domnall had travelled down to Edinburgh to prevent Margaret initiating a claim to the throne on behalf of one of her surviving sons, and it is probable that Domnall had been crowned king at Scone already.[7] It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Domnall forced his three nephews into exile, though Domnall was allied to another, Edmund.[8] John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling.[9]

[edit] Intervention of William Rufus and English exile
William Rufus, King of the English, opposed Domnall's accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of King Máel Coluim, David's half-brother Donnchad, into Scotland with an army at his disposal. Donnchad was killed within the year,[10] and so in 1097 William sent Donnchad's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful, and was crowned King by the end of 1097.[11]

During the power struggle of 1093–97, David was in England. In 1093, he may have been about nine years old.[12] From 1093 until 1103 David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for some part of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed and Henry Beauclerc seized power, and Henry married David's sister, Matilda. The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards David was probably an important figure at the English court.[13] Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a fully fledged Normanised prince. William of Malmesbury wrote that it was in this period that David "rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us".[14]

[edit] Prince of the Cumbrians, 1113–1124
Main article: David, Prince of the Cumbrians

Map of David's principality of "the Cumbrians".
The modern ruins of Kelso Abbey. This establishment was originally at Selkirk from 1113 while David was Prince of the Cumbrians; it was moved to Kelso in 1128 to better serve David's southern "capital" at Roxburgh.David's time as Prince of the Cumbrians marks the beginning of his life as a great territorial lord. The year of these beginnings was probably 1113, when Henry I arranged David's marriage to Maud, Countess of Huntingdon, who was the heiress to the Huntingdon-Northampton lordship. This year was the first time David can be found in possession of territory in what is now Scotland.

[edit] Obtaining the inheritance
David's brother, King Edgar, had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth.[15] On 8 January 1107, Edgar died. It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance, the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar, soon after the latter's death.[16] However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113.[17] According to Richard Oram, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern "Scotland".[18]

King Henry's backing was enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed, but through threat of force nonetheless.[19] David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that:

Olc a ndearna mac Mael Colaim, It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done;,
ar cosaid re hAlaxandir, dividing us from Alexander;
do-ní le gach mac rígh romhaind, he causes, like each king's son before;
foghail ar faras Albain. the plunder of stable Alba. [20]

If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern "Scotland".[21]

The lands in question consisted of the pre-1994 counties of Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Berwickshire, Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire. David, moreover, gained the title princeps Cumbrensis, "Prince of the Cumbrians", as attested in David's charters from this era.[22] Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control.[23]

David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire.[24] In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as Annandale for Robert de Brus, Cunningham for Hugh de Morville, and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter Fitzalan.[25]

[edit] David in England

King Henry I of England. Henry's policy in northern Britain and the Irish Sea region essentially made David's political life.In the later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Maud of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland. The marriage brought with it the "Honour of Huntingdon", a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedford; within a few years, Matilda de Senlis bore to him a son, whom David named Henry after his patron.[26]

The new territories David gained control of were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland, a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland, Northumberland-proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham. After King Henry's death David would revive the claim to this earldom for his son Henry.[27]

David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and in Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when, in 1124, his brother Alexander died, leaving Scotland without a king.[28]

[edit] Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship
Main article: Political and military events in Scotland during the reign of David I
Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray David as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots;[29] but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign.[30] Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons. William fitz Duncan, son of King Donnchad II, and Máel Coluim, son of the last king Alexander, both preceded David in terms of the slowly emerging principles of primogeniture. However, unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as King, or face war with both David and Henry I.[31]

[edit] First war against Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair and coronation

This illustration from a late medieval MS of Walter Bower's Scotichronicon depicts the royal inauguration of David's great-great grandson Alexander III of Scotland, Scone, 1249.
Another similar inauguration, this time the late 16th century inauguration of Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, at Tullyhogue.Alexander's son Máel Coluim chose war. Orderic Vitalis reported that Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair "affected to snatch the kingdom from [David], and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles; but David, who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth, conquered him and his followers".[32] Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid.[33]

In either April or May of the same year David was crowned King of Scotland (Gaelic: rí(gh) Alban; Latin: rex Scottorum) at Scone. If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence, the ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals,[34] of the kind infamous in the Anglo-French world of the 12th century for their "unchristian" elements.[35] Ailred of Rievaulx, friend and one time member of David's court, reported that David "so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them".[36]

[edit] Second war against Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair
Outside his "Cumbrian" principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was "king of Scots in little more than name".[37] He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130.[38] However, he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127,[39] and returned to Henry's court in 1130, serving as a judge at Woodstock for the treason trial of Geoffrey de Clinton.[40] It was in this year that David's wife, Matilda of Huntingdon, died. Possibly as a result of this,[41] and while David was still in southern England,[42] Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him.

The instigator was his nephew Máel Coluim, who now had the support of Óengus of Moray. King Óengus was David's most powerful "vassal", a man who, as grandson of King Lulach of Scotland, even had his own claim to the kingdom. The rebel Scots had advanced into Angus, where they were met by David's Mercian constable, Edward; a battle took place at Stracathro near Brechin. According to the Annals of Ulster, 1000 of Edward's army, and 4000 of Óengus' army, including Óengus himself, died.[43]

According to Orderic Vitalis, Edward followed up the killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself, which, in Orderic's words, "lacked a defender and lord"; and so Edward, "with God's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district".[44] However, this was far from the end of it. Máel Coluim escaped, and four years of continuing "civil war" followed; for David this period was quite simply a "struggle for survival".[45]

It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from his patron, King Henry. Ailred of Rievaulx related that at this point a large fleet and a large army of Norman knights, including Walter l'Espec, were sent by Henry to Carlisle in order to assist David's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies.[46] The fleet seems to have been used in the Irish Sea, the Firth of Clyde and the entire Argyll coast, where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters. In 1134 Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle.[47]

[edit] Pacification of the west and north
Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted Walter fitz Alan the kadrez of Strathgryfe, with northern Kyle and the area around Renfrew, forming what would become the "Stewart" lordship of Strathgryfe; he also suggests that Hugh de Morville may have gained the kadrez of Cunningham and the settlement of "Strathyrewen" (i.e. Irvine). This would indicate that the 1130–34 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories.[48]

How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son Henry. William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region. The burghs of Elgin and Forres may have been founded at this point, consolidating royal authority in Moray.[49] David also founded Urquhart Priory, possibly as a "victory monastery", and assigned to it a percentage of his cain (tribute) from Argyll.[50]

During this period too, a marriage was arranged between the son of Matad, Mormaer of Atholl, and the daughter of Haakon Paulsson, Earl of Orkney. The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the Kingdom, and held out the prospect that a son of one of David's mormaers could gain Orkney and Caithness for the Kingdom of Scotland. Thus, by the time the man who made all this possible for David, Henry I, died on 1 December 1135, David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before.[51]

[edit] Dominating the north

The ruins of Kinloss Abbey in Moray, founded by David in 1150 for a colony of Melrose Cistercians.While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. In 1139, his cousin, the five year old Harald Maddadsson, was given the title of "Earl" and half the lands of the earldom of Orkney, in addition to Scottish Caithness. Throughout the 1140s Caithness and Sutherland were brought back under the Scottish zone of control.[52] Sometime before 1146 David appointed a native Scot called Aindréas to be the first Bishop of Caithness, a bishopric which was based at Halkirk, near Thurso, in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian.[53]

In 1150, it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. In 1151, King Eystein II of Norway put a spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unawares in his residence at Thurso. Eystein forced Harald to pay fealty as a condition of his release. Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival Erlend Haraldsson, granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. King Eystein responded in turn by making a similar grant to this same Erlend, cancelling the effect of David's grant. David's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power.[54]

[edit] King David and England

Stephen, King of the English, or Étienne de Blois in French. It was Stephen's "usurpation" that David used as "an excuse" for warring with England, if it was not the actual reason.Main article: England and King David I
David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England. David was the latter's "greatest protégé",[55] one of Henry's "new men".[56] His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter, Matilda, the former Empress of the Holy Roman Empire. David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son, the future Henry II.[57]

However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David was the independence-loving king trying to build a "Scoto-Northumbrian" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the Anglian Earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which only came to an end after Henry II ordered David's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other.[58]

[edit] Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham

Scottish atrocities depicted in the 14th century Luttrell Psalter.Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda. Instead, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois, seized the throne.[59] David had been the first lay person to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135, David decided to make war.[60]

Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle. By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight a pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court.[61]

[edit] Renewal of war and Clitheroe
When the winter of 1136–37 was over, David again invaded England. The King of the Scots confronted a northern English army waiting for him at Newcastle. Once more pitched battle was avoided, and instead a truce was agreed until November. When November fell, David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen's refusal led to David's third invasion, this time in January 1138.[62]

The army which invaded England in the January and February 1138 shocked the English chroniclers. Richard of Hexham called it "an execrable army, savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man" and that it "harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex, of every age and condition, destroying, pillaging and burning the vills, churches and houses".[63] Several doubtful stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers, and these same chroniclers paint a picture of routine enslavings, as well as killings of churchmen, women and infants.[64]

By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. In the summer David split his army into two forces, sending William fitz Duncan to march into Lancashire, where he harried Furness and Craven. On 10 June, William fitz Duncan met a force of knights and men-at-arms. A pitched battle took place, the battle of Clitheroe, and the English army was routed.[65]

[edit] Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham
By later July, 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in "St Cuthbert's land", that is, in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham, on the far side of the river Tyne. Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots, this time led by William, Earl of Aumale. The victory at Clitheroe was probably what inspired David to risk battle. David's force, apparently 26,000 strong and several times larger than the English army, met the English on 22 August at Cowdon Moor near Northallerton, North Yorkshire.[66]

The Battle of the Standard, as the encounter came to be called, was unsuccessful for the Scots. Afterwards, David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle. Although the result was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again. The siege of Wark, for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. David continued to occupy Cumberland as well as much of Northumberland.[67]

On 26 September Cardinal Alberic, Bishop of Ostia, arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Alberic was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow's allegiance or non-allegiance to the Archbishop of York. Alberic played the role of peace-broker, and David agreed to a six week truce which excluded the siege of Wark. On 9 April David and Stephen's wife Matilda of Boulogne met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement. David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. This effectively fulfilled all of David's war aims.[68]

[edit] Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict

The Empress Matilda, King Stephen's rival. She is often known by the title "Empress" because she was the wife of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. David was one of her earliest and most powerful supporters in her struggle for the Kingdom of the English. His 1137–8 invasions of England were carried out in her name.The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. The arrival in England of the Empress Matilda gave David an opportunity to renew the conflict with Stephen. In either May or June, David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda's company; he was present for her expected coronation at Westminster Abbey, though this never took place. David was there until September, when the Empress found herself surrounded at Winchester.[69]

This civil war, or "the Anarchy" as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of the river Ribble and Pennines, while holding the north-east as far south as the river Tyne, on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham. While his son brought all the senior barons of Northumberland into his entourage, David rebuilt the fortress of Carlisle. Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence. David's acquisition of the mines at Alston on the South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland's first silver coinage. David, meanwhile, issued charters to Shrewsbury Abbey in respect to their lands in Lancashire.[70]

[edit] Succession and death

David alongside his designated successor, Máel Coluim mac Eanric. Máel Coluim IV would reign for twelve years, in a reign marked for the young king's chastity and religious fervour.Perhaps the greatest blow to David's plans came on 12 July 1152 when Henry, Earl of Northumberland, David's only son and successor, died. He had probably been suffering from some kind of illness for a long time. David had under a year to live, and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer. David quickly arranged for his grandson Máel Coluim to be made his successor, and for his younger grandson William to be made Earl of Northumberland. Donnchad I, Mormaer of Fife, the senior magnate in Scotland-proper, was appointed as rector, or regent, and took the 11 year-old Máel Coluim around Scotland-proper on a tour to meet and gain the homage of his future Gaelic subjects. David's health began to fail seriously in the Spring of 1153, and on 24 May 1153, David died.[89] In his obituary in the Annals of Tigernach, he is called Dabíd mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan, "David, son of Máel Coluim, King of Scotland and England", a title which acknowledged the importance of the new English part of David's realm.[90]

[edit] Historiography of David I

[edit] Medieval reputation of David I
The earliest assessments of David I portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. For William of Newburgh, David was a "King not barbarous of a barbarous nation", who "wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation". William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, "he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor".[91] Another of David's eulogists, his former courtier Ailred of Rievaulx, echoes Newburgh's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety, commenting that David's rule of the Scots meant that "the whole barbarity of that nation was softened ... as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated".[92]

Although avoiding stress on 12th century Scottish "barbarity", the Lowland Scottish historians of the later Middle Ages tend to repeat the accounts of earlier chronicle tradition. Much that was written was either directly transcribed from the earlier medieval chronicles themselves or was modelled closely upon them, even in the significant works of John of Fordun, Andrew Wyntoun and Walter Bower.[93] For example, Bower includes in his text the eulogy written for David by Ailred of Rievaulx. This quotation extends to over twenty pages in the modern edition, and exerted a great deal of influence over what became the traditional view of David in later works about Scottish history.[94] Historical treatment of David developed in the writings of later Scottish historians, and the writings of men like John Mair, George Buchanan, Hector Boece, and Bishop John Leslie ensured that by the 18th century a picture of David as a pious, justice-loving state-builder and vigorous maintainer of Scottish independence had emerged.[95]

[edit] Modern treatment of David I

Steel engraving and enhancement of the reverse side of the Great Seal of David I, a picture in the Anglo-Continental style depicting David as a warrior leader.In the modern period there has been more of an emphasis on David's statebuilding and on the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development. Lowland Scots tended to trace the origins of their culture to the marriage of David's father Máel Coluim III to Saint Margaret, a myth which had its origins in the medieval period.[96] With the development of modern historical techniques in the mid-19th century, responsibility for these developments appeared to lie more with David than his father. David assumed a principal place in the alleged destruction of the Celtic Kingdom of Scotland. Andrew Lang, in 1900, wrote that "with Alexander [I], Celtic domination ends; with David, Norman and English dominance is established".[97]

The ages of Enlightenment and Romanticism had elevated the role of races and "ethnic packages" into mainstream history, and in this context David was portrayed as hostile to the native Scots, and his reforms were seen in the light of natural, perhaps even justified, civilised Teutonic aggression towards the backward Celts.[98]

In the 20th century, several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th century Scotland, focusing upon and hence emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Græme Ritchie's The Normans in Scotland (1954), Archie Duncan's Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (1974) and the many articles of G. W. S. Barrow all formed part of this historiographical trend.[99]

In the 1980s, Barrow sought a compromise between change and continuity, and argued that the reign of King David was in fact a "Balance of New and Old".[100] Such a conclusion was a natural incorporation of an underlying current in Scottish historiography which, since William F. Skene's monumental and revolutionary three-volume Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (1876–80), had been forced to acknowledge that "Celtic Scotland" was alive and healthy for a long time after the reign of David I.[101] Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow's compromise solution, arguing that as David’s reign progressed, his kingship became more Celtic.[102] Despite its subtitle, in 2004 in the only full volume study of David I's reign yet produced, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, its author Richard Oram further builds upon Lynch's picture, stressing continuity while placing the changes of David's reign in their context.[103]

[edit] Davidian Revolution
Main article: Davidian Revolution

?Silver penny of David I.However, while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the historical change in David I's era, no historian doubts that it was taking place. The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the "Davidian Revolution".[104] David's "revolution" is held to underpin the development of later medieval Scotland, whereby the changes he inaugurated grew into most of the central institutions of the later medieval kingdom.[105]

Since Robert Bartlett's pioneering work, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (1993), reinforced by Moore's The First European Revolution, c.970–1215 (2000), it has become increasingly apparent that better understanding of David's "revolution" can be achieved by recognising the wider "European revolution" taking place during this period. The central idea is that from the late 10th century onwards the culture and institutions of the old Carolingian heartlands in northern France and western Germany were spreading to outlying areas, creating a more recognisable "Europe". Scotland was just one of many "outlying" areas.[106]

[edit] Government and feudalism

Burghs established in Scotland before the accession of David's successor and grandson, Máel Coluim IV; these were essentially Scotland's first towns.The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from customary tenures into feudal, or otherwise legally-defined relationships, would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly-created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law-enforcement and taxation, bringing Scotland further into the "European" model.[107]

Scotland in this period experienced innovations in governmental practices and the importation of foreign, mostly French, knights. It is to David's reign that the beginnings of feudalism are generally assigned. This is defined as "castle-building, the regular use of professional cavalry, the knight's fee" as well as "homage and fealty".[108] David established large scale feudal lordships in the west of his Cumbrian principality for the leading members of the French military entourage who kept him in power. Additionally, many smaller scale feudal lordships were created.[109]

Steps were taken during David's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo-Norman England. New sheriffdoms enabled the King to effectively administer royal demesne land. During his reign, royal sheriffs were established in the king's core personal territories; namely, in rough chronological order, at Roxburgh, Scone, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling and Perth.[110] The Justiciarship too was created in David's reign. Although this institution had Anglo-Norman origins, in Scotland north of the Forth at least, it represented some form of continuity with an older office.[111]

[edit] David I and the economy
The revenue of his English earldom and the proceeds of the silver mines at Alston allowed David to produce Scotland's first coinage. These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image.[112]

David was a great town builder. As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two burghs of "Scotland", at Roxburgh and Berwick.[113] Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality).[114] David founded around 15 burghs.[115]

The modern ruins of Melrose Abbey. Founded in 1137, this Cistercian monastery became one of David's greatest legacies.Perhaps nothing in David's reign compares in importance to burghs. While they could not, at first, have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an immigrant merchant class, nothing would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. These planned towns were or became English in culture and language; William of Newburgh wrote in the reign of King William the Lion, that "the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English";[116] as well as transforming the economy, the failure of these towns to go native would in the long term undermine the position of the native Scottish language and give birth to the idea of the Scottish Lowlands.[117]

[edit] Monastic patronage
David was one of medieval Scotland's greatest monastic patrons. In 1113, in perhaps David's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians, he founded Selkirk Abbey for the Tironensians.[118] David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign, patronising various new monastic orders.[119]

Not only were such monasteries an expression of David's undoubted piety, but they also functioned to transform Scottish society. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence,, and provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs.[120] These new monasteries, and the Cistercian ones in particular, introduced new agricultural practices.[121] Cistercian labour, for instance, transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe's most important sources of sheep wool.[122]

Notes
^ Modern Scottish Gaelic has effectively dropped the Máel in Máel Coluim (meaning "tonsured devotee of Columba"), so that the name is just Colum or Calum (meaning "Columba"); the name was borrowed into non Gaelic languages before this change occurred.
^ Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, p. 49.
^ Malcolm seems to have had two sons before he married Margaret, presumably by Ingibiorg Finnsdottir. King Duncan II was one, and there was another called Domnall who died in 1085, see Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1085.2, here; see also Oram, David, p. 23; and Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, p. 55; the possibility that Máel Coluim had another son, also named Máel Coluim, is open, G. W. S. Barrow, "Malcolm III (d. 1093)".
^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 121.
^ See A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 114, n. 1.
^ E.g. John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209.
^ Oram, David, p. 40.
^ A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 89.
^ John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209–10.
^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s.a. 1094; A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 118; see also A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, pp. 90–1.
^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s.a. 1097; A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 119.
^ Oram, David, p. 49.
^ For David's upbringing and transformation of fortune at the Anglo-Norman court, see the partially hypothetical account in Oram, David, pp. 59–72.
^ William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, W. Stubbs (ed.), Rolls Series, no. 90, vol. ii, p. 476; trans. A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 157.
^ Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. 59–60.
^ Judith Green, "David I and Henry I", p. 3. She cites the gap in knowledge about David's whereabouts as evidence; for a brief outline of David's itinerary, see Barrow, The Charters of David I, pp. 38–41
^ See Oram, David, pp. 60–2; Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp. 60–
^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 59–63.
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 193.
^ Thomas Owen Clancy, The Triumph Tree, p.184; full treatment of this is given in Clancy, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113" in: Scottish Gaelic Studies vol.20 (2000), pp. 88–96.
^ Clancy, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain", p. 88.
^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 62–64; for Princeps Cumbrensis, see Archibald Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905), no. 46.
^ Richard Oram, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 54–61; see also following references.
^ See, for instance, Dauvit Broun, "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde", in The Innes Review, Vol. 55, no. 2 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 138–40, n. 117; see also Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, The Viking Empires, (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 96–7.
^ E.g., Oram, David, p. 113, also n. 7.
^ G. W. S. Barrow, "David I (c. 1085–1153)".
^ For all this, see Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 134, 217–8, 223; see also, for Durham and part of the earldom of Northumberland in the eyes of Earl Henry, Paul Dalton, "Scottish Influence on Durham, 1066–1214", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193, pp. 349–351; see also G. W. S. Barrow, "The Kings of Scotland and Durham", in Rollason et al. (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, p. 318.
^ Oram, David, pp. 69–72.
^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 79; Oram, David, pp. 75–6.
^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 83; Oram, David, esp. for instance, pp. 96, 126.
^ Oram, David, pp. 70–2.
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 158.
^ Oram, David, pp. 84–5.
^ John Bannerman, "The Kings Poet", pp. 120–49.
^ John J. O'Meara (ed.), Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland, (London, 1951), p. 110.
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 232.
^ Oram, David, p. 87.
^ Oram, David, p. 83.
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 163–3.
^ Oram, David, p. 83.
^ Oram, David, p. 84.
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167.
^ Annals of Ulster, s.a. U1130.4, here (trans)
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167; Anderson uses the word "earldom", but Orderic used the word ducatum, duchy.
^ Oram, David, p. 88.
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 193–4; see also Oram, David, p. 8
^ A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 183.
^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6.
^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6; Oram also believes that the burghs of Auldearn and Inverness may also have been founded at this time, but it is more usual to ascribe these to the reign of David's grandson William the Lion; see, for instance, McNeill, Peter & MacQueen, Hector (eds), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707, (Edinburgh, 1996), pp. 196–8.
^ Oram, David, pp. 91–3.
^ Oram, David, p. 119.
^ Richard Oram, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", p. 11.
^ John Dowden, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), p. 232; Kenneth Jackson, The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970, (Cambridge, 1972), p. 80.
^ Oram, David, p. 199–200.
^ Oram, Lordship of Galloway, pp. 59, 63.
^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, pp. 202–3.
^ Stringer, Reign of Stephen, 28–37; Stringer, "State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain", pp. 40–62; Green, "Anglo-Scottish Relations", pp. 53–72; Kapelle, Norman Conquest of the North, pp. 141ff; Blanchard, "Lothian and Beyond", pp. 23–46.
^ Historians such as Stringer, Kapelle, Green and Blanchard (see previous note), emphasize David's role as an English magnate, while not denying his ambition; a middle line is perhaps Oram's supposed quest for a "Scoto-Northumbrian realm", David, pp. 121–44, 167–89.
^ M.T. Clancy, England and its Rulers, pp. 84–5; Robert Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, p. 10.
^ Oram, David, pp. 121–3.
^ Oram, David, pp. 122–5.
^ Oram, David, pp. 126–7.
^ e.g. accounts of Richard of Hexham and Ailred of Rievaulx in A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 180, & n. 4.
^ e.g. Richard of Hexham, John of Worcester and John of Hexham at A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 181.
^ Oram, David, pp. 132–3.
^ Oram, David, pp. 136–7; A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 190.
^ Oram, David, pp. 140–4.
^ Oram, David, pp. 140–4.
^ Oram, David, pp. 170–2.
^ Oram, David, p. 179.
^ For David's struggle for control over Durham see Oram, David, pp. 169–75.
^ For David's struggle for control over York, see pp. 186–9.
^ Oram, David, p. 189.
^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 233.
^ Oram, David, p. 158; Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, pp. 257–60; see also Gordon Donaldson, "Scottish Bishop's Sees", pp. 106–17.
^ Shead, "Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow", pp. 220–5.
^ Oram, David, p. 62.
^ To a certain extent, the boundaries of David's Cumbrian Principality are conjecture on the basis of the boundaries of the diocese of Glasgow; Oram, David, pp. 67–8.
^ Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 67–8
^ Ian B. Cowan wrote that "the principle steps were taken during the reign of David I": Ian B. Cowan, "Development of the Parochial System", p. 44.
^ Thomas Owen Clancy, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", pp. 91–115.
^ Dauvit Broun, "Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend", pp. 108–14.
^ AU 1093.2, text & English translation; see also Alan Orr Anderson, Early Sources , p. 49
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 160–1.
^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 259; Oram, David, p. 49.
^ Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, p. 260; John Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, (Glasgow, ), ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) pp. 4–5.
^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 60–1.
^ Oram, David, p. 155.
^ Oram, David, pp. 200–2; G. W. S. Barrow, "David I (c.1085–1153)", gives date as 24 May.
^ Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1153.4, here.
^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 231.
^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 232–3
^ Felix J. H. Skene & William Forbes Skene (ed.), John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, (Edinburgh, 1872), 200ff.; Donaldson, The Sources of Scottish History, p. 34: "...at what point its information about Scotland should receive credence is far from clear". Though Wyntoun, Fordun and Bower may have had access to documents which are no longer extant, much of their information is either duplicated in other records or cannot be corroborated; for a survey of David's historical reputation, see Oram, David, pp. 203–25.
^ John MacQueen, Winnifred MacQueen and D. E. R. Watt (eds.), Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995), 139ff.
^ Oram, David, pp. 213–7.
^ See, for instance, Steve Boardman, "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds.), Scottish History: The Power of the Past, (Edinburgh, 2002), pp. 65–71.
^ Quoted in Oram, David, p. 219, citing Lang, A History of Scotland, vol. 1, pp. 102–9; Lang did not neglect the old myth about Margaret, writing of the Northumbrian refugees arriving in Scotland "where they became the sires of the sturdy Lowland race", Lang, A History of Scotland, vol. 1, p. 91.
^ See Matthew H. Hammond, "Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history", pp. 1–27.; see also, Murray G.H. Pittock's work, Celtic Identity and the British Image, (Manchester, 1999), and Oram, David, pp. 219–20.
^ Græme Ritchie, The Normans in Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1954); Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 133–73; most of Barrow's most important essays have been collected in two volumes, Scotland and Its Neighbours In the Middle Ages, (London, 1992) and The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century, 2nd edn. (Edinburgh, 2003).
^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", passim.
^ William Forbes Skene, Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1876–80); see also, Edward J. Cowan, "The Invention of Celtic Scotland", pp. 1–23.
^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 82–83.
^ Oram, David I, (Stroud, 2004).
^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11; Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 80.
^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", p. 13.
^ Bartlett, The Making of Europe, pp. 24–59; Moore, The First European Revolution, c.970–1215, p. 30ff; see also Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", passim, esp. 9; this idea of "Europe" seems in practice to mean "Western Europe".
^ Haidu, The Subject Medieval/Modern, p. 181; Moore, The First European Revolution, p. 57.
^ Barrow, "Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11.
^ "The Beginnings of Military Feudalism"; Oram, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", p. & n. 43; see also, L. Toorians, "Twelfth-century Flemish Settlement in Scotland", pp. 1–14.
^ McNeill & MacQueen, Atlas of Scottish History p. 193
^ See Barrow, G.W.S., "The Judex", pp. 57–67 and "The Justiciar", pp. 68–111.
^ Oram, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. 193, 195; Bartlett, The Making of Europe, p. 287: "The minting of coins and the issue of written dispositions changed the political culture of the societies in which the new practices appeared".
^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 465.
^ See G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 84–104; see also, Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", pp. 66–9.
^ Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", p. 67. Numbering is uncertain; Perth may date to the reign of Alexander I; Inverness is a case were the foundation may date later, but may date to the period of David I: see for instance the blanket statement that Inverness dates to David I's reign in Derek Hall, Burgess, Merchant and Priest, compare Richard Oram, David, p. 93, where it is acknowledged that this is merely a possibility, to A.A.M. Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, p. 480, who quotes a charter indicating that the burgh dates to the reign of William the Lion.
^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 256.
^ Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", 1100–1300", p. 67; Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 64–6; Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic", here
^ Oram, David, p. 62; Duncan, Making of a Kingdom, p. 145.
^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of a Kingdom, pp. 145–150; Duncan, "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory", pp. 25, 27–8; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, pp. 15–20
^ Peter Yeoman, Medieval Scotland, p. 15.
^ Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 17.
^ See, for instance, Stringer, The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria, pp. 9–11; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 17; Duncan, The Making of a Kingdom, p. 148.

[edit] References
[edit] Primary sources
Anderson, Alan Orr (ed.), Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922)
idem (ed.), Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286, (London, 1908), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.) (Stamford, 1991)
Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.), The Acts of Malcolm IV King of Scots 1153–1165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 not included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's '"Early Scottish Charters' , in Regesta Regum Scottorum, Volume I, (Edinburgh, 1960), introductory text, pp. 3–128
idem (ed.), The Acts of William I King of Scots 1165–1214 in Regesta Regum Scottorum, Volume II, (Edinburgh, 1971)
idem (ed.), The Charters of King David I: The Written acts of David I King of Scots, 1124–1153 and of His Son Henry Earl of Northumberland, 1139–1152, (Woodbridge, 1999)
Clancy, Thomas Owen (ed.), The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350, (Edinburgh, 1998)
Donaldson, G. (ed.), Scottish Historical Documents, (Edinburgh, 1970)
Forbes-Leith, William (ed.), Turgot, Life of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1884)
Lawrie, Sir Archibald (ed.), Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905)
MacQueen, John, MacQueen, Winifred and Watt, D. E. R., (eds.), Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995)
Skene, Felix J. H. (tr.) & Skene, William F. (ed.), John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, (Edinburgh, 1872)
[edit] Secondary sources
Bannerman, John, "The Kings Poet", in the Scottish Historical Review, vol. 68 (1989), pp. 120-49
Barber, Malcolm, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320, (London, 1992)
Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.), The Acts of Malcolm IV King of Scots 1153–1165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 not included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's '"Early Scottish Charters' in Regesta Regum Scottorum, Volume I, (Edinburgh, 1960), introductory text, pp. 3–128
idem, The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History, (Oxford, 1980)
idem, "Badenoch and Strathspey, 1130–1312: 1. Secular and Political" in Northern Scotland, 8 (1988), pp. 1–15
idem, "Beginnings of Military Feudalism", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.) The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 250-78
idem, "King David I and Glasgow" in G.W.S. Barrow (ed.), The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 203-13
idem, "David I (c. 1085–1153)", in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2006 , accessed 11 Feb 2007
idem, "David I of Scotland: The Balance of New and Old", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.), Scotland and Its Neighbours in the Middle Ages, (London, 1992), pp. 45–65, originally published as the 1984 Stenton Lecture, (Reading, 1985)
idem, "The Judex", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.) The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 57–67
idem, "The Justiciar", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.) The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 68–111
idem, Kingship and Unity: Scotland, 1000–1306, (Edinburgh. 1981)
idem, "The Kings of Scotland and Durham", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193, pp. 309-
idem, "Malcolm III (d. 1093)", in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 3 Feb 2007
idem, "The Royal House and the Religious Orders", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed.), The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 151-68
Bartlett, Robert, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, (Oxford, 2000)
idem, The Making of Europe, Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change: 950–1350, (London, 1993)
idem, "Turgot (c.1050–1115)", in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 11 Feb 2007
Blanchard, Ian, "Lothian and Beyond: The Economy of the ‘English Empire’ of David I", in Richard Britnell and John Hatcher (eds.), Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller, (Cambridge, 1996)
Boardman, Steve, "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds.), Scottish History: The Power of the Past, (Edinburgh, 2002), pp. 47–72
Broun, Dauvit, "Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend", in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297, (Dublin, 2000), pp. 108-14
idem, "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde", in The Innes Review, Vol. 55, no. 2 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 111-80
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", in the Innes Review, vol. 46, no. 2 (1995), pp. 91–115
idem, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113", in Scottish Gaelic Studies, vol.20 (2000), pp. 88–96.
Clancy, M. T., England and its Rulers, 2nd Ed., (Malden, MA, 1998)
Cowan, Ian B., "Development of the Parochial System", in the Scottish Historical Review, 40 (1961), pp. 43–55
Cowan, Edward J., "The Invention of Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (East Lothian, 2000), pp. 1–23
Dalton, Paul, "Scottish Influence on Durham, 1066–1214", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193, pp. 339-52
Davies, Norman, The Isles: A History, (London, 1999)
Davies, R. R., Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100–1300, (Cambridge, 1990)
idem, The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343, (Oxford, 2000)
Donaldson, Gordon, "Scottish Bishop's Sees Before the Reign of David I", in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 87 (1952–53), pp. 106-17
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
Dumville, David N., "St Cathróe of Metz and the Hagiography of Exoticism", in John Carey et al (eds.), Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars, (Dublin, 2001), pp. 172–188
Duncan, A. A. M., "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory, 1140", in The Scottish Historical Review, vol 84, (April, 2005), pp. 1–37
idem, The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence, (Edinburgh, 2002)
idem, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, (Edinburgh, 1975)
Fawcetts, Richard, & Oram, Richard, Melrose Abbey, (Stroud, 2004)
Follett, Wesley, Céli Dé in Ireland: Monastic Writing and Identity in the Early Middle Ages, (Woodbridge, 2006)
Forte, Angelo, Oram, Richard, & Pedersen, Frederick, The Viking Empires, (Cambridge, 2005)
Green, Judith A., "Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1066–1174", in Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale (eds.), England and Her Neigh-bours: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais (London, 1989)
eadem, "David I and Henry I", in the Scottish Historical Review. vol. 75 (1996), pp. 1–19
Haidu, Peter, The Subject Medieval/Modern: Text and Governance in the Middle Ages, (Stamford, 2004)
Hall, Derek, Burgess, Merchant and Priest: Burgh Life in the Medieval Scottish Town, (Edinburgh, 2002)
Hammond, Matthew H., "Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history", in The Scottish Historical Review, 85 (2006), pp. 1–27
Hudson, Benjamin T., "Gaelic Princes and Gregorian Reform", in Benjamin T. Hudson and Vickie Ziegler (eds.), Crossed Paths: Methodological Approaches to the Celtic Aspects of the European Middle Ages, (Lanham, 1991), pp. 61–81
Jackson, Kenneth, The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970, (Cambridge, 1972)
Ladner, G., "Terms and Ideas of Renewal", in Robert L. Benson, Giles Constable and Carol D. Lanham(eds.), Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, (Oxford, 1982), pp. 1–33
Lang, Andrew, A History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation, 2 vols, vol. 1, (Edinburgh, 1900)
Lawrence, C. H., Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, 2nd edition, (London, 1989)
Lynch, Michael, Scotland: A New History, (Edinburgh, 1991)
McNeill, Peter G. B. & MacQueen, Hector L. (eds), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707, (Edinburgh, 1996)
Moore, R. I., The First European Revolution, c.970–1215, (Cambridge, 2000)
Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí, Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200, (Harlow, 1995)
O'Meara, John J., (ed.), Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland, (London, 1951)
Oram, Richard, "David I", in M. Lynch (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, (New York, 2001), pp. 381–382
idem, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", in Northern Scotland, vol. 19 (1999), pp. 1–19
idem, David: The King Who Made Scotland, (Gloucestershire, 2004)
idem, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000)
Pirenne, Henri, Medieval cities: their origins and the revival of trade, trans. F.D. Halsey, (Princeton, 1925)
Pittock, Murray G.H., Celtic Identity and the British Image, (Manchester, 1999)
Ritchie, Græme, The Normans in Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1954)
Shead, Norman F., "The Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow", in the Scottish Historical Review, 48 (1969), pp. 220-5
Skene, William F., Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban, 3 vols., (Edinburgh, 1876–80)
Stringer, Keith J., "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (East Lothian, 2000), .pp. 127-65
idem, The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria: Contrasts, Connections and Continuities (The Eleventh Whithorn Lecture, 14th September, 2002), (Whithorn, 2003)
idem, "State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain: David I, King of Scots, and Northern England", in John C. Appleby and Paul Dalton (eds.), Government, Religion, and Society in Northern England, 1000–1700. (Stroud, 1997)
idem, The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England, (London, 1993)
Toorians, L., "Twelfth-century Flemish Settlement in Scotland", in Grant G. Simpson (ed.), Scotland and the Low Countries, 1124–1994, (East Linton, 1996), pp. 1–14
Veitch, Kenneth, "'Replanting Paradise':Alexander I and the Reform of Religious Life in Scotland", in the Innes Review, 52 (2001), pp. 136–166
Watt, John, Church in Medieval Ireland, (Dublin, 1972)
Yeoman, Peter, Medieval Scotland: An Archaeological Perspective, (London, 1995)

United Alba with Strathclyde. Popularly reputed as a Saint, His feast day is 24th May.

["The British Monarchy"]
Born about 1080, David was the sixth and youngest son of Malcolm III and St Margaret. He spent his youth at the Court of his brother-in-law Henry I of England and in about 1113-14 married Matilda, daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Huntingdon and widow of Simon de Senlis. As a result of the marriage, he held the Earldom of Northampton and the Honour of Huntingdon, with a legitimate claim to a large part of England.
David succeeded his brother Alexander as King of Scots in 1124. He was by then in his mid-40s, and was famous for his piety. Indeed, he was later criticised as being 'a sair sanct for the croun' [too pious to make a successful monarch] but in fact his generosity to the Church and his foundation of many abbeys including Holyrood, Melrose and Dryburgh, and sees such as Caithness, Dunblane and Aberdeen, had sound practical reasons too. The monks improved the country's economy by engaging in sheep farming, coal working and salt making.

David issued the first Scottish coinage; he also reorganised civil institutions and founded royal burghs (such as Stirling, Perth and Dunfermline). David extended feudal tenure by granting land to Anglo-Normans in return for feudal services, and appointed them as royal officials such as sheriffs and justiciars. David encouraged Anglo-French immigration.
In the 1130s, David met with resistance in Moray and the north; hitherto ruled by an independent dynasty, Moray was annexed and reorganised by David.

When Henry I of England died in 1135, and the succession of his daughter Matilda was disputed by King Stephen, David I invaded England, ostensibly on behalf of his niece Matilda. However, he was also taking advantage of the confusion resulting from the civil war in England, and using the opportunity to try to extend his kingdom southwards. Although he was defeated at the Battle of the Standard, near Northallerton in Yorkshire on 22 August 1138, he continued his campaign until, in 1139, the Treaty of Durham confirmed his possession of Northumberland. In 1149 he persuaded Henry II, Matilda's son, to give him an undertaking that Scotland could retain Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland.

David's surviving son Earl Henry (named after Henry I of England) died in 1152. David died at Carlisle, Cumberland on 24 May 1153, aged about 73. He was buried in Dunfermline, where he had extended the church into an abbey in commemoration of his parents. Ailred of Rievaulx wrote 'who can estimate the good done to the world by this gentle, just, chaste and humble ruler, loved for his gentleness, feared for his justice...'

[From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland]
King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I "the Saint") (1084 ? May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). He married Matilda, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, in 1113 and thus gained possession of the earldom of Huntingdon.

On the death of King Edgar in 1107, the territories of the Scottish crown were divided in accordance with the terms of his will between his two brothers, Alexander and David. Alexander, together with the crown, received Scotland north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde, David the southern district with the title of Earl of Cumberland. The death of Alexander in 1124 gave David possession of the whole starting on 27 April of that year.

In 1127, in the character of an English baron, he swore fealty to Matilda as heiress to her father Henry I, and when the usurper Stephen ousted her in 1135 David vindicated her cause in arms and invaded the Kingdom of England. But Stephen marched north with a great army, whereupon David made peace. The peace, however, was not kept. After threatening an invasion in 1137, David marched into England in 1138, but sustained a minor defeat on Cutton Moor in the engagement known as the Battle of the Standard.

He returned to Carlisle, and soon afterwards concluded peace. In 1141 he joined Matilda in London and accompanied her to Winchester, but after a narrow escape from capture he returned to Scotland. Henceforth he remained in his own kingdom and devoted himself to its political and ecclesiastical reorganization. A devoted son of the church, he founded five bishoprics and many monasteries. In secular politics he energetically forwarded the process of feudalization and anglicisation which his immediate predecessors had initiated. He died at Carlisle. David I is recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as a Saint, although he was never formally canonized.

He had two sons, Malcolm (not to be confused with Malcolm IV of Scotland, this Malcolm's nephew) and Henry and two daughters, Claricia and Hodierna.

Richard Oram's biography
In 2004, British historian Richard Oram released the first modern biography of David I, called David I: The King Who Made Scotland, in which he argues that David I modernized the Kingdom of Scotland, formulated a national legal code, introduced native currency, founded the main cities, reformed the church and established monasteries. Dr Oram says

"David was the king who effectively created the kingdom of Scotland as we would now recognise it . . . Wallace and Bruce are seen as the 'liberators', the patriotic heroes who rescued Scotland from the tyranny of foreign oppression or so the conventional propaganda would have it. Both were the subject of epic poems which, whatever their historical merit, fixed them eternally in the popular mind as the towering personalities of medieval Scotland. David, despite his successes in projecting Scottish royal power further than any of his predecessors and extending it more effectively than any of his successors before the fifteenth century, did not have a similar propagandist. In post-Reformation Scotland, he was simply too Catholic for the taste of some historians."[1]
Richard Oram's thesis is somewhat controversial. Earlier and later monarchs of Scots can be claimed to have established national legal codes, cities and established monasteries. David's attention was often focused southwards, and had Carlisle as one of his main royal seats.

References
Richard Oram (2004), David I: The King Who Made Scotland, ISBN 075242825X , The first biography of King David I

1 AUTH Lg

DAVID I (r. 1124-53)
Born about 1080, David was the sixth and youngest son of Malcolm III an d St Margaret. He spent his youth at the Court of his brother-in-law Henr y I of England and in about 1113-14 married Matilda, daughter of Waltheof , Earl of Huntingdon and widow of Simon de Senlis. As a result of the mar riage, he held the Earldom of Northampton and the Honour of Huntingdon, w ith a legitimate claim to a large part of England.
David succeeded his brother Alexander as King of Scots in 1124. He was b y then in his mid-40s, and was famous for his piety. Indeed, he was late r criticised as being 'a sair sanct for the croun' [too pious to make a s uccessful monarch] but in fact his generosity to the Church and his found ation of many abbeys including Holyrood, Melrose and Dryburgh, and sees s uch as Caithness, Dunblane and Aberdeen, had sound practical reasons too . The monks improved the country's economy by engaging in sheep farming , coal working and salt making.
David issued the first Scottish coinage; he also reorganised civil instit utions and founded royal burghs (such as Stirling, Perth and Dunfermline) . David extended feudal tenure by granting land to Anglo-Normans in retur n for feudal services, and appointed them as royal officials such as sher iffs and justiciars. David encouraged Anglo-French immigration.
In the 1130s, David met with resistance in Moray and the north; hithert o ruled by an independent dynasty, Moray was annexed and reorganised by D avid.
When Henry I of England died in 1135, and the succession of his daughte r Matilda was disputed by King Stephen, David I invaded England, ostensib ly on behalf of his niece Matilda. However, he was also taking advantag e of the confusion resulting from the civil war in England, and using th e opportunity to try to extend his kingdom southwards. Although he was de feated at the Battle of the Standard, near Northallerton in Yorkshire, o n 22 August 1138, he continued his campaign until, in 1139, the Treaty o f Durham confirmed his possession of Northumberland. In 1149 he persuade d Henry II, Matilda's son, to give him an undertaking that Scotland coul d retain Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland.
David's surviving son Earl Henry (named after Henry I of England) died i n 1152. David died at Carlisle, Cumberland on 24 May 1153, aged about 73 . He was buried in Dunfermline, where he had extended the church into a n abbey in commemoration of his parents. Ailred of Rievaulx wrote 'who ca n estimate the good done to the world by this gentle, just, chaste and hu mble ruler, loved for his gentleness, feared for his justice...'

[alfred_descendants10gen_fromrootsweb_bartont.FTW]

the Saint, King of Scots, 23 Apr. 1124-1153; M. Maud, (Weis 170-23)

King of Scots

One of the most powerful of the Scottish Kings, David I acceeded as King of the Scots upon the death in 1124 of his brother Alexander I. David had received a Norman education in England and favored the Normans and the Anglo-Norman culture.
Upon his return to Scotland as King, he proceeded to distribute large estates there amongst his Anglo-Norman friends, such as the de Brus (Bruce) family, Walter Fitz-Alan (a Breton who became his High Steward and who was the progenitor of the Stewart clan), the de Bailleul (Balliol) family, the de Comines (Comyn) family and many others who thus became great landowners on both sides of the border.
David I also introduced into the Lowlands a feudal system of ownership, founded on a new, French speaking Anglo-Norman aristocracy. Although they intermarried and eventually merged with the old and rapidly disappearing Celtic aristocracy, these new Scots remained for a time partially Gaelic, save for the south and east of Scotland which now spoke a primitive form of English (Lothian English).
Meanwhile, in the Highlands of Scotland a different more patriarchial system prevailed (based on the ancient clan system) and the King of Scots counted for very little; while in the Isles of Scotland the Norse-Scot clans paid no attention to the King of Scotland, basing their allegienceto the King of Norway.
When David I came to the throne, Scotland was a primitive country, with only small towns and little industry. Dependening on where you were in the Lowlands, you would have to speak Latin, French, English or one of a number of Gaelic dialects. The Scottish church, with only three Bishops, had little influence.
When he died after 30 years of rule, in many areas of the Lowlands what remained of the old Celtic way of life had been swept away and a new Anglo-Norman order of things established. He modernized a backward Scotland - - and the Scots, particularly their future kings, benefited greatly from his administrative work.
David was eventually declared a Saint; his feast day is May 24th.
(From " Scottish Origins . . . to Wallace", Robert M. Gunn)

NOTE: David and Matilda (Maud) of Huntington were 2nd cousins. Through this marriage came the connection between the Earldom of Huntington and the royal house of Scotland.

King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I "the Saint") (1084 – May 24, 1153), was King of Scots from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). He married Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon (often called 'Matilda', in Norman fashion), daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, in 1113 and thus gained possession of the earldom of Huntingdon in the English Midlands. He had four children by his wife -- two sons, Malcolm and Henry and two daughters, Claricia and Hodierna. He was succeeded by his grandson, through Henry, Malcolm IV of Scotland.

On the death of King Edgar in 1107, the territories of the Scottish crown were divided in accordance with the terms of his will between his two brothers, Alexander and David. Alexander, together with the crown, received Scotland north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde, while David received the southern district with the title of Earl of Cumberland. The death of Alexander in 1124 gave David possession of the whole starting on 27 April of that year.

David devoted much of his reign to the political and ecclesiastical reorganisation of Scotland. Like his mother, he was devoted to the church and he founded five bishoprics and many monasteries, including the first reformed Benedictine houses north of the English Channel. In secular politics, he energetically forwarded the process of Normanization which his immediate predecessors had initiated.

He died at Carlisle, his favoured residence.

David I is recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as a Saint, although he was never formally canonized.

[BIGOD-Mel Morris,10Gen Anc.FTW]

GIVN David I, King of
SURN Scotland
NSFX **
! Succeeded his brother Alexander 1124.
! St. David I erected the Bishoprics of Ross, Dunblaven, Dunhill and Brechin.
! RELATIONSHIP: H. Reed Black is 25th G G Son.
DATE 12 FEB 1998
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TEXT Date of Import: Nov 26, 2000

GIVN David I, "The
SURN Scotland
AFN 8XJB-C4
DATE 8 OCT 2000
TIME 21:32:29

NPFX King
GIVN David I MacCaennmor of
SURN Scotland
David I (1084-1153), king of Scotland, was the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and St. Margaret, sister of Edgar the Atheling. He became a prince of Cumbria in 1107, and further increased his power by his marriage with Matilda, Countess of Northampton (1110), becoming thereby an English baron. Having succeeded to the Scottish throne in 1124, he consolidated his realm, and, by the help of Norman knights, created the feudal kingdom of Scotland. The general aim of his domestic policy was to strengthen the Saxon and Norman elements, on whose support he relied. David took up arms on behalf of his neice Matilda in 1135, when Stephen mounted the English throne, and penetrated into England as far as Durham, where peace was made. He undertook a second invasion in 1138 and met with a disastrous defeat at Northallerton, in the Battle of the Standard, and again unsuccessfully invaded England in 1140. Consult Skenes Celtic Scotland and P. Hume Browns History of Scotland. [World Wide Illustrated
Encyclopedia, 1935]
Also have birth as 1082. [Our Family Museum]
ABBR Our Family Museum
TITL Our Family Museum: A Collection of Family History Notes
AUTH James Nohl Churchyard
QUAY 1

GIVN David I "The Saint" King Of
SURN SCOTLAND
AFN 8XJB-C4
REPO @REPO32@
TITL Ancestral File (TM)
AUTH The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
PUBL June 1998 (c), data as of 5 JAN 1998
ABBR Ancestral File (TM)
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DATE 3 NOV 1999
TIME 19:00:46

GIVN David I "The Saint" King Of
SURN SCOTLAND
AFN 8XJB-C4
From Ancestral File (TM), data as of 2 January 1996.

REPO @REPO98@
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DATE 23 NOV 1999
TIME 16:18:41

GIVN David I "The Saint" King Of
SURN SCOTLAND
AFN 8XJB-C4
From Ancestral File (TM), data as of 2 January 1996.

REPO @REPO98@
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DATE 23 NOV 1999
TIME 16:18:41

TYPE Book
AUTH Stuart, Roderick W.
PERI Royalty for Commoners
EDTN 3d
PUBL Genealogical Publishing co., Inc, Baltimore, MD (1998)
ISB 0-8063-1561-X
TEXT 2-30
TYPE Book
AUTH Weis, Frederick Lewis
PERI The Magna Charta Sureties, 1215
EDTN 5th
PUBL Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, MD
DATE 1999
TEXT (139-1)
PERI An Historical and Genealogical Chart of Robert Brooke of England and his first wife Mary Baker
PUBL Mitchell Hughes and Clarke, 11 Bream's Building, Chancery Lane, London, England
EDTR for Ellen Culver Bowen, a lineal descendant of Robert Brooke
TYPE Book
AUTH A or c:Weis, Frederick Lewis
PERI Ancestral Roots
EDTN 7th
PUBL Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, MD (1999)
TEXT 170-22
ACED
DATE 23 APR 1124
DATE 30 MAY 2000

SURN Scotland
GIVN David I "The Saint" King of
AFN 8XJB-C4
_UID 1348F01A415B5D468D145B7B018AEF21B605
REPO @REPO4@
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PUBL July 1996 (c), data as of 2 January 1996
_ITALIC Y
_PAREN Y
DATE 28 Apr 2000
TIME 01:00:00

GIVN David I
NSFX King of Scotland
AFN 8XJB-C4
DATE 6 MAY 2000
TIME 12:44:47

OCCU King of Scotland ...
SOUR HAWKINS.GED says ABT 1080; GWALTNEY.ANC (Compuserve), 7938200 says ABT 1080;
PHILIP.GED(Compserve), 835;Royalty for Commoners, Roderick W. Stuart sys 1085;
STEWAR.TAF says 1085
SOUR Royal Scotland, Jean Goodman, p. 225;
The Survival of Scotland, Eric Linklater, p. 32;
Royalty for Commoners, Roderick W. Stuart, p. 2, 162
SOUR Royalty for Commoners, Roderick W. Stuart
PAGE 162
QUAY 1
SOUR Americans of Royal Descent, Charles H. Browning
Royalty for Commoners, Roderick W. Stuart, p. 2
RULERS.SCT (Compuserve)
PAGE 99,189
QUAY 2
David I the Saint; King of Scots (united Alba with Strathclyde); Palace of
Holyrood - Royal Scotland, Jean Goodman, p. 225;Prince of Cumbria - p. 19
DAVID I, son of MALCOLM III and ST. MARGARET OF SCOTLAND: It was David, Norman by inclination and a true Son of Margaret, who brought Augustinians over the border to found, at Jedburgh, a priory which, by midcentury, became an abbey - The Survival of
Scotland, Eric Linklater, p. 28
David I "the Sainter," King of Scotland 23 Apr 1124-1153, Earl of Huntingdon, in England - Royalty for Commoners, Roderick W. Stuart, p. 2
David I Canmore (Dunkeld), King of Scots 1124 - STEWAR.TAF
Earl of Huntingdon. United Alba with Strathclyde. Earl of Hampton. His feast day is 24th May.
- http://gendex.com/users/daver/rigney/D0001/G0000010.html#I885

See Historical Document.

GIVN David I King of
SURN Scotland
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ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 3, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
_MASTER Y
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DATA
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Customer pedigree.
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[Waltheof and Judith de Lens.FTW]
SURN David I, King of Scotland
EVEN Earl of Huntington
TYPE Titles
DATE 1113
EVEN King of Scotland
TYPE Reign
DATE BET 1124 AND 1153
REPO @REPO1@
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Customer pedigree.
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JEDBURGH ABBEY, JEDBURGH, BOARDERS, SCOTLAND Jedburgh's abbeychurch, roofless but standing proudly to its full height,dominates the scanty remains of the monastic buildingsdescending in stepped layers to the north bank of Jed Water.Directly opposite the abbey, a large car park and picnic areaoffers a perfect vantage point from which one can more fullyappreciate the graceful lines of windows and arches that piecrcethe nave walls, although the rather squat tower, rebuiltwithout its spire in the sixteenth crutyr, seems somehow out ofproportion amid such architectural finesse. Perhaps the mostsurpsing thing about the abbey is its continued existence insuch a complete state when one considers how many times it wassacked and burnt during the border region's turbulent history.In much the same way that northern English abbeys and churchesfell prey to marauding Scots, Jedburgh suffered reciprocaltreatment at the hands of English forces, the town having hadthe misfortune to be located oly a few miles north of the borderon the only main route north through the bleak mass of theCheviot Hills. king David I of Scotland and John, Bishop ofGlasgow, were jointly responsible for Jeburgh's originalfoundation as a priory in 1138, its status raised to that of anabbey a few years later. It does seem extraordinary that such alavish establishment should have been set up so close toEngland, given the less than cordial relationship that existedbetween the two nations for much fo the Middle Ages. However, itmay well be that David used Jedburgh's proximity to England toprove that Scotland was perfeclty capable of managing its ownreligious affairs and should not have been under thejurisdiction of the Archbishop of York. In common with manyother large abbey churches., Jedburgh features work from morethan one architectural style and is considered to be aparticularly fine example of the Trasitional, that period ofbuilding during the late twelfth and early thirteenth centurieswhen the heavey Romanesque pillars and rounded, zigzag decoratedarches of the Romanesque began to be replaced by the lighter,pointed arches, windows and doorways of the Gothic periods thatfololowed. Times of stability and peace in the abbey's historywere few and far betwen, so tht by the time of the Reformationin 1560, most of the buildings were dilapidated, apart from anarea beneath the tower crossing that was used for worship.Eventually, this too proved unsound and a new parish church wasfashioned from the western end of the nave in 1671, remaining inuse until the latter part of the nineteenth century when a newchurch was built elsewhere in the town.

Cambuskenneth Abbey (Stirling)An Augustinian abbey was founded here by DAVID I (c1140) and itwas here that WILLIAM WALLACE defeated the English (1297). Theabbey was the burial place of both JAMES III (1488) and hiswife, Margaret of Denmark (1486). The abbey is just to the eastof Stirling and is only a few miles north of the battlefields ofBannockburn and Sauchieburn.

David I, one of the most powerful Scottish kings (reigned from 1124). He admitted into Scotland an Anglo-French (Norman) aristocracy that played a major part in the later history of the kingdom. He also reorganized Scottish Christianity to conform with continental European and English usages and founded many religious communities, mostly for Cistercian monks and Augustinian canons.
The youngest of the six sons of the Scottish king Malcolm III Canmore and Queen Margaret (afterward St. Margaret), David spent much of his early life at the court of his brother-in-law King Henry I of England. Through David's marriage (1113) to a daughter of Waltheof, earl of Northumbria, he acquired the English earldom of Huntingdon and obtained much land in that county and in Northamptonshire. With Anglo-Norman help, David secured from his brother Alexander I, king of Scots from 1107, the right to rule Cumbria, Strathclyde, and part of Lothian. In April 1124, on the death of Alexander, David became king of Scots.
David recognized his niece, the Holy Roman empress Matilda (died 1167), as heir to Henry I in England, and from 1136 he fought for her against King Stephen (crowned as Henry's successor in December 1135), hoping thereby to gain Northumberland for himself. A brief peace made with Stephen in 1136 resulted in the cession of Cumberland to David and the transfer of Huntingdon to his son Earl Henry. David, however, continued to switch sides. While fighting for Matilda again, he was defeated in the Battle of the Standard, near Northallerton, Yorkshire (Aug. 22, 1138). He then made peace once more with Stephen, who in 1139 granted Northumberland (as an English fief) to Earl Henry. In 1141 David reentered the war on Matilda's behalf, and in 1149 he knighted her son Henry Plantagenet (afterward King Henry II of England), who acknowledged David's right to Northumberland.
In Scotland, David created a rudimentary central administration, issued the first Scottish royal coinage, and built or rebuilt the castles around which grew the first Scottish burghs: Edinburgh, Stirling, Berwick, Roxburgh, and perhaps Perth. As ruler of Cumbria he had taken Anglo-Normans into his service, and during his kingship many others settled in Scotland, founding important families and intermarrying with the older Scottish aristocracy. Bruce, Stewart, Comyn, and Oliphant are among the noted names whose bearers went from northern France to England during the Norman Conquest in 1066 and then to Scotland in the reign of David I. To these and other French-speaking immigrants, David granted land in return for specified military service or contributions of money, as had been done in England from the time of the Conquest. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97]
Upon the death of Simon de St. Liz, Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, David, son of Malcolm III, King of Scotland, had m. the deceased earl's widow, the Countess Maud, under the especial sanction of King Henry I. This nobleman succeeded to the Scottish throne on the decease of Alexander, his elder brother, in 1124, and, invading England, was met upon the border by King Stephen, when their differences were amicable adjusted. [Sir Bernard Burke, Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages, Burke's Peerage, Ltd., London, 1883, p. 468, St. Liz, Earls of Huntingdon]
Earl of Huntingdon. United Alba with Strathclyde. Earl of Northampton. Popularly reputed as a Saint, his feast day is 24th May. [Brian Tompsett, Directory of Royal Genealogical Data - http://www.dcs.hull.oc.uk/public/royal]

!Title; David I, "The Saint", King Of /SCOTLAND/

Notes for David I 'The Saint' King of Scotland:

King of Scots 1124-1153

Born about 1080, David was the sixth and youngest son of Malcolm IIIand St Margaret. He spent his youth at the Court of his brother-in-lawHenry I of England and in about 1113-14 married Matilda, daughter ofWaltheof, Earl of Huntingdon and widow of Simon de Senlis. As a resultof the marriage, he held the Earldom of Northampton and the Honour ofHuntingdon, with a legitimate claim to a large part of England.

David succeeded his brother Alexander as King of Scots in 1124. He wasby then in his mid-40s, and was famous for his piety. Indeed, he waslater criticised as being 'a sair sanct for the croun' [too pious tomake a successful monarch] but in fact his generosity to the Churchand his foundation of many abbeys including Holyrood, Melrose andDryburgh, and sees such as Caithness, Dunblane and Aberdeen, had soundpractical reasons too. The monks improved the country's economy byengaging in sheep farming, coal working and salt making.

David issued the first Scottish coinage; he also reorganised civilinstitutions and founded royal burghs (such as Stirling, Perth andDunfermline). David extended feudal tenure by granting land toAnglo-Normans in return for feudal services, and appointed them asroyal officials such as sheriffs and justiciars. David encouragedAnglo-French immigration.

In the 1130s, David met with resistance in Moray and the north;hitherto ruled by an independent dynasty, Moray was annexed andreorganised by David.

When Henry I of England died in 1135, and the succession of hisdaughter Matilda was disputed by King Stephen, David I invadedEngland, ostensibly on behalf of his niece Matilda. However, he wasalso taking advantage of the confusion resulting from the civil war inEngland, and using the opportunity to try to extend his kingdomsouthwards. Although he was defeated at the Battle of the Standard,near Northallerton in Yorkshire on 22 August 1138, he continued hiscampaign until, in 1139, the Treaty of Durham confirmed his possessionof Northumberland. In 1149 he persuaded Henry II, Matilda's son, togive him an undertaking that Scotland could retain Northumberland,Cumberland and Westmorland.

David's surviving son Earl Henry (named after Henry I of England) diedin 1152. David died at Carlisle, Cumberland on 24 May 1153, aged about73. He was buried in Dunfermline, where he had extended the churchinto an abbey in commemoration of his parents. Ailred of Rievaulxwrote 'who can estimate the good done to the world by this gentle,just, chaste and humble ruler, loved for his gentleness, feared forhis justice...'

!Title; David I, "The Saint", King Of /SCOTLAND/

It is reported that David had at least three of four sons, but one, He nry lived tobecome an adult. David is also styled as Earl of Huntingd on and Northampton. King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also kno wn as SaintDavid I or David I "the Saint") (1084 - May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Ma lcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). By th e will of his brother Edgar, David received the sovereignty of Cumbri a and of Lothian south of the Lammermoors. He married Matilda, daught er and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, in 1113 and thus gain ed possession of the earldom of Huntingdon.

On the death of King Edgar in 1107, the territories of the Scottish cr own were divided in accordance with the terms of his will between hist wo brothers, Alexander and David. Alexander, together with the crown, received Scotland north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde, David the south ern district with the title of Earl of Cumberland. The death of Alexan der in 1124 gave David possession of the whole starting on 27 Aprilof that year. In 1127, in the character of an English baron, he swore fe alty to Matilda as heiress to her father Henry I, and when the usurpe r Stephen ousted her in 1135 David vindicated her cause in arms and in vaded the Kingdom of England. But Stephen marched north with a great a rmy, whereupon David made peace. The peace, however, was not kept. Aft er threatening an invasion in 1137, David marched into England in 113 8 and initially, supported by Highland clansman and Galway levies leai d waste to the country throught which he passed. But, soon the Englis h rallied and defeated the Scots on Cutton Moor in the engagement know n as the Battle of the Standard.

He returned to Carlisle, and soon afterwards concluded peace. In 1141 he joined Matilda in London and accompanied her to Winchester, but aft er a narrow escape from capture he returned to Scotland. Henceforth h e remained in his own kingdom and devoted himself to its political an d ecclesiastical reorganisation. A devoted son of the church, he found ed five bishoprics and many monasteries. In secular politics he energe tically forwarded the process of feudalisation and anglicisation whic h his immediate predecessors had initiated. He died at Carlisle. Davi d I is recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as a Saint, although h e was never formally canonized.

He had two sons, Malcolm (not to be confused with Malcolm IV of Scotla nd, this Malcolm's nephew) and Henry and two daughters, Claricia and H odierna. In 2004, British historian Richard Oram released the first m odern biography of David I, called David I: The King Who Made Scotland , in which he argues that David I modernised the Kingdom of Scotland,f ormulated a national legal code, introduced native currency, foundedth e main cities, reformed the church and established monasteries. Dr Ora m says

"David was the king who effectively created the kingdom of Scotland a s we would now recognise it . . . Wallace and Bruce are seen as the 'l iberators', the patriotic heroes who rescued Scotland from the tyrann y of foreign oppression or so the conventional propaganda would have i t. Both were the subject of epic poems which, whatever their historica l merit, fixed them eternally in the popular mind as the towering pers onalities of medieval Scotland. David, despite his successes in projec ting Scottish royal power further than any of his predecessors and ext ending it more effectively than any of his successors before the fifte enth century, did not have a similar propagandist. In post-Reformatio n Scotland, he was simply too Catholic for the taste of some historian s." Richard Oram's thesis is somewhat controversial. Earlier and late r monarchs of Scots can be claimed to have established national legalc odes, cities and established monasteries. David's attention was often focused southwards, and had Carlisle as one of his main royal seats.

GIVN David I, "The
SURN Scotland
AFN 8XJB-C4
DATE 8 OCT 2000
TIME 21:32:29

David I (1124-53)
Born about 1080, David was the sixth and youngest son of Malcolm III and St Margaret. He spent his youth at the Court of his brother-in-law Henry I of England and in about 1113-14 married Matilda, daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Huntingdon and widow of Simon de Senlis. As a result of the marriage, he held the Earldom of Northampton and the Honour of Huntingdon, with a legitimate claim to a large part of England.
David succeeded his brother Alexander as King of Scots in 1124. He was by then in his mid-40s, and was famous for his piety. Indeed, he was later criticised as being 'a sair sanct for the croun' [too pious to make a successful monarch] but in fact his generosity to the Church and his foundation of many abbeys including Holyrood, Melrose and Dryburgh, and sees such as Caithness, Dunblane and Aberdeen, had sound practical reasons too. The monks improved the country's economy by engaging in sheep farming, coal working and salt making.

David issued the first Scottish coinage; he also reorganised civil institutions and founded royal burghs (such as Stirling, Perth and Dunfermline). David extended feudal tenure by granting land to Anglo-Normans in return for feudal services, and appointed them as royal officials such as sheriffs and justiciars. David encouraged Anglo-French immigration.
In the 1130s, David met with resistance in Moray and the north; hitherto ruled by an independent dynasty, Moray was annexed and reorganised by David.

When Henry I of England died in 1135, and the succession of his daughter Matilda was disputed by King Stephen, David I invaded England, ostensibly on behalf of his niece Matilda. However, he was also taking advantage of the confusion resulting from the war in England, and using the opportunity to try to extend his kingdom southwards. Although he was defeated at the Battle of the Standard, near Northallerton in Yorkshire on 22 August 1138, he continued his campaign until, in 1139, the Treaty of Durham confirmed his possession of Northumberland. In 1149 he persuaded Henry II, Matilda's son, to give him an undertaking that Scotland could retain Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland.

David's surviving son Earl Henry (named after Henry I of England) died in 1152. David died at Carlisle, Cumberland on 24 May 1153, aged about 73. He was buried in Dunfermline, where he had extended the church into an abbey in commemoration of his parents. Ailred of Rievaulx wrote 'who can estimate the good done to the world by this gentle, just, chaste and humble ruler, loved for his gentleness, feared for his justice...

Source: Official Website of the British Government

!Title; David I, "The Saint", King Of /SCOTLAND/

[Brit Enc.] reigned 1124-53. [Alan Wilson uclink2.berkeley>, qoting Weis 7th ed., 1992, and others] ..David I 'the
Saint' King of Csotland (1085 - 24 May 1153).

#Générale##Générale#Profession : Roi d'Ecosse du 23 Avril 1124 au 24 Mai 1153.

{geni:about_me} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland

http://genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00002908&tree=LEO

http://www.friesian.com/perifran.htm#england

One of the most powerful Scottish kings. He admitted into Scotland an Anglo-French (Norman) aristocracy that played a major part in the later history of the kingdom. He also reorganized Scottish Christianity to conform with continental European and English usages and founded many religious communities, mostly for Cistercian monks and Augustinian canons.

The youngest of the six sons of the Scottish king Malcolm III Canmore and Queen Margaret (afterward St. Margaret), David spent much of his early life at the court of his brother-in-law King Henry I of England. Through David's marriage (1113) to a daughter of Waltheof, earl of Northumbria, he acquired the English earldom of Huntingdon and obtained much land in that county and in Northamptonshire. With Anglo-Norman help, David secured from his brother Alexander I, king of Scots from 1107, the right to rule Cumbria, Strathclyde, and part of Lothian. In April 1124, on the death of Alexander, David became king of Scots.

David recognized his niece, the Holy Roman empress Matilda (died 1167), as heir to Henry I in England, and from 1136 he fought for her against King Stephen (crowned as Henry's successor in December 1135), hoping thereby to gain Northumberland for himself. A brief peace made with Stephen in 1136 resulted in the cession of Cumberland to David and the transfer of Huntingdon to his son Earl Henry. David, however, continued to switch sides. While fighting for Matilda again, he was defeated in the Battle of the Standard, near Northallerton, Yorkshire (Aug. 22, 1138). He then made peace once more with Stephen, who in 1139 granted Northumberland (as an English fief) to Earl Henry. In 1141 David reentered the war on Matilda's behalf, and in 1149 he knighted her son Henry Plantagenet (afterward King Henry II of England), who acknowledged David's right to Northumberland.

In Scotland, David created a rudimentary central administration, issued the first Scottish royal coinage, and built or rebuilt the castles around which grew the first Scottish burghs: Edinburgh, Stirling, Berwick, Roxburgh, and perhaps Perth. As ruler of Cumbria he had taken Anglo-Normans into his service, and during his kingship many others settled in Scotland, founding important families and intermarrying with the older Scottish aristocracy. Bruce, Stewart, Comyn, and Oliphant are among the noted names whose bearers went from northern France to England during the Norman Conquest in 1066 and then to Scotland in the reign of David I. To these and other French-speaking immigrants, David granted land in return for specified military service or contributions of money, as had been done in England from the time of the Conquest.

http://www.djhooker.com/47/22454.htm

Important Facts about David I: United Alba with Strathclyde. Famous for his piety,generosity to Church,founded many aggeys. Gentle, just, chaste and humble. Issued the first Scottish coinage (silver penny). Sixth and youngest son of Malcolm II and St. Margaret. Spent his youth at Court of Henry I of England. Founder: Holyrood, Melrose and Drygurgh Abbeys.

David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim;[1] 1083 x 1085 – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians (1113–1124) and later King of the Scots (1124–1153). The youngest son of Malcolm III and Margaret, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093. Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I. There he was influenced by the Norman and Anglo-French culture of the court.

When David's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. David's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, the former Empress-consort, Matilda, to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.

The term "Davidian Revolution" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of burghs, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant French and Anglo-French knights.

The early years of David I are the most obscure of his life. Because there is little documented evidence, historians can only guess at most of David's activities in this period.

[edit] Childhood and flight to England

David was born at an unknown point between 1083 and 1085.[2] He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III, and certainly the sixth and youngest produced by Malcolm's second marriage to Queen Margaret.[3]

In 1093 King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the river Aln during an invasion of Northumberland.[4] David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar, both future kings of Scotland, were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards.[5] According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their uncle, Donald Bane.[6]

Donald became King of Scotland.[7] It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Donald forced his three nephews into exile, although he was allied with another of his nephews, Edmund.[8] John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling.[9]

[edit] Intervention of William Rufus and English exile

William Rufus, King of the English, opposed Donald's accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of Malcolm III, David's half-brother Donnchad, into Scotland with an army. Donnchad was killed within the year,[10] and so in 1097 William sent Donnchad's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful, and was crowned King by the end of 1097.[11]

During the power struggle of 1093–97, David was in England. In 1093, was probably about nine years old.[12] From 1093 until 1103 David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for the remainder of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed, his brother Henry Beauclerc seized power and married David's sister, Matilda. The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards, David was probably an important figure at the English court.[13] Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a full-fledged Normanised prince. William of Malmesbury wrote that it was in this period that David "rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us".[14]

[edit] Prince of the Cumbrians, 1113–1124

David's time as Prince of the Cumbrians marks the beginning of his life as a great territorial lord. The year of these beginnings was probably 1113, when Henry I arranged David's marriage to Matilda, Countess of Huntingdon, who was the heiress to the Huntingdon–Northampton lordship. As her husband David used the title of Earl , and there was the prospect that David's children by her would inherit all the honours borne by Matilda's father Waltheof. 1113 is the year when David, for the first time, can be found in possession of territory in what is now Scotland.

[edit] Obtaining the inheritance

David's brother, King Edgar, had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth.[15] On 8 January 1107, Edgar died. It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance, the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar, soon after the latter's death.[16] However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113.[17] According to Richard Oram, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern "Scotland".[18]

King Henry's backing seems to have been enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed, but through threat of force nonetheless.[19] David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that:

Olc a ndearna mac Mael Colaim, It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done;,

ar cosaid re hAlaxandir, dividing us from Alexander;

do-ní le gach mac rígh romhaind, he causes, like each king's son before;

foghail ar faras Albain. the plunder of stable Alba. [20]

If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern "Scotland".[21]

The lands in question consisted of the pre-1975 counties of Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Berwickshire, Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire. David, moreover, gained the title princeps Cumbrensis, "Prince of the Cumbrians", as attested in David's charters from this era.[22] Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control.[23]

David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire.[24] In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as Annandale for Robert de Brus, Cunningham for Hugh de Morville, and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter Fitzalan.[25]

[edit] In England

In the later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Matilda of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland. The marriage brought with it the "Honour of Huntingdon", a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedford; within a few years, Matilda de Senlis bore a son, whom David named Henry after his patron.[26]

The new territories which David controlled were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland, a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland, Northumberland-proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham. After King Henry's death, David would revive the claim to this earldom for his son Henry.[27]

David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and in Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when his brother Alexander died in 1124, leaving Scotland without a king.[28]

[edit] Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship

Main article: Political and military events in Scotland during the reign of David I

Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray David as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots;[29] but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign.[30] Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons. William fitz Duncan, son of King Donnchad II, and Máel Coluim, son of the last king Alexander, both preceded David in terms of the slowly emerging principles of primogeniture. However, unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as King, or face war with both David and Henry I.[31]

[edit] Coronation and struggle for the kingdom

Alexander's son Máel Coluim chose war. Orderic Vitalis reported that Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair "affected to snatch the kingdom from [David], and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles; but David, who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth, conquered him and his followers".[32] Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid.[33]

In either April or May of the same year David was crowned King of Scotland (Gaelic: rí(gh) Alban; Latin: rex Scottorum)[34] at Scone. If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence, the ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals,[35] of the kind infamous in the Anglo-French world of the 12th century for their "unchristian" elements.[36] Ailred of Rievaulx, friend and one time member of David's court, reported that David "so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them".[37]

Outside his "Cumbrian" principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was "king of Scots in little more than name".[38] He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130.[39] However, he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127,[40] and returned to Henry's court in 1130, serving as a judge at Woodstock for the treason trial of Geoffrey de Clinton.[39] It was in this year that David's wife, Matilda of Huntingdon, died. Possibly as a result of this,[41] and while David was still in southern England,[42] Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him.

The instigator was, again, his nephew Máel Coluim, who now had the support of Óengus of Moray. King Óengus was David's most powerful "vassal", a man who, as grandson of King Lulach of Scotland, even had his own claim to the kingdom. The rebel Scots had advanced into Angus, where they were met by David's Mercian constable, Edward; a battle took place at Stracathro near Brechin. According to the Annals of Ulster, 1000 of Edward's army, and 4000 of Óengus' army, including Óengus himself, died.[43]

According to Orderic Vitalis, Edward followed up the killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself, which, in Orderic's words, "lacked a defender and lord"; and so Edward, "with God's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district".[44] However, this was far from the end of it. Máel Coluim escaped, and four years of continuing "civil war" followed; for David this period was quite simply a "struggle for survival".[45]

It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from his patron, King Henry. Ailred of Rievaulx related that at this point a large fleet and a large army of Norman knights, including Walter l'Espec, were sent by Henry to Carlisle in order to assist David's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies.[46] The fleet seems to have been used in the Irish Sea, the Firth of Clyde and the entire Argyll coast, where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters. In 1134 Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle.[47] Since modern historians no longer confuse him with Malcolm MacHeth, it is clear that nothing more is ever heard of Máel Coluim mac Alaxadair, except perhaps that his sons were later allied with Somerled.[48]

[edit] Pacification of the west and north

Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted Walter fitz Alan the kadrez of Strathgryfe, with northern Kyle and the area around Renfrew, forming what would become the "Stewart" lordship of Strathgryfe; he also suggests that Hugh de Morville may have gained the kadrez of Cunningham and the settlement of "Strathyrewen" (i.e. Irvine). This would indicate that the 1130–34 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories.[49]

How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son Henry. William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region. The burghs of Elgin and Forres may have been founded at this point, consolidating royal authority in Moray.[50] David also founded Urquhart Priory, possibly as a "victory monastery", and assigned to it a percentage of his cain (tribute) from Argyll.[51]

During this period too, a marriage was arranged between the son of Matad, Mormaer of Atholl, and the daughter of Haakon Paulsson, Earl of Orkney. The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the Kingdom, and held out the prospect that a son of one of David's Mormaers could gain Orkney and Caithness for the Kingdom of Scotland. Thus, by the time Henry I died on 1 December 1135, David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before.[52]

[edit] Dominating the north

While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. In 1139, his cousin, the five year old Harald Maddadsson, was given the title of "Earl" and half the lands of the earldom of Orkney, in addition to Scottish Caithness. Throughout the 1140s Caithness and Sutherland were brought back under the Scottish zone of control.[53] Sometime before 1146 David appointed a native Scot called Aindréas to be the first Bishop of Caithness, a bishopric which was based at Halkirk, near Thurso, in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian.[54]

In 1150, it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. In 1151, King Eystein II of Norway put a spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unawares in his residence at Thurso. Eystein forced Harald to pay fealty as a condition of his release. Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival Erlend Haraldsson, granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. King Eystein responded in turn by making a similar grant to this same Erlend, cancelling the effect of David's grant. David's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power.[55]

[edit] England

David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England. David was the latter's "greatest protégé",[56] one of Henry's "new men".[57] His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter, Matilda, the former Empress of the Holy Roman Empire. David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son, the future Henry II.[58]

However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David was the independence-loving king trying to build a "Scoto-Northumbrian" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the English Earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which only came to an end after Henry II ordered David's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other.[59]

Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham

Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda. Instead, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois, seized the throne.[60] David had been the first lay person to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135, David decided to make war.[61]

Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle. By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight a pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court.[62]

[edit] Renewal of war and Clitheroe

When the winter of 1136–37 was over, David again invaded England. The King of the Scots confronted a northern English army waiting for him at Newcastle. Once more pitched battle was avoided, and instead a truce was agreed until November. When November fell, David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen's refusal led to David's third invasion, this time in January 1138.[63]

The army which invaded England in the January and February 1138 shocked the English chroniclers. Richard of Hexham called it "an execrable army, savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man" and that it "harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex, of every age and condition, destroying, pillaging and burning the vills, churches and houses".[64] Several doubtful stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers, and these same chroniclers paint a picture of routine enslavings, as well as killings of churchmen, women and infants.[65]

By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. In the summer David split his army into two forces, sending William fitz Duncan to march into Lancashire, where he harried Furness and Craven. On 10 June, William fitz Duncan met a force of knights and men-at-arms. A pitched battle took place, the battle of Clitheroe, and the English army was routed.[66]

[edit] Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham

By later July, 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in "St Cuthbert's land", that is, in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham, on the far side of the river Tyne. Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots, this time led by William, Earl of Aumale. The victory at Clitheroe was probably what inspired David to risk battle. David's force, apparently 26,000 strong and several times larger than the English army, met the English on 22 August at Cowdon Moor near Northallerton, North Yorkshire.[67]

The Battle of the Standard, as the encounter came to be called, was unsuccessful for the Scots. Afterwards, David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle. Although the result was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again. The siege of Wark, for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. David continued to occupy Cumberland as well as much of Northumberland.[68]

On 26 September Cardinal Alberic, Bishop of Ostia, arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Alberic was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow's allegiance or non-allegiance to the Archbishop of York. Alberic played the role of peace-broker, and David agreed to a six week truce which excluded the siege of Wark. On 9 April David and Stephen's wife Matilda of Boulogne met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement. David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. This effectively fulfilled all of David's war aims.[68]

[edit] Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict

The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. The arrival in England of the Empress Matilda gave David an opportunity to renew the conflict with Stephen. In either May or June, David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda's company; he was present for her expected coronation at Westminster Abbey, though this never took place. David was there until September, when the Empress found herself surrounded at Winchester.[69]

This civil war, or "the Anarchy" as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of the river Ribble and Pennines, while holding the north-east as far south as the river Tyne, on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham. While his son brought all the senior barons of Northumberland into his entourage, David rebuilt the fortress of Carlisle. Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence. David's acquisition of the mines at Alston on the South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland's first silver coinage. David, meanwhile, issued charters to Shrewsbury Abbey in respect to their lands in Lancashire.[70]

[edit] Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York

However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. David's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the bishopric of Durham and the archbishopric of York. David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, William Comyn, to the bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey Rufus in 1140. Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the de facto bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the chapter. Despite controlling the town of Durham, David's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the Papal legate, Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen. Despite obtaining the support of the Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time William de St Barbara was elected to the see in 1143.[71]

David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York. William FitzHerbert, nephew of King Stephen, found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England, and was deposed by the Pope. David used his Cistercian connections to build a bond with Henry Murdac, the new archbishop. Despite the support of Pope Eugenius III, supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York. In 1149, Henry had sought the support of David. David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under his control, and marched on the city. However, Stephen's supporters became aware of David's intentions, and informed King Stephen. Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison. David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew.[72] Richard Oram has conjectured that David's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria into his dominion. For Oram, this event was the turning point, "the chance to radically redraw the political map of the British Isles lost forever".[73]

[edit] Scottish Church

Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually emphasises David's pioneering role as the instrument of diocesan reorganisation and Norman penetration, beginning with the bishopric of Glasgow while David was Prince of the Cumbrians, and continuing further north after David acceded to the throne of Scotland. Focus too is usually given to his role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Canterbury.

[edit] Innovations in the church system

It was once held that Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view. Ailred of Rievaulx wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, "he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom [north of the Forth], and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored, and new ones which he erected".[74] Although David moved the bishopric of Mortlach east to his new burgh of Aberdeen, and arranged the creation of the diocese of Caithness, no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation.[75]

The bishopric of Glasgow was restored rather than resurrected.[76] David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain John to the bishopric[77] and carried out an inquest, afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the Bishop of St Andrews.[78] David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic "bishoprics" like Brechin, Dunkeld, Mortlach (Aberdeen) and Dunblane to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system.[79]

As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained.[80] Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages, and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of France and England, but he did not create it.[81]

[edit] Ecclesiastical disputes

One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English church. The problem with the English church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated to the see of St Andrews (Cell Ríghmonaidh). It is likely that since the 11th century the bishopric of St Andrews functioned as a de facto archbishopric. The title of "Archbishop" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to Bishop Giric[82] and Bishop Fothad II.[83]

The problem was that this archiepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim overlordship of the whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York, Thurstan. His easiest target was the bishopric of Glasgow, which being south of the river Forth was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. In 1125, Pope Honorius II wrote to John, Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York.[84] David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow.[85]

Thurstan travelled to Rome, as did the Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, and both presumably opposed David's request. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate Robert of Scone without making an issue of subordination.[86] York's claim over bishops north of the Forth were in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow.[87]

In 1151, David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews. Cardinal John Paparo met David at his residence of Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as bishopric of Orkney and the bishopric of the Isles. Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In the following year the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim, a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney.[88]

[edit] Succession and death

Perhaps the greatest blow to David's plans came on 12 July 1152 when Henry, Earl of Northumberland, David's only son and successor, died. He had probably been suffering from some kind of illness for a long time. David had under a year to live, and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer. David quickly arranged for his grandson Máel Coluim to be made his successor, and for his younger grandson William to be made Earl of Northumberland. Donnchad I, Mormaer of Fife, the senior magnate in Scotland-proper, was appointed as rector, or regent, and took the 11 year-old Máel Coluim around Scotland-proper on a tour to meet and gain the homage of his future Gaelic subjects. David's health began to fail seriously in the Spring of 1153, and on 24 May 1153, David died.[89] In his obituary in the Annals of Tigernach, he is called Dabíd mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan, "David, son of Máel Coluim, King of Scotland and England", a title which acknowledged the importance of the new English part of David's realm.[90]

[edit] Historiography

[edit] Medieval reputation

The earliest assessments of David I portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. For William of Newburgh, David was a "King not barbarous of a barbarous nation", who "wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation". William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, "he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor".[91] Another of David's eulogists, his former courtier Ailred of Rievaulx, echoes Newburgh's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety, commenting that David's rule of the Scots meant that "the whole barbarity of that nation was softened ... as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated".[92]

Although avoiding stress on 12th century Scottish "barbarity", the Lowland Scottish historians of the later Middle Ages tend to repeat the accounts of earlier chronicle tradition. Much that was written was either directly transcribed from the earlier medieval chronicles themselves or was modelled closely upon them, even in the significant works of John of Fordun, Andrew Wyntoun and Walter Bower.[93] For example, Bower includes in his text the eulogy written for David by Ailred of Rievaulx. This quotation extends to over twenty pages in the modern edition, and exerted a great deal of influence over what became the traditional view of David in later works about Scottish history.[94] Historical treatment of David developed in the writings of later Scottish historians, and the writings of men like John Mair, George Buchanan, Hector Boece, and Bishop John Leslie ensured that by the 18th century a picture of David as a pious, justice-loving state-builder and vigorous maintainer of Scottish independence had emerged.[95]

[edit] Modern treatment

In the modern period there has been more of an emphasis on David's statebuilding and on the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development. Lowland Scots tended to trace the origins of their culture to the marriage of David's father Máel Coluim III to Saint Margaret, a myth which had its origins in the medieval period.[96] With the development of modern historical techniques in the mid-19th century, responsibility for these developments appeared to lie more with David than his father. David assumed a principal place in the alleged destruction of the Celtic Kingdom of Scotland. Andrew Lang, in 1900, wrote that "with Alexander [I], Celtic domination ends; with David, Norman and English dominance is established".[97]

The ages of Enlightenment and Romanticism had elevated the role of races and "ethnic packages" into mainstream history, and in this context David was portrayed as hostile to the native Scots, and his reforms were seen in the light of natural, perhaps even justified, civilised Teutonic aggression towards the backward Celts.[98]

In the 20th century, several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th century Scotland, focusing upon and hence emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Græme Ritchie's The Normans in Scotland (1954), Archie Duncan's Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (1974) and the many articles of G. W. S. Barrow all formed part of this historiographical trend.[99]

In the 1980s, Barrow sought a compromise between change and continuity, and argued that the reign of King David was in fact a "Balance of New and Old".[100] Such a conclusion was a natural incorporation of an underlying current in Scottish historiography which, since William F. Skene's monumental and revolutionary three-volume Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (1876–80), had been forced to acknowledge that "Celtic Scotland" was alive and healthy for a long time after the reign of David I.[101] Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow's compromise solution, arguing that as David’s reign progressed, his kingship became more Celtic.[102] Despite its subtitle, in 2004 in the only full volume study of David I's reign yet produced, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, its author Richard Oram further builds upon Lynch's picture, stressing continuity while placing the changes of David's reign in their context.[103]

[edit] Davidian Revolution

However, while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the historical change in David I's era, no historian doubts that it was taking place. The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the "Davidian Revolution".[104] David's "revolution" is held to underpin the development of later medieval Scotland, whereby the changes he inaugurated grew into most of the central institutions of the later medieval kingdom.[105]

Since Robert Bartlett's pioneering work, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (1993), reinforced by Moore's The First European Revolution, c.970–1215 (2000), it has become increasingly apparent that better understanding of David's "revolution" can be achieved by recognising the wider "European revolution" taking place during this period. The central idea is that from the late 10th century onwards the culture and institutions of the old Carolingian heartlands in northern France and western Germany were spreading to outlying areas, creating a more recognisable "Europe". Scotland was just one of many "outlying" areas.[106]

Government and feudalism

The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from customary tenures into feudal, or otherwise legally-defined relationships, would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly-created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law enforcement and taxation, bringing Scotland further into the "European" model.[107]

Scotland in this period experienced innovations in governmental practices and the importation of foreign, mostly French, knights. It is to David's reign that the beginnings of feudalism are generally assigned. This is defined as "castle-building, the regular use of professional cavalry, the knight's fee" as well as "homage and fealty".[108] David established large scale feudal lordships in the west of his Cumbrian principality for the leading members of the French military entourage who kept him in power. Additionally, many smaller scale feudal lordships were created.[109]

Steps were taken during David's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo-Norman England. New sheriffdoms enabled the King to effectively administer royal demesne land. During his reign, royal sheriffs were established in the king's core personal territories; namely, in rough chronological order, at Roxburgh, Scone, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling and Perth.[110] The Justiciarship too was created in David's reign. Although this institution had Anglo-Norman origins, in Scotland north of the Forth at least, it represented some form of continuity with an older office.[111]

[edit] Economy

The revenue of his English earldom and the proceeds of the silver mines at Alston allowed David to produce Scotland's first coinage. These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image.[112]

David was a great town builder. As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two burghs of "Scotland", at Roxburgh and Berwick.[113] Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality).[114] David founded around 15 burghs.[115]

Perhaps nothing in David's reign compares in importance to burghs. While they could not, at first, have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an immigrant merchant class, nothing would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. These planned towns were or became English in culture and language; William of Newburgh wrote in the reign of King William the Lion, that "the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English";[116] as well as transforming the economy, the failure of these towns to go native would in the long term undermine the position of the native Scottish language and give birth to the idea of the Scottish Lowlands.[117]

[edit] Monastic patronage

David was one of medieval Scotland's greatest monastic patrons. In 1113, in perhaps David's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians, he founded Selkirk Abbey for the Tironensians.[118] David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign, patronising various new monastic orders.[119]

Not only were such monasteries an expression of David's undoubted piety, but they also functioned to transform Scottish society. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence,, and provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs.[120] These new monasteries, and the Cistercian ones in particular, introduced new agricultural practices.[121] Cistercian labour, for instance, transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe's most important sources of sheep wool.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland

Reign April or May 1124– 24 May 1153

Coronation Scone, April or May 1124

Full name Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim

Titles Prince of the Cumbrians

Earl [ in Huntingdon and Northampton ]

Born 1083 x 1085

Died May 24, 1153

Place of death Carlisle

Predecessor Alexander I

Successor Máel Coluim IV

Consort Maud, Countess of Huntingdon

Offspring Henry, Earl of Northumberland,

Hodierna,

Claricia

Father Máel Coluim mac Donnchada

Mother Margaret of Wessex

David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim;[1] b. 1083 x 1085, died 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians (x 1113–1124) and later King of the Scots (1124–1153). The youngest son of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada and Margaret, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England in 1093. At some point, perhaps after 1100, he became a hanger-on at the court of King Henry I and experienced long exposure to Norman and Anglo-French culture.

When David's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Subduing the latter took David ten years, and involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. David's victory allowed him to expand his control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, the former Empress-consort, Matilda, to the throne of England; in the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.

The term "Davidian Revolution" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of burghs, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant French and Anglo-French knights.

David was born at an unknown point between 1083 and 1085.[2] He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III, and certainly the sixth and youngest produced by Malcolm's second marriage to Queen Margaret.[3]

In 1093 King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the river Aln during an invasion of Northumberland.[4] David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar, both future kings of Scotland, were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards.[5] According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their uncle, Domnall Bán.[6]

It is likely that Domnall had travelled down to Edinburgh to prevent Margaret initiating a claim to the throne on behalf of one of her surviving sons, and it is probable that Domnall had been crowned king at Scone already.[7] It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Domnall forced his three nephews into exile, though Domnall was allied to another, Edmund.[8] John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling.[9]

Intervention of William Rufus and English exile

William Rufus, King of the English, opposed Domnall's accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of King Máel Coluim, David's half-brother Donnchad, into Scotland with an army at his disposal. Donnchad was killed within the year,[10] and so in 1097 William sent Donnchad's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful, and was crowned King by the end of 1097.[11]

During the power struggle of 1093–97, David was in England. In 1093, he may have been about nine years old.[12] From 1093 until 1103 David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for some part of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed and Henry Beauclerc seized power, and Henry married David's sister, Matilda. The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards David was probably an important figure at the English court.[13] Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a fully fledged Normanised prince. William of Malmesbury wrote that it was in this period that David "rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us".[14]

David's time as Prince of the Cumbrians marks the beginning of his life as a great territorial lord. The year of these beginnings was probably 1113, when Henry I arranged David's marriage to Maud, Countess of Huntingdon, who was the heiress to the Huntingdon-Northampton lordship. This year was the first time David can be found in possession of territory in what is now Scotland.

[edit] Obtaining the inheritance

David's brother, King Edgar, had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth.[15] On 8 January 1107, Edgar died. It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance, the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar, soon after the latter's death.[16] However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113.[17] According to Richard Oram, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern "Scotland".[18]

King Henry's backing was enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed, but through threat of force nonetheless.[19] David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that:

Olc a ndearna mac Mael Colaim, It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done;,

ar cosaid re hAlaxandir, dividing us from Alexander;

do-ní le gach mac rígh romhaind, he causes, like each king's son before;

foghail ar faras Albain. the plunder of stable Alba. [20]

If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern "Scotland".[21]

The lands in question consisted of the pre-1994 counties of Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Berwickshire, Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire. David, moreover, gained the title princeps Cumbrensis, "Prince of the Cumbrians", as attested in David's charters from this era.[22] Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control.[23]

David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire.[24] In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as Annandale for Robert de Brus, Cunningham for Hugh de Morville, and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter Fitzalan.[25]

David in England

King Henry I of England. Henry's policy in northern Britain and the Irish Sea region essentially made David's political life.In the later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Maud of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland. The marriage brought with it the "Honour of Huntingdon", a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedford; within a few years, Matilda de Senlis bore to him a son, whom David named Henry after his patron.[26]

The new territories David gained control of were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland, a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland, Northumberland-proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham. After King Henry's death David would revive the claim to this earldom for his son Henry.[27]

David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and in Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when, in 1124, his brother Alexander died, leaving Scotland without a king.[28]

[edit] Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship

Main article: Political and military events in Scotland during the reign of David I

Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray David as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots;[29] but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign.[30] Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons. William fitz Duncan, son of King Donnchad II, and Máel Coluim, son of the last king Alexander, both preceded David in terms of the slowly emerging principles of primogeniture. However, unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as King, or face war with both David and Henry I.[31]

David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England. David was the latter's "greatest protégé",[54] one of Henry's "new men".[55] His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter, Matilda, the former Empress of the Holy Roman Empire. David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son, the future Henry II.[56]

However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David was the independence-loving king trying to build a "Scoto-Northumbrian" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the English Earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which only came to an end after Henry II ordered David's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other.[57]

Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda. Instead, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois, seized the throne.[58] David had been the first lay person to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135, David decided to make war.[59]

Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle. By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight a pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court.[60]

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Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim Escócia I

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland

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David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim;[1] 1083 x 1085 – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians (1113–1124) and later King of the Scots (1124–1153). The youngest son of Malcolm III and Margaret, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093. Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I. There he was influenced by the Norman and Anglo-French culture of the court.

When David's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. David's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, the former Empress-consort, Matilda, to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.

The term "Davidian Revolution" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of burghs, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant French and Anglo-French knights.

The early years of David I are the most obscure of his life. Because there is little documented evidence, historians can only guess at most of David's activities in this period.

[edit] Childhood and flight to England

David was born at an unknown point between 1083 and 1085.[2] He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III, and certainly the sixth and youngest produced by Malcolm's second marriage to Queen Margaret.[3]

In 1093 King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the river Aln during an invasion of Northumberland.[4] David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar, both future kings of Scotland, were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards.[5] According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their uncle, Donald Bane.[6]

Donald became King of Scotland.[7] It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Donald forced his three nephews into exile, although he was allied with another of his nephews, Edmund.[8] John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling.[9]

[edit] Intervention of William Rufus and English exile

William Rufus, King of the English, opposed Donald's accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of Malcolm III, David's half-brother Donnchad, into Scotland with an army. Donnchad was killed within the year,[10] and so in 1097 William sent Donnchad's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful, and was crowned King by the end of 1097.[11]

During the power struggle of 1093–97, David was in England. In 1093, was probably about nine years old.[12] From 1093 until 1103 David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for the remainder of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed, his brother Henry Beauclerc seized power and married David's sister, Matilda. The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards, David was probably an important figure at the English court.[13] Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a full-fledged Normanised prince. William of Malmesbury wrote that it was in this period that David "rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us".[14]

[edit] Prince of the Cumbrians, 1113–1124

David's time as Prince of the Cumbrians marks the beginning of his life as a great territorial lord. The year of these beginnings was probably 1113, when Henry I arranged David's marriage to Matilda, Countess of Huntingdon, who was the heiress to the Huntingdon–Northampton lordship. As her husband David used the title of Earl , and there was the prospect that David's children by her would inherit all the honours borne by Matilda's father Waltheof. 1113 is the year when David, for the first time, can be found in possession of territory in what is now Scotland.

[edit] Obtaining the inheritance

David's brother, King Edgar, had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth.[15] On 8 January 1107, Edgar died. It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance, the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar, soon after the latter's death.[16] However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113.[17] According to Richard Oram, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern "Scotland".[18]

King Henry's backing seems to have been enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed, but through threat of force nonetheless.[19] David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that:

Olc a ndearna mac Mael Colaim, It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done;,

ar cosaid re hAlaxandir, dividing us from Alexander;

do-ní le gach mac rígh romhaind, he causes, like each king's son before;

foghail ar faras Albain. the plunder of stable Alba. [20]

If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern "Scotland".[21]

The lands in question consisted of the pre-1975 counties of Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Berwickshire, Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire. David, moreover, gained the title princeps Cumbrensis, "Prince of the Cumbrians", as attested in David's charters from this era.[22] Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control.[23]

David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire.[24] In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as Annandale for Robert de Brus, Cunningham for Hugh de Morville, and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter Fitzalan.[25]

[edit] In England

In the later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Matilda of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland. The marriage brought with it the "Honour of Huntingdon", a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedford; within a few years, Matilda de Senlis bore a son, whom David named Henry after his patron.[26]

The new territories which David controlled were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland, a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland, Northumberland-proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham. After King Henry's death, David would revive the claim to this earldom for his son Henry.[27]

David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and in Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when his brother Alexander died in 1124, leaving Scotland without a king.[28]

[edit] Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship

Main article: Political and military events in Scotland during the reign of David I

Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray David as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots;[29] but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign.[30] Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons. William fitz Duncan, son of King Donnchad II, and Máel Coluim, son of the last king Alexander, both preceded David in terms of the slowly emerging principles of primogeniture. However, unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as King, or face war with both David and Henry I.[31]

[edit] Coronation and struggle for the kingdom

Alexander's son Máel Coluim chose war. Orderic Vitalis reported that Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair "affected to snatch the kingdom from [David], and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles; but David, who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth, conquered him and his followers".[32] Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid.[33]

In either April or May of the same year David was crowned King of Scotland (Gaelic: rí(gh) Alban; Latin: rex Scottorum)[34] at Scone. If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence, the ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals,[35] of the kind infamous in the Anglo-French world of the 12th century for their "unchristian" elements.[36] Ailred of Rievaulx, friend and one time member of David's court, reported that David "so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them".[37]

Outside his "Cumbrian" principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was "king of Scots in little more than name".[38] He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130.[39] However, he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127,[40] and returned to Henry's court in 1130, serving as a judge at Woodstock for the treason trial of Geoffrey de Clinton.[39] It was in this year that David's wife, Matilda of Huntingdon, died. Possibly as a result of this,[41] and while David was still in southern England,[42] Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him.

The instigator was, again, his nephew Máel Coluim, who now had the support of Óengus of Moray. King Óengus was David's most powerful "vassal", a man who, as grandson of King Lulach of Scotland, even had his own claim to the kingdom. The rebel Scots had advanced into Angus, where they were met by David's Mercian constable, Edward; a battle took place at Stracathro near Brechin. According to the Annals of Ulster, 1000 of Edward's army, and 4000 of Óengus' army, including Óengus himself, died.[43]

According to Orderic Vitalis, Edward followed up the killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself, which, in Orderic's words, "lacked a defender and lord"; and so Edward, "with God's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district".[44] However, this was far from the end of it. Máel Coluim escaped, and four years of continuing "civil war" followed; for David this period was quite simply a "struggle for survival".[45]

It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from his patron, King Henry. Ailred of Rievaulx related that at this point a large fleet and a large army of Norman knights, including Walter l'Espec, were sent by Henry to Carlisle in order to assist David's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies.[46] The fleet seems to have been used in the Irish Sea, the Firth of Clyde and the entire Argyll coast, where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters. In 1134 Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle.[47] Since modern historians no longer confuse him with Malcolm MacHeth, it is clear that nothing more is ever heard of Máel Coluim mac Alaxadair, except perhaps that his sons were later allied with Somerled.[48]

[edit] Pacification of the west and north

Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted Walter fitz Alan the kadrez of Strathgryfe, with northern Kyle and the area around Renfrew, forming what would become the "Stewart" lordship of Strathgryfe; he also suggests that Hugh de Morville may have gained the kadrez of Cunningham and the settlement of "Strathyrewen" (i.e. Irvine). This would indicate that the 1130–34 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories.[49]

How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son Henry. William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region. The burghs of Elgin and Forres may have been founded at this point, consolidating royal authority in Moray.[50] David also founded Urquhart Priory, possibly as a "victory monastery", and assigned to it a percentage of his cain (tribute) from Argyll.[51]

During this period too, a marriage was arranged between the son of Matad, Mormaer of Atholl, and the daughter of Haakon Paulsson, Earl of Orkney. The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the Kingdom, and held out the prospect that a son of one of David's Mormaers could gain Orkney and Caithness for the Kingdom of Scotland. Thus, by the time Henry I died on 1 December 1135, David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before.[52]

[edit] Dominating the north

While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. In 1139, his cousin, the five year old Harald Maddadsson, was given the title of "Earl" and half the lands of the earldom of Orkney, in addition to Scottish Caithness. Throughout the 1140s Caithness and Sutherland were brought back under the Scottish zone of control.[53] Sometime before 1146 David appointed a native Scot called Aindréas to be the first Bishop of Caithness, a bishopric which was based at Halkirk, near Thurso, in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian.[54]

In 1150, it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. In 1151, King Eystein II of Norway put a spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unawares in his residence at Thurso. Eystein forced Harald to pay fealty as a condition of his release. Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival Erlend Haraldsson, granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. King Eystein responded in turn by making a similar grant to this same Erlend, cancelling the effect of David's grant. David's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power.[55]

[edit] England

David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England. David was the latter's "greatest protégé",[56] one of Henry's "new men".[57] His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter, Matilda, the former Empress of the Holy Roman Empire. David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son, the future Henry II.[58]

However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David was the independence-loving king trying to build a "Scoto-Northumbrian" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the English Earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which only came to an end after Henry II ordered David's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other.[59]

Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham

Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda. Instead, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois, seized the throne.[60] David had been the first lay person to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135, David decided to make war.[61]

Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle. By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight a pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court.[62]

[edit] Renewal of war and Clitheroe

When the winter of 1136–37 was over, David again invaded England. The King of the Scots confronted a northern English army waiting for him at Newcastle. Once more pitched battle was avoided, and instead a truce was agreed until November. When November fell, David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen's refusal led to David's third invasion, this time in January 1138.[63]

The army which invaded England in the January and February 1138 shocked the English chroniclers. Richard of Hexham called it "an execrable army, savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man" and that it "harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex, of every age and condition, destroying, pillaging and burning the vills, churches and houses".[64] Several doubtful stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers, and these same chroniclers paint a picture of routine enslavings, as well as killings of churchmen, women and infants.[65]

By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. In the summer David split his army into two forces, sending William fitz Duncan to march into Lancashire, where he harried Furness and Craven. On 10 June, William fitz Duncan met a force of knights and men-at-arms. A pitched battle took place, the battle of Clitheroe, and the English army was routed.[66]

[edit] Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham

By later July, 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in "St Cuthbert's land", that is, in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham, on the far side of the river Tyne. Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots, this time led by William, Earl of Aumale. The victory at Clitheroe was probably what inspired David to risk battle. David's force, apparently 26,000 strong and several times larger than the English army, met the English on 22 August at Cowdon Moor near Northallerton, North Yorkshire.[67]

The Battle of the Standard, as the encounter came to be called, was unsuccessful for the Scots. Afterwards, David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle. Although the result was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again. The siege of Wark, for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. David continued to occupy Cumberland as well as much of Northumberland.[68]

On 26 September Cardinal Alberic, Bishop of Ostia, arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Alberic was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow's allegiance or non-allegiance to the Archbishop of York. Alberic played the role of peace-broker, and David agreed to a six week truce which excluded the siege of Wark. On 9 April David and Stephen's wife Matilda of Boulogne met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement. David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. This effectively fulfilled all of David's war aims.[68]

[edit] Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict

The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. The arrival in England of the Empress Matilda gave David an opportunity to renew the conflict with Stephen. In either May or June, David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda's company; he was present for her expected coronation at Westminster Abbey, though this never took place. David was there until September, when the Empress found herself surrounded at Winchester.[69]

This civil war, or "the Anarchy" as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of the river Ribble and Pennines, while holding the north-east as far south as the river Tyne, on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham. While his son brought all the senior barons of Northumberland into his entourage, David rebuilt the fortress of Carlisle. Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence. David's acquisition of the mines at Alston on the South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland's first silver coinage. David, meanwhile, issued charters to Shrewsbury Abbey in respect to their lands in Lancashire.[70]

[edit] Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York

However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. David's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the bishopric of Durham and the archbishopric of York. David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, William Comyn, to the bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey Rufus in 1140. Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the de facto bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the chapter. Despite controlling the town of Durham, David's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the Papal legate, Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen. Despite obtaining the support of the Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time William de St Barbara was elected to the see in 1143.[71]

David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York. William FitzHerbert, nephew of King Stephen, found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England, and was deposed by the Pope. David used his Cistercian connections to build a bond with Henry Murdac, the new archbishop. Despite the support of Pope Eugenius III, supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York. In 1149, Henry had sought the support of David. David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under his control, and marched on the city. However, Stephen's supporters became aware of David's intentions, and informed King Stephen. Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison. David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew.[72] Richard Oram has conjectured that David's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria into his dominion. For Oram, this event was the turning point, "the chance to radically redraw the political map of the British Isles lost forever".[73]

[edit] Scottish Church

Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually emphasises David's pioneering role as the instrument of diocesan reorganisation and Norman penetration, beginning with the bishopric of Glasgow while David was Prince of the Cumbrians, and continuing further north after David acceded to the throne of Scotland. Focus too is usually given to his role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Canterbury.

[edit] Innovations in the church system

It was once held that Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view. Ailred of Rievaulx wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, "he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom [north of the Forth], and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored, and new ones which he erected".[74] Although David moved the bishopric of Mortlach east to his new burgh of Aberdeen, and arranged the creation of the diocese of Caithness, no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation.[75]

The bishopric of Glasgow was restored rather than resurrected.[76] David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain John to the bishopric[77] and carried out an inquest, afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the Bishop of St Andrews.[78] David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic "bishoprics" like Brechin, Dunkeld, Mortlach (Aberdeen) and Dunblane to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system.[79]

As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained.[80] Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages, and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of France and England, but he did not create it.[81]

[edit] Ecclesiastical disputes

One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English church. The problem with the English church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated to the see of St Andrews (Cell Ríghmonaidh). It is likely that since the 11th century the bishopric of St Andrews functioned as a de facto archbishopric. The title of "Archbishop" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to Bishop Giric[82] and Bishop Fothad II.[83]

The problem was that this archiepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim overlordship of the whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York, Thurstan. His easiest target was the bishopric of Glasgow, which being south of the river Forth was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. In 1125, Pope Honorius II wrote to John, Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York.[84] David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow.[85]

Thurstan travelled to Rome, as did the Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, and both presumably opposed David's request. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate Robert of Scone without making an issue of subordination.[86] York's claim over bishops north of the Forth were in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow.[87]

In 1151, David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews. Cardinal John Paparo met David at his residence of Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as bishopric of Orkney and the bishopric of the Isles. Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In the following year the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim, a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney.[88]

[edit] Succession and death

Perhaps the greatest blow to David's plans came on 12 July 1152 when Henry, Earl of Northumberland, David's only son and successor, died. He had probably been suffering from some kind of illness for a long time. David had under a year to live, and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer. David quickly arranged for his grandson Máel Coluim to be made his successor, and for his younger grandson William to be made Earl of Northumberland. Donnchad I, Mormaer of Fife, the senior magnate in Scotland-proper, was appointed as rector, or regent, and took the 11 year-old Máel Coluim around Scotland-proper on a tour to meet and gain the homage of his future Gaelic subjects. David's health began to fail seriously in the Spring of 1153, and on 24 May 1153, David died.[89] In his obituary in the Annals of Tigernach, he is called Dabíd mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan, "David, son of Máel Coluim, King of Scotland and England", a title which acknowledged the importance of the new English part of David's realm.[90]

[edit] Historiography

[edit] Medieval reputation

The earliest assessments of David I portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. For William of Newburgh, David was a "King not barbarous of a barbarous nation", who "wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation". William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, "he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor".[91] Another of David's eulogists, his former courtier Ailred of Rievaulx, echoes Newburgh's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety, commenting that David's rule of the Scots meant that "the whole barbarity of that nation was softened ... as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated".[92]

Although avoiding stress on 12th century Scottish "barbarity", the Lowland Scottish historians of the later Middle Ages tend to repeat the accounts of earlier chronicle tradition. Much that was written was either directly transcribed from the earlier medieval chronicles themselves or was modelled closely upon them, even in the significant works of John of Fordun, Andrew Wyntoun and Walter Bower.[93] For example, Bower includes in his text the eulogy written for David by Ailred of Rievaulx. This quotation extends to over twenty pages in the modern edition, and exerted a great deal of influence over what became the traditional view of David in later works about Scottish history.[94] Historical treatment of David developed in the writings of later Scottish historians, and the writings of men like John Mair, George Buchanan, Hector Boece, and Bishop John Leslie ensured that by the 18th century a picture of David as a pious, justice-loving state-builder and vigorous maintainer of Scottish independence had emerged.[95]

[edit] Modern treatment

In the modern period there has been more of an emphasis on David's statebuilding and on the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development. Lowland Scots tended to trace the origins of their culture to the marriage of David's father Máel Coluim III to Saint Margaret, a myth which had its origins in the medieval period.[96] With the development of modern historical techniques in the mid-19th century, responsibility for these developments appeared to lie more with David than his father. David assumed a principal place in the alleged destruction of the Celtic Kingdom of Scotland. Andrew Lang, in 1900, wrote that "with Alexander [I], Celtic domination ends; with David, Norman and English dominance is established".[97]

The ages of Enlightenment and Romanticism had elevated the role of races and "ethnic packages" into mainstream history, and in this context David was portrayed as hostile to the native Scots, and his reforms were seen in the light of natural, perhaps even justified, civilised Teutonic aggression towards the backward Celts.[98]

In the 20th century, several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th century Scotland, focusing upon and hence emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Græme Ritchie's The Normans in Scotland (1954), Archie Duncan's Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (1974) and the many articles of G. W. S. Barrow all formed part of this historiographical trend.[99]

In the 1980s, Barrow sought a compromise between change and continuity, and argued that the reign of King David was in fact a "Balance of New and Old".[100] Such a conclusion was a natural incorporation of an underlying current in Scottish historiography which, since William F. Skene's monumental and revolutionary three-volume Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (1876–80), had been forced to acknowledge that "Celtic Scotland" was alive and healthy for a long time after the reign of David I.[101] Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow's compromise solution, arguing that as David’s reign progressed, his kingship became more Celtic.[102] Despite its subtitle, in 2004 in the only full volume study of David I's reign yet produced, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, its author Richard Oram further builds upon Lynch's picture, stressing continuity while placing the changes of David's reign in their context.[103]

[edit] Davidian Revolution

However, while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the historical change in David I's era, no historian doubts that it was taking place. The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the "Davidian Revolution".[104] David's "revolution" is held to underpin the development of later medieval Scotland, whereby the changes he inaugurated grew into most of the central institutions of the later medieval kingdom.[105]

Since Robert Bartlett's pioneering work, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (1993), reinforced by Moore's The First European Revolution, c.970–1215 (2000), it has become increasingly apparent that better understanding of David's "revolution" can be achieved by recognising the wider "European revolution" taking place during this period. The central idea is that from the late 10th century onwards the culture and institutions of the old Carolingian heartlands in northern France and western Germany were spreading to outlying areas, creating a more recognisable "Europe". Scotland was just one of many "outlying" areas.[106]

Government and feudalism

The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from customary tenures into feudal, or otherwise legally-defined relationships, would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly-created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law enforcement and taxation, bringing Scotland further into the "European" model.[107]

Scotland in this period experienced innovations in governmental practices and the importation of foreign, mostly French, knights. It is to David's reign that the beginnings of feudalism are generally assigned. This is defined as "castle-building, the regular use of professional cavalry, the knight's fee" as well as "homage and fealty".[108] David established large scale feudal lordships in the west of his Cumbrian principality for the leading members of the French military entourage who kept him in power. Additionally, many smaller scale feudal lordships were created.[109]

Steps were taken during David's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo-Norman England. New sheriffdoms enabled the King to effectively administer royal demesne land. During his reign, royal sheriffs were established in the king's core personal territories; namely, in rough chronological order, at Roxburgh, Scone, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling and Perth.[110] The Justiciarship too was created in David's reign. Although this institution had Anglo-Norman origins, in Scotland north of the Forth at least, it represented some form of continuity with an older office.[111]

[edit] Economy

The revenue of his English earldom and the proceeds of the silver mines at Alston allowed David to produce Scotland's first coinage. These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image.[112]

David was a great town builder. As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two burghs of "Scotland", at Roxburgh and Berwick.[113] Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality).[114] David founded around 15 burghs.[115]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland

Perhaps nothing in David's reign compares in importance to burghs. While they could not, at first, have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an immigrant merchant class, nothing would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. These planned towns were or became English in culture and language; William of Newburgh wrote in the reign of King William the Lion, that "the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English";[116] as well as transforming the economy, the failure of these towns to go native would in the long term undermine the position of the native Scottish language and give birth to the idea of the Scottish Lowlands.[117]

[edit] Monastic patronage

David was one of medieval Scotland's greatest monastic patrons. In 1113, in perhaps David's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians, he founded Selkirk Abbey for the Tironensians.[118] David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign, patronising various new monastic orders.[119]

Not only were such monasteries an expression of David's undoubted piety, but they also functioned to transform Scottish society. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence,, and provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs.[120] These new monasteries, and the Cistercian ones in particular, introduced new agricultural practices.[121] Cistercian labour, for instance, transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe's most important sources of sheep wool.

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David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim;[1] 1083 x 1085 – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians (1113–1124) and later King of the Scots (1124–1153). The youngest son of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada and Margaret, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093. Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I. There he was influenced by the Norman and Anglo-French culture of the court.

When David's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. David's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, the former Empress-consort, Matilda, to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.

The term "Davidian Revolution" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of burghs, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant French and Anglo-French knights.

Reign April or May 1124 – 24 May 1153

Coronation Scone, April or May 1124

Full name Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim

Titles Prince of the Cumbrians

Earl [ in Huntingdon and Northampton ]

Born 1083 x 1085

Died 24 May 1153

Place of death Carlisle

Buried Dunfermline Abbey

Predecessor Alexander I

Successor Máel Coluim IV

Consort Matilda, Countess in Huntingdon

Offspring Henry, Earl of Northumberland,

Hodierna,

Claricia

Father Máel Coluim mac Donnchada

Mother Margaret of Wessex

David was born at an unknown point between 1083 and 1085.[2] He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III, and certainly the sixth and youngest produced by Malcolm's second marriage to Queen Margaret.[3]

In 1093 King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the river Aln during an invasion of Northumberland.[4] David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar, both future kings of Scotland, were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards.[5] According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their uncle, Domnall Bán.[6]

William "Rufus", the Red, King of the English, and partial instigator of the Scottish civil war, 1093–1097.

Domnall became King of Scotland.[7] It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that

!Title; David I, "The Saint", King Of /SCOTLAND/

Koning van Schotland (1124).

Acceded 1124-1153

!SOURCES:
1. Scottish Kings, Scot 28, p. 58-70
2. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 3-5
3. Burke's Peerage, Eng. P, 1949, pref. p. 287
4. Dict of Nat'l Biog., Eng. Pub. A, v. 14, p. 117-20
5. Royal Lines of Succession, A16A225, p. 21

Reigned 1124-1153

David I the Saint of Scotland, King of Scotland
Born: ABT 1084
Acceded: 23 APR 1124
Died: 24 MAY 1153, Carlisle, Cumbria
Interred: Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, Scotland
Notes:
Earl of Huntingdon. United Alba with Strathclyde.
Earl of Northampton. Popularly reputed as a Saint, His feast day is 24thMay.
The Complete Peerage vol.V,pp.641-2.
Father: , Malcolm III Caennmor of Scotland, King of Scotland, b. ABT 1031
Mother: Atheling, Margaret (St.) the Exile, b. 1045
Married 1113 to , Matilda of Northumberland
Child 1: , Malcolm, b. AFT 1113
Child 2: , Henry of Huntingdon, Earl of Huntingdon, b. ABT 1114
Child 3: , Claricia
Child 4: , Hodierna

DAVID I., a celebrated Scottish monarch, was the youngest of the six sonsof Malcolm III., who reigned between 1057, and 1093, and who must befamiliar to every reader, as the overthrower of Macbeth, and also thefirst king of the Scots that was entitled to be considered as a civilizedprince. The mother of king David was Margaret, the sister of EdgarAtheling, heir to the Saxon line of English princes, but displaced byWilliam the Conqueror. The year of David’s birth is not known; but it isconjectured to have been not long antecedent to the death of his father,as all his elder brothers were then under age. It is conjectured that hemust have received the name of David, from having been born at a timewhen his mother had no hope of more children, in reference to theyoungest son of Jesse. Owing to the usurpations of Donald Bane, andDuncan, he spent his early years at the English court, under theprotection of Henry I., who had married his sister Matilda or Maud, thecelebrated founder of London bridge. There, according to an Englishhistorian, "his manners were polished from the rust of Scottishbarbarity." Here also he took to wife, Matilda, the daughter of Waltheof,earl of Northumberland, and widow of Simon de St. Liz, earl ofNorthampton. After the Scottish throne had been occupied successively byhis elder brothers, Edgar and Alexander, he acceded to it on the 27th ofApril, 1124, when he must have been in the very prime of life. Soonbefore this time, namely, in 1113, he had manifested that zeal for thechurch, which distinguished him throughout his reign, by bringing acolony of Benedictine monks from Tyron, in France, whom he settled atSelkirk. These he subsequently translated to Roxburgh, and finally, 1128,to Kelso. In the latter year, besides founding the magnificent monasteryof Kelso, he erected that of Holyrood at Edinburgh, which he endowed inthe most liberal manner.

During the reign of Henry I., David maintained a good understanding withEngland, and seems to have spent a considerable part of his time in thecourt of his brother-in-law and sister. The following curious anecdote ofone of his visits, is related in a volume entitled "Remaines concerningBritain," published in 1614. "Queen Maud was so devoutly religious, thatshe would go to church barefooted and always exercised herself in worksof charity, insomuch, that when king David her brother came out ofScotland to visit her, he found her in her privy chamber with a towellabout her middle, washing, wiping, and kissing poore people’s feete;which he disliking, said, ‘verily, if the king your husband knew this,you should never kisse his lippes!’ She replied, ‘that the feete of theking of heaven were to be preferred before the lippes of a king inearth!’" On the death of Henry, in 1135, his daughter Maud was displacedby the usurper Stephen, and, to enforce her right, David made aformidable incursion into England, taking possession of the country asfar as Durham. Not being supported, however, by the barons, who had swornto maintain his niece in her right, he was obliged, by the superior forceof Stephen, to give up the country he had acquired, his son Henry,accepting at the same time, from the usurper, the honour of Huntingdon,with Doncaster, and the castle of Carlisle, for which he rendered homage.Next year, David made a new incursion, with better success. He is foundin 1138 in full possession of the northern provinces, while Stephen wasunable, from his engagements elsewhere, to present any force against him.The Scots ravaged the country with much cruelty, and particularly thedomains of the church; nor was their pious monarch able to restrain them.The local clergy, under these circumstances, employed all theirinfluence, temporal and spiritual, to collect an army, and they at lengthsucceeded. On the 22nd of August, 1138, the two parties met on CuttonMoor, near Northallerton, and to increase the enthusiasm of the English,their clerical leaders had erected a standard upon a high carriage,mounted on wheels, exhibiting three consecrated banners, with a littlecasket at the top, containing a consecrated host. The ill-assorted armyof the Scottish monarch gave way before the impetuosity of these men, whowere literally defending their altars and hearths. This rencounter isknown in history, as the battle of the Standard. Prince Henry escapedwith great difficulty. Next year, David seems to have renounced all hopesof establishing his niece. He entered into a solemn treaty with Stephen,in virtue of which, the earldom of Northumberland was conceded to his sonHenry. In 1140, when Stephen was overpowered by his subjects, and Maudexperienced a temporary triumph, David repaired to London to give her thebenefit of his counsel. But a counter insurrection surprised Maud; andDavid had great difficulty in escaping along with his niece. He was onlysaved by the kindness of a young Scotsman, named Oliphant, who served asa soldier under Stephen, and to whom David had been godfather. Thisperson concealed the monarch from a very strict search, and conveyed himin safety to Scotland. David was so much offended at the manner in whichhe had been treated by Maud, that he never again interfered with heraffairs in England, for which he had already sacrificed so much. He waseven struck with remorse, for having endeavoured, by the use of sobarbarous a people as the Scots, to control the destinies of thecivilized English, to whom, it would thus appear, he bore more affectionthan he did to his own native subjects. At one time, he intended toabdicate the crown, and go into perpetual exile in the holy land, inorder to expiate this imaginary guilt; but he afterwards contentedhimself with attempting to introduce civilization into his country. Forthis purpose, he encouraged many English gentlemen and barons to settlein Scotland, by giving them grants of land. In like manner, he broughtmany different kinds of foreign monks into the country, settling them inthe various abbeys of Melrose, Newbottle, Cambuskenneth, Kinloss,Dryburgh, and Jedburgh, as well as the priory of Lesmahago, and theCistercian convent of Berwick, all of which were founded and endowed byhim. The effects which these comparatively enlightened bodies of men musthave produced upon the country, ought to save David from all modernsneers as to his apparently extreme piety. Sanctimoniousness does notappear to have had any concern in the matter: he seems to have beengoverned alone by a desire of civilizing his kingdom, the rudeness ofwhich must have been strikingly apparent to him, in consequence of hiseducation and long residence in England. The progress made by thecountry, in the time of David, was accordingly very great. Publicbuildings were erected, towns established, agriculture, manufactures, andcommerce promoted. Laws, moreover, appear to have been now promulgatedfor the first time. David was himself a truly just and benevolent man. Heused to sit on certain days at the gate of his palace, to hear and decidethe causes of the poor. When justice required a decision against the poorman, he took pains to explain the reason, so that he might not go awayunsatisfied. Gardening was one of his amusements, and hunting his chiefexercise; but, says a contemporary historian, I have seen him quit hishorse, and dismiss his hunting equipage, when any, even the meanest ofhis subjects, required an audience. He commenced business at day break,and at sunset dismissed his attendants, and retired to meditate on hisduty to God and the people. By his wife, Matilda, David had a son, Henry;who died before him, leaving Malcolm and William, who were successivelykings of Scotland, David, earl of Huntingdon, from whom Bruce and Baliolare descended, and several daughters. David I. is said, by a monkishhistorian, to have had a son older than Henry, but who perished inchildhood after a remarkable manner. A person in holy orders had murdereda priest at the altar, and was protected by ecclesiastical immunity fromthe punishment due to his offence. His eyes, however, were put out, andhis hands and feet cut off. He procured crooked irons or hooks to supplythe use of hands. Thus maimed, destitute, and abhorred, he attracted theattention of David, then residing in England as a private man. From himthis outcast of society obtained food and raiment. David’s eldest childwas then two years old; the ungrateful monster, under pretence offondling the infant, crushed it to death in his iron fangs. For thiscrime, almost exceeding belief, he was torn to pieces by wild horses. Onlosing his son Henry in 1152, king David sent his son Malcolm on a solemnprogress through the kingdom, in order that he might be acknowledged bythe people as their future sovereign. He in like manner recommended hisgrandson William to the barons of Northumberland, as his successor inthat part of his dominions. Having ultimately fixed his residence atCarlisle, the pious monarch breathed his last, May 24th, 1153; beingfound dead in a posture of devotion. David I., by the acknowledgment ofBuchanan himself, was "a more perfect exemplar of a good king than is tobe found in all the theories of the learned and ingenious."Alias:THE SAINT THE /SAINT/
Ancestral File Number: 8XJB-C4
REFN: 1291
[Mary Stewart.FTW]
DAVID I THE SAINT4, (KING) (Malcolm III3, Duncan I2, Crinan the Thane1)
of Scots, son of (4) Malcolm III3, (King) and (J-25) Marga ret "Atheling",
Princess (England), [Queen of Scotla, was born circa 1080, di ed on 24 May
1154 in Carlisle and was buried in Dunfermline, Fifeshire. He ma rried in
Scotland, in 1113/4, (CA-3) MAUD OF Huntingdons, (COUNTESS) of,
Hun tingdon, England, daughter of (CA-2) Waltheof II, Earl, (Earl) and
(GD-4) Jud ith de (LENS), who was born in 1072, died on 23 April 1130/1 in
Scotland, and was buried in 1130/1 in Scone, Perthshire, England. [25]
King of Scots, 23 ap r 1124 - 1153
Child: + 14 i. HENRY DE5 Huntingdons, (EARL) of Huntingdon, b. i n 1114;
m. (AFF-4) ADA DE WARENNE (WARREN) in 1139; d. on 12 June 1152 in
Scotland.

Line 9048 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
NAME David I "The Saint" /Scotland/
!SOURCES:
1. Scottish Kings, Scot 28, p. 58-70
2. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 3-5
3. Burke's Peerage, Eng. P, 1949, pref. p. 287
4. Dict of Nat'l Biog., Eng. Pub. A, v. 14, p. 117-20
5. Royal Lines of Succession, A16A225, p. 21

1. David, known as David I, reigned from 1124 to 1153. Unknown GEDCOM info: MH:N101 Unknown GEDCOM info: D25D34DA-1EFF-4AD5-95C3-AC66C58F2EE0

Line 9048 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
NAME David I "The Saint" /Scotland/

!SOURCES:
1. Scottish Kings, Scot 28, p. 58-70
2. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 3-5
3. Burke's Peerage, Eng. P, 1949, pref. p. 287
4. Dict of Nat'l Biog., Eng. Pub. A, v. 14, p. 117-20
5. Royal Lines of Succession, A16A225, p. 21

Reigned 1124-1153

King of Scotland, succeeded his brother, Alexander the Fierce, in 1124. He married Maud, grand-niece of William the Conqueror; and was Earl of Northumberland and Huntingdon when called to the Scottish throne. On the death of Henry I., king of England, he maintained the claim of his daughter Maud against King Stephen, and seized Carlisle, but was defeated at the battle of Northallerton in 1138. A negotiation was entered into the following year, by which Carlisle was suffered to remain in the possession of David. He died there in 1

When his oldest brother, King Edgar, died, he left the Scottish domains
north of the Forth of Clyde to another brother, who became King Alexander
I, while David inherited southern Scotland with the title of earl of
Cumbria. Six years later, David married the daughter of the earl of
Northumbria and thereby became earl of Huntingdon and a vassal of the
English crown. In 1124 King Alexander died, and David became king of
Scotland. From 1136 to 1138, he tried unsuccessfully to help his niece
Matilda (1102-67) secure the English throne. Thereafter David devoted
himself to ruling Scotland. He replaced the traditional Scottish tribal
organization with a feudal one modeled after that of Norman England and
was noted for the castles he built and the monasteries he founded.

"DUNKELD""THE SAINT"; REIGNED IN LOTHIAN & CUMBRIA AS EARL; EARL OF HUNTINGDON;
EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND (BY MARRIAGE); TRAINED IN ENGLAND; KING OF SCOTS
1124-1153

saltire
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=9eb40d1e-7a1e-4e61-b08e-8950082186ec&tid=2440653&pid=-1177227286

David I King of Scotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=767472df-01ed-40c7-8de2-9f4888d385a9&tid=2440653&pid=-1177227286

* REMARKS:
In Gaelic : Dabid mac Máil Choluim

* BIOGRAPHY
David was born about 1080, the youngest of the sons of Malcolm III Canmore, king of Scots. David was sent in 1093 to England along with his sister Matilda (who in 1100 married Henry I of England) and remained for several years at the English court. In 1107, when his elder brother Alexander succeeded to the throne, David became prince of Cumbria with a territory which, as well as part of Cumberland, included all southern Scotland except the Lothians. By his marriage in 1113 to Maud, widow of Simon de St. Liz, the Norman earl of Northampton and daughter of Waltheof, the Saxon earl of Northumbria, he became earl of Huntingdon.

In 1124 he succeeded his brother on the Scottish throne; in 1127 he swore, with the other great barons of England, to maintain the right of his niece Empress Matilda to the English crown. In 1135 he took up arms on her behalf when Stephen seized the throne and he penetrated into England as far as Durham, where peace was purchased by the confirmation of the earldom of Huntingdon on his son Henry and the promise of the earldom of Northumberland. In 1138 the war was renewed and David, deserted by Bruce and others of his Anglo-Norman vassals who owned large estates in England, was signally defeated at the Battle of the Standards near Northallerton.

The next year a second peace was concluded when the promised earldom of Northumberland was bestowed on Prince Henry. The rest of David's reign---which marks the end of Celtic and the beginning of Feudal Scotland---was devoted to welding the different races of Scotland into one nation, the civilising of the people by the erection of burghs, promoting trade, manufacturing and commerce, and founding or restoration of bishoprics and religious houses.

According to Bellenden, 'the crown was left indigent through application of great rents to the church', a state of matters that led James I to remark, while standing by David's tomb at Dunfermline, that 'he was ane sair sanct for the crown'. He is often called St.David though he was never formally canonised, but his name was inserted in the calendar prefixed to Laud's Prayer Book for Scotland (1637). He died at Carlisle and was succeeded by his grandson Malcolm.

King David I of Scotland
h t t p : / / t r e e s . a n c e s t r y . c o m / r d ? f = i m a g e&guid=267b65ae-4317-4cd1-92d2-6aff44187717&tid=312040&pid=-1978492605

David I (1084-1153), (The Saint) King of Scotland, was the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and St. Margaret, sister of Edgar the Atheling. He became a prince of Cumbria in 1107, and further increased his power by his marriage with Matilda, Countess of Northampton (1110), becoming thereby an English baron. Having succeeded to the Scottish throne in 1124, he consolidated his realm, and, by the help of Norman knights, created the feudal kingdom of Scotland. The general aim of his domestic policy was to strengthen the Saxon and Norman elements, on whose support he relied. David took up arms on behalf of his neice Matilda in 1135, when Stephen mounted the English throne, and penetrated into England as far as Durham, where peace was made. He undertook a second invasion in 1138 and met with a disastrous defeat at Northallerton, in the Battle of the Standard, and again unsuccessfully invaded England in 1140. Consult Skene�s Celtic Scotland and P. Hume Brown�s History of Scotland. [World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]

Also have birth as 1082. [Our Family Museum]

United Alba with Strathclyde

David I, kjent som ?Helgenen? (The Saint), (1084 - 24. mai 1153), konge av Skottland, den yngste av seks sønner av Malcolm Canmore og Den hellige Margaret (søster av Edgar Ætheling), inviterte det normannske riddervesenet til Skottland, introduserte normannsk lovverk, reorganiserte institusjonene, opprettet kongelige burgher for oppmuntre handel med utlandet, preget mynter og var meget generøs overfor kirken

Bakgrunn
David I ble født i 1084. Ungdommen tilbrakte han ved det engelske hoffet til hans svoger, Henrik I av England og i 1113 giftet han seg med Matilda, datter og arving til Walheof, det engelske jarldømmet i Northumbria, og jarldømmet i Huntington, med et legitimt krav på større deler av England.

Da skottenes konge Edgar døde i 1107 ble kongedømmet, som en følge av hans vilje, delt mellom hans to brødre; Alexander og David. Alexander fikk den skotske kronen og territoriene nord for Forth og Clyde, mens David fikk de sydlige distriktene (stort sett Lowland) og tittelen jarl av Cumbria.

Broren døde i 1124 og David arvet hele kongeriket den 27. april da han selv var i midten av 40-årene, allerede berømt for sin fromhet.

Engasjert i England
I posisjonen av å også være en engelsk baron sverget David i 1127 troskap til sin niese Matilda (død 1167), som arvingen til kong Henrik I av England. Da den såkalte ?troneraneren? Stephen fortrengte henne i 1135 og ble kronet som Henriks etterfølger, kom David henne til hjelp ved å invadere England. Håpet var blant annet å sikre seg Northumberland for egen del. Stephen marsjerte mot nord med en mektig hær. David trakk seg og fikk en fredsavtale, som han senere ikke opprettholdt.

Etter å ha truet med å invadere i 1137, gjorde han alvor året etter, men gikk deretter på et knusende nederlag ved Cutton Moor (Northallerton, Yorkshire) i det som huskes som slaget ved Standard den 22. august 1138.

David returnerte til Carlisle og kort tid etter fikk forhandlet fram en ny fredsavtale. Han adlet Matildas sønn Henrik Plantagenet, den senere Henrik II av England, som da godkjente Davids rett til Northumberland. I 1141 møtte han Matilda i London. David gjorde henne selskap på en reise til Winchester, men etter så vidt å ha blitt tatt til fange av sine fiender kom han seg tilbake til Skottland.

Omformingen av Skottland
Fra nå av forble han i sitt eget kongerike og engasjerte seg til omformingen av landets politiske og eklektiske organisering. David var en dypt engasjert kristen og grunnla munkekloster som Holyrood, Melrose og Dryburgh og bispeseter som Caithness, Dunblane og Aberdeen. Han ble senere kritisert for å være ?a sair sanct for the croun? - for from for å være en dyktig monark, men klostrene hadde også en praktisk side. De forbedret landets økonomi ved å engasjere seg produksjon av sauer, kull og salt.

I den sekulære politikken omdannet han landet innenfor de føydale prinsipper og ikke minst fortsatte han den anglifiseringen som hans forgjengere hadde påbegynt. Han preget den første skotske myntenheten, han reorganiserte offentlige institusjoner og reiste de første kongelige burgher som Edinburgh, Stirling, Berwick, Roxburgh, Dunfermline og kanskje også Perth.

En overklasse av normannere
Som hersker av Cumbria hadde David allerede anglonormannere i sin tjeneste, og ga disse også lensbesettelser i Skottland til gjengjeld for føydale tjenester, og utnevnte dem til kongelige stedfortredere som sheriffer og dommere. Generelt oppmuntret han sterkt til immigrasjon av en ny overklasse av anglonormannere som hurtig og strategisk giftet seg inn i det gamle skotsk-gæliske adelskapet. Familiene Stewart, de Bruce, Comyn og Olipahant var blant de fransktalende som etablerte seg i Skottland på denne tiden. David ga dem landområder til gjengjeld for militær tjeneste eller rede penger.

Død og ettermæle
Han døde i Carlisle og etterlot seg to sønner; Malcolm (ikke til å bli sammenblandes med Malcolm IV av Skottland, som var denne Malcolms nevø) og Henrik. Han fikk to døtre; Claricia og Hodierna.

På en del områder er David I et skotsk motstykke til Magnus Lagabøte av Norge, men i skotsk historie er kong David I en ofte oversett figur, ofte ansett som å være altfor katolsk av historikere i tiden etter reformasjonen, men det var under hans regime at Skottland ble omformet til nasjonen Skottland.

Sankt Ælred fra Rievaulx var i Davids første år bestyrer av husholdet og senere en nær venn. Etter kongens død skrev en beretning om ham. Her forteller han om hvordan David verget seg for å overta den skotske kronen, om hvor rettferdig hans styre var, hans nestekjærlighet, hans tjenester for kirken. Ælreds eneste kritikk er hans unnfallenhet til å unngå voldtekt og plyndring da hæren hans invaderte England.

Litteratur
Oram, Richard: David I: The King Who Made Scotland, (2004) Den første biografi om kong David I, men er også noe omdiskutert.

In 1093 he and his sister, who later in 1100 married Henry I, King of England, fled to England. In 1124 he succeeded his brother, Alexander, as King.
He fought several wars on behalf of his niece, Matilda: the daughter of Henry I. The last of which in 1140 he was defeated, and only with great difficulty was able to return to Scotland.
His life after this was spent in promoting the health of Scotland. He built castles, erected burgs, and promoted trade, shipping and manufacturing. He also promoted education by endowing bishopries and monasteries.

EVEN:
TYPE Acceded
DATE 1124
PLAC Scotland

One of the most powerful Scottish kings (reigned from 1124). He admittedinto Scotland an Anglo-French (Norman) aristocracy that played a majorpart in the later history of the kingdom. He also reorganized ScottishChristianity to conform with continental European and English usages andfounded many religious communities, mostly for Cistercian monks andAugustinian canons. The youngest of the six sons of the Scottish kingMalcolm III Canmore and Queen Margaret (afterward St. Margaret), Davidspent much of his early life at the court of his brother-in-law KingHenry I of England. Through David's marriage (1113) to a daughter ofWaltheof, earl of Northumbria, he acquired the English earldom ofHuntingdon and obtained much land in that county and in Northamptonshire.With Anglo-Norman help, David secured from his brother Alexander I, kingof Scots from 1107, the right to rule Cumbria, Strathclyde, and part ofLothian. In April 1124, on the death of Alexander, David became king ofScots.

David recognized his niece, the Holy Roman empress Matilda (died 1167),as heir to Henry I in England, and from 1136 he fought for her againstKing Stephen (crowned as Henry's successor in December 1135), hopingthereby to gain Northumberland for himself. A brief peace made withStephen in 1136 resulted in the cession of Cumberland to David and thetransfer of Huntingdon to his son Earl Henry. David, however, continuedto switch sides. While fighting for Matilda again, he was defeated in theBattle of the Standard, near Northallerton, Yorkshire (Aug. 22, 1138). Hethen made peace once more with Stephen, who in 1139 grantedNorthumberland (as an English fief) to Earl Henry. In 1141 Davidreentered the war on Matilda's behalf, and in 1149 he knighted her sonHenry Plantagenet (afterward King Henry II of England), who acknowledgedDavid's right to Northumberland.

In Scotland, David created a rudimentary central administration, issuedthe first Scottish royal coinage, and built or rebuilt the castles aroundwhich grew the first Scottish burghs: Edinburgh, Stirling, Berwick,Roxburgh, and perhaps Perth. As ruler of Cumbria he had takenAnglo-Normans into his service, and during his kingship many otherssettled in Scotland, founding important families and intermarrying withthe older Scottish aristocracy. Bruce, Stewart, Comyn, and Oliphant areamong the noted names whose bearers went from northern France to Englandduring the Norman Conquest in 1066 and then to Scotland in the reign ofDavid I. To these and other French-speaking immigrants, David grantedland in return for specified military service or contributions of money,as had been done in England from the time of the Conquest.

King David I of Scotland / St. David of Scotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=e1ee5175-96d1-4844-a857-b4ab98fd1370&tid=2440653&pid=-1177227286

Reigned 1124-1153

EVEN:
TYPE Acceded
DATE 1124
PLAC Scotland

27th great granduncle

!SOURCES:
1. Scottish Kings, Scot 28, p. 58-70
2. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 3-5
3. Burke's Peerage, Eng. P, 1949, pref. p. 287
4. Dict of Nat'l Biog., Eng. Pub. A, v. 14, p. 117-20
5. Royal Lines of Succession, A16A225, p. 21

DavidIofScotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=a228c08a-6c4f-4988-87f9-72be0b90374d&tid=10145763&pid=-528082099

David I
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=8232a272-9ed2-4cb5-8d7a-e7354b896e49&tid=10145763&pid=-528082099

DavidIofScotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=a228c08a-6c4f-4988-87f9-72be0b90374d&tid=10145763&pid=-528082099

David I
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=8232a272-9ed2-4cb5-8d7a-e7354b896e49&tid=10145763&pid=-528082099

scotlandlion
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=759ef082-7ef7-491f-ae37-258a37efde51&tid=2440653&pid=-1177227286

1 NAME the Saint //
2 GIVN the Saint
2 SURN
2 NICK the Saint

David I King of Scotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=c46b07b5-5496-4341-8ee2-5adb4d657409&tid=5060607&pid=-1391549319

!SOURCES:
1. Scottish Kings, Scot 28, p. 58-70
2. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 3-5
3. Burke's Peerage, Eng. P, 1949, pref. p. 287
4. Dict of Nat'l Biog., Eng. Pub. A, v. 14, p. 117-20
5. Royal Lines of Succession, A16A225, p. 21

EVEN:
TYPE Acceded
DATE 1124
PLAC Scotland

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Voorouders (en nakomelingen) van Davíd mac Maíl Choluim

Donnchad mac Crínáin
1001-1040

Suthen Sibylla of Scotland
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Edward
1016-1057

Agatha
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Davíd mac Maíl Choluim
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Doopdag 31 juli 1877

De temperatuur op 31 juli 1877 lag rond de 23,0 °C. De winddruk was 1 kgf/m² en kwam overheersend uit het zuid-zuid-westen. De luchtdruk bedroeg 76 cm kwik. De relatieve luchtvochtigheid was 74%. Bron: KNMI
Koning Willem III (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was van 1849 tot 1890 vorst van Nederland (ook wel Koninkrijk der Nederlanden genoemd)
Van 27 augustus 1874 tot 3 november 1877 was er in Nederland het kabinet Heemskerk - Van Lijnden van Sandenburg met als eerste ministers Mr. J. Heemskerk Azn. (conservatief) en Mr. C.Th. baron Van Lijnden van Sandenburg (AR).
Van 3 november 1877 tot 20 augustus 1879 was er in Nederland het kabinet Kappeijne van de Coppello met als eerste minister Mr. J. Kappeijne van de Coppello (liberaal).
In het jaar 1877: Bron: Wikipedia
- Nederland had zo'n 4,0 miljoen inwoners.
- 13 juni » Lodewijk IV van Hessen-Darmstadt volgt zijn overleden oom Lodewijk III van Hessen-Darmstadt op als groothertog van Hessen.
- 15 juni » Henry Ossian Flipper studeert als eerste zwarte Amerikaan af aan de militaire academie van de Verenigde Staten.
- 18 augustus » De Amerikaanse astronoom Asaph Hall ontdekt de manen van Mars. Hij noemt ze Phobos en Deimos.
- 16 november » Paus Pius IX roept de Heilige Franciscus van Sales (1567-1622) uit tot kerkleraar.
- 2 december » Voor het eerst wordt zuurstof vloeibaar gemaakt, door Louis-Paul Cailletet.
- 6 december » Thomas Edison maakt de eerste geluidsopname.

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1153 » David I van Schotland (69), koning van Schotland
1408 » Taejo van Joseon (72), stichter van de Koreaanse Joseondynastie
1511 » Francesco Alidosi ±(51), Italiaans kardinaal
1543 » Nicolaas Copernicus (70), Pruisisch astronoom
1696 » Albertine Agnes van Nassau (62), echtgenote van Willem Frederik van Nassau-Dietz
1739 » Koning Narendra Simha van Kandy op Ceylon

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