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Persoonlijke gegevens Boleslaw I "de Koene" van Polen 

• Hij is geboren in het jaar 966.
• (Geschiedenis) .Bron 1

  Boleslaw I Chrobry (de Koene; 966 of 967 - 17 juni 1025), uit het Huis der Piasten, was hertog (992-1025) en koning (1025) van Polen en als Boleslav IV hertog van Bohemen (1003-1004). Hij was de zoon van Mieszko I en diens eerste vrouw Dobrawa (Dubrawka), dochter van Boleslav I van Bohemen.
  
  Zijn vader, Mieszko I, was formeel leenman van de Duitse keizer en in 973 werd Boleslaw als gijzelaar naar het hof van de keizer gezonden om het goede gedrag van zijn vader te verzekeren. Mieszko liet kort voor zijn dood in 992 de zogenaamde Dagome iudex opstellen, waarin hij zijn bezittingen naliet aan de zonen van zijn tweede vrouw, de voormalige non Oda van Haldensleben, onder bescherming van de paus. Boleslaw, zijn oudste zoon uit een eerste huwelijk, wordt in het document niet genoemd. Boleslaw wist ondanks het testament van zijn vader de macht in Polen te verwerven en verbande zijn halfbroers. Polen omvatte toen Silezië en Pommeren (met als belangrijkste stad Gdansk) en Klein-Polen (met als belangrijkste stad Krakau). In 999 annexeerde Boleslaw Moravië en in 1000 of 1001 Slowakije.
  
  In 997 zond Boleslaw de heilige Adalbert van Praag naar Pruisen aan de Oostzee op een missie om de heidense Pruisen tot het christendom te bekeren - een missie die zou leiden tot Adalberts martelaarschap en heiligverklaring. Boleslaw betaalde het gewicht in goud voor het lijk en liet het overbrengen naar Gniezno. De heiligverklaring had een grote prestigieuze betekenis. In het jaar 1000 hield keizer Otto III een pelgrimstocht naar het graf van Adalbert in Gniezno en kende hij Boleslaw, in een poging de banden met het keizerrijk te versterken, de titel Frater et Cooperator Imperii (Broeder en Partner in het Keizerrijk) toe. Sommige historici melden dat de keizer Boleslaw ook de koningstitel beloofde. Tijdens hetzelfde bezoek verhief Otto Gniezno tot aartsbisdom.
  
  Na Otto's dood in 1002, steunde Boleslaw de koningskandidaat Ekhard I van Meißen. Nadat Ekhard door rivaliserende Saksische edelen was vermoord, maakte Boleslaw gebruik van de situatie om Meißen en de Lausitz te veroveren. Boleslaw steunde verder de kandidatuur van Hendrik II maar ontsnapte tijdens een ontmoeting met Hendrik in 1002 ternauwernood aan een moordaanslag. Boleslaw veroverde in 1003-1004 Bohemen, waar hij regeerde als Boleslav IV. Bohemen was formeel een Duits leen en Hendrik bood Boleslaw aan om hem Bohemen in leen te geven. Boleslaw beschouwde zichzelf echter als een zelfstandig vorst en weigerde dit voorstel. Hendrik kon dit op zijn beurt natuurlijk niet accepteren. Hij sloot een bondgenootschap met de Lutizen (een van de Slavische volken aan de Duitse oostgrens) en viel Boleslaw aan. In 1004 moest Boleslaw na een opstand Bohemen opgeven, Hendrik viel daarna Polen aan maar in 1005 werd te Poznan (stad) vrede gesloten. Maar ook hierna bleef het conflict tussen Boleslaw en Hendrik voortduren:
  
  1007: Boleslaw viel de Lutizen aan en Hendrik zegde toen het vredesverdrag op. Boleslaw rukte op tot Maagdenburg en veroverde Lausitz en Bautzen.
  1010: aanval van Hendrik op Polen, zonder veel succes.
  1013: vrede van Merseburg, bezegeld door de verloving van Boleslaws zoon Mieszko II en Richeza van Lotharingen. Hendrik en Boleslaw sloten een verdrag van militaire bijstand. Hendrik stuurde troepen voor een (mislukte) veldtocht van Boleslaw tegen Kiev. Daardoor kon (en wilde) Boleslaw geen troepen sturen voor Hendriks tocht naar Italië. Hierdoor liepen de spanningen weer op.
  1015: aanval van Hendrik op Polen maar Hendrik werd aan de Bóbr verslagen.
  1017: gelijktijdige aanval van Hendrik en van Jaroslav de Wijze van Kiev. Boleslaw plunderde Duitse gebieden ten oosten van de Elbe en zijn zoon Mieszko plunderde Bohemen.
  1018: Hendrik en Boleslaw sluiten de Vrede van Bautzen (1018), die Sorbisch Meißen en de Lausitz in Poolse handen liet.
  
  Naast dit alles steunde Boleslaw in 1016 de expeditie van zijn neef Knoet de Grote tegen Engeland.
  
  Op verzoek van zijn schoonzoon Svjatopolk I van Kiev intervenieerde hij na de vrede van Bautzen in de binnenlandse politiek van Kiev. Met steun van Svjatopolk en met hulp van Duitse troepen trok hij naar Kiev. In de slag aan de Boeg versloeg hij Jaroslav (22/23 juli 1018), en belegerde en bezette Kiev. Boleslaw nam zelf het bestuur op zich, totdat hij werd verdreven door een volksopstand. Tijdens deze strijd annexeerde hij Roethenië.
  
  Na Hendriks dood in 1024 riep Boleslaw zichzelf uit tot koning van Polen, met steun van paus Johannes XIX. Hierdoor was Polen definitief een zelfstandige staat geworden. Boleslaw werd in 1025 opgevolgd door zijn zoon Mieszko II. Boleslaw werd begraven in de kathedraal van Poznan.
  Duiding
  
  Boleslaw was de eerste koning van Polen. Het leenheerschap van het Heilige Roomse Rijk der Duitse Natie werd definitief verbroken. Hij was de eerste Poolse heerser die bij geboorte gedoopt werd, en de eerste echte christelijke heerser van Polen. Hij stichtte de onafhankelijke Poolse kerkprovincie en maakte van Polen een sterke macht in Europa. Boleslaw verenigde voor het eerst al die provincies die uiteindelijk het traditionele territorium van Polen zouden vormen: Groot-Polen (Wielkopolska) Klein-Polen (Malopolska), Mazovië, Silezië (Slask) en Pommeren.

• (Levens event) .Bron 2

  Boleslaw I Chrobry (aka Boleslaw I the Valiant or the Brave) (Czech: Boleslav Chrabrý) (About this sound Polish (help·info); 967 – 17 June 1025), in the past also known as Boleslaw I the Great (Wielki), was a Duke of Poland in 992–1025 and the first King of Poland from 19 April 1025 until his death. He also ruled as Boleslav IV, Duke of Bohemia during 1002–1003.
  
  He was the firstborn son of Mieszko I by his Czech first wife, Dobrawa, daughter of Boleslav I the Cruel, Duke of Bohemia.[1][2] He was named after his maternal grandfather.
  
  Boleslaw I was a remarkable politician, strategist and statesman. He turned Poland into a country that was not only comparable to older western monarchies, but also elevated it into the European elite. Boleslaw conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated the Polish lands and conquered territories outside of modern borders of Poland such as Slovakia, Moravia, Red Ruthenia, Meissen and Lusatia as well as Bohemia. He was a powerful mediator in Central European affairs.
  
  Boleslaw was an ally of Holy Roman Emperor Otto III who may have crowned him rex. Following the death of Otto III in 1002, he carried out a series of successful wars against the Holy Roman Empire and Otto III's cousin and heir Henry II, ending with the Peace of Bautzen in 1018. In the summer of 1018, in one of his most famous expeditions, Boleslaw I captured Kiev, where, according to legend, he notched his sword when hitting Kiev's Golden Gate. Later a sword called Szczerbiec ("Notched Sword") would become the ceremonial sword used at the coronation of Poland's kings.
  
  Boleslaw I also managed to establish a Polish church structure with a Metropolitan See at Gniezno, independent of the German Archbishopric of Magdeburg, which had tried to lay claim to Polish areas. During the famous Congress of Gniezno he officially freed himself of tribute to the Holy Roman Empire and finally, at the peak of his reign, he had himself crowned as King, the first Polish ruler to do so.
  
  He was an able administrator; he established the so-called "Prince's law" and built many forts, churches, monasteries and bridges. Boleslaw I established the first Polish monetary system, of a grzywna divided into 240 denarii,[1] and minted his own coinage. He is widely considered one of the most capable and accomplished of the Piast rulers.
  Contents
  Life
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  Youth
  Boleslaw I Chrobry as imagined by Jan Matejko
  
  Boleslaw I was born in Poznan as the first child of Mieszko I, Duke of Poland and his wife, the Bohemian princess Dobrawa. At age six he may have been sent to the Imperial court in Germany as a hostage, according to the agreements of the Imperial Diet of Quedlinburg (although historians now dispute this detail). Another theory stated that Boleslaw I spent some time during the 980s at the court of his maternal uncle, Duke Boleslav II the Pious of Bohemia.
  
  In 984 and at the instigation of his father, the eighteen-year-old Boleslaw I married the daughter of Rikdag, Margrave of Meissen, probably named Hunilda or Oda. It is believed that following the wedding he became the ruler of Lesser Poland with his capital at Kraków. The death of Margrave Rikdag in 985 left the marriage devoid of any political value, and shortly thereafter the union was dissolved and Hunilda repudiated.
  
  At the end of 985, probably at the instigation of Boleslav II the Pious, Boleslaw I married an unknown Hungarian princess with whom he had a son, Bezprym.[3] Older literature identified the princess as Judith, daughter of Géza, Grand Duke of Hungary.[4] Though opinions vary about the identity of Boleslaw I 's second wife, a number of researchers still support the hypothesis of her being the daughter of Géza.[5] However, this union also proved short-lived, probably because of the deterioration in political relations between Poland and Hungary, and around 987 the union was dissolved.
  
  By 989, and perhaps as early as 987, Boleslaw I married Emnilda, daughter of Dobromir, a Slavic prince of Lusatia. Through this marriage he had a daughter Regelinda, a son, the future king Mieszko II, another daughter, and a son, Otton. At this time Boleslaw I's rule in Lesser Poland may have been at Bohemian conferment. Presuming that it was, he added this province to Poland only after the death of Duke Boleslav II the Pious in 999. However assuming that Mieszko I took control of Lesser Poland in 990 (which is likely), than Boleslaw I was bestowed the rule in Lesser Poland by his father but without its territory being included in the Polish realm. Boleslaw I does not appear in the surviving summary of the Dagome Iudex document, and as such it may be supposed that Lesser Poland was already known as Boleslaw I's inheritance, while his two surviving half-brothers Mieszko and Lambert, sons of Mieszko I by his second wife Oda, were to divide the rest of the realm between themselves. Another theory explains Boleslaw I's absence from the document through an old Slavic custom whereby children received their inheritance as soon as they reached the age of majority. Thus Boleslaw I might have received Kraków as his part of his father's legacy before the writing of the Dagome iudex.[6]
  Accession
  Boleslaw I being crowned, oil on canvas, by Jan Matejko
  
  The circumstances in which Boleslaw I took control of the country following the passing of his father, Mieszko I, forecasted what would later become a prevalent practice among the Piast dynasty. It consisted of struggle for domination, usually a military one, among the offspring of nearly every deceased monarch of the Piast dynasty. Boleslaw I was no different, and shortly after the death of Mieszko I (25 May 992), he banished his stepmother Oda and his two half-brothers, as they had to be considered competitors to the throne, especially in light of the Dagome Iudex. The exact circumstances of Boleslaw I's ascension to the Ducal throne are unknown, but it is known that by June, he was the unquestioned ruler of Poland – as Otto III asked for his military aid in the summer of 992. Also immediately after gaining the full control over Poland, Boleslaw I quelled the opposition of the Barons by blinding two of their leaders, the magnates Odylen and Przybywoj.[7] As cruel a sentence as this was, it proved most effective as it triggered such obedience of his subjects that from that point on there was no mention of any challenge of his position whatsoever.
  Extent of his domains
  Poland at the beginning of the reign of Boleslaw I
  
  Boleslaw I inherited from his father a realm that was close in dimensions to modern-day Poland. It centered on the core of Polanian country, the later Greater Poland (Polish: Wielkopolska). Greater Poland encompassed the valley of river Warta, stretched to the north to the Notec river and to the south it encompassed Kalisz. Outside of this core the nascent Poland included the surrounding areas subdued by Boleslaw I's father, Mieszko I which included: parts of Pomerania to the north, including Kolobrzeg in the west and Gdansk in the east, Mazovia with its capital at Plock to the east and Silesia to the south-west. It is disputed whether Lesser Poland, centered around Kraków, was incorporated into the Polish realm by Mieszko I before 992 or whether it was added by Boleslaw I in 999. Either way by the year 1000 Boleslaw I was the lord of a domain larger than contemporary England, Denmark, León or Burgundy.
  Duke of Poland
  First years (992–1000)
  Boleslaw Chrobry Denarius from the 11th century with Latin name Princes Polonie
  Statue of Boleslaw I Chrobry at Wroclaw
  
  It appears, from the lack of any record of international activity, that Boleslaw I spent the first years as ruler more concerned about gaining the throne and remaining on it than trying to increase the size of his dominion. It is during this period of consolidation of power that he allied himself with Otto III, the Emperor of Germany, when in 995 he aided the Holy Roman Emperor in his expedition against the Lusatians.
  
  Endeavoring to extend his influence to the territory of the Prussians, Boleslaw I encouraged Christianizing missions in the Prussian lands. Most famous of those was the mission of Vojtech from the Bohemian princely Slavník clan, former bishop of Prague. Known as Adalbert of Prague upon the death of Adalbert of Magdeburg in 981, Adalbert's mission took place in 997 and ended in the missionary's martyrdom at the hands of the pagan Prussians, which occurred in April 997 on the Baltic Sea coast in the vicinity of Truso (a medieval emporia near modern city of Elblag). The remains of the missionary were held for ransom by the Prussians and Bohemian Premyslid rulers refused to pay for Adalbert's (Vojtech) body, consequently it was purchased by Duke Boleslaw I for its weight in gold, and buried in Gniezno. In 999 Bishop Adalbert was canonized as Saint Adalbert by Pope Sylvester II. He was later made the patron saint of Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, and Prussia. Canonization of Vojtech increased the prestige of the Polish church in Europe and the prestige of Polish state on the international arena.
  Congress of Gniezno and alliance with the Holy Roman Empire (1000–1002)
  Main article: Congress of Gniezno
  Boleslaw I as depicted on Gniezno Doors, mid. 12th century
  
  By the year 1000, Boleslaw I had consolidated his position as Duke (Dux) of Poland. Not only did he not meet any internal opposition, but he furthermore had gained the respect of Holy Roman Emperor Otto III (980–1002).[8] Consequently in the year 1000, Otto III visited Poland under the pretext of a pilgrimage to the grave of his friend, the recently canonized Bishop Adalbert (Vojtech). In addition to the religious motivation, Otto III's voyage also carried a strong political agenda: he had intentions to renew the Holy Roman Empire based on a federal concept he called "Renovatio Imperii Romanorum".[9] Within the federal framework, Polish and Hungarian duchies were to be upgraded to eastern federati of the empire.[9]
  
  The Emperor needed to assess Poland's strength and establish its status within the Holy Roman Empire. The ensuing Congress of Gniezno, where Boleslaw I entertained his distinguished guest, is one of the most famous episodes of medieval Polish history. During the time the emperor spent in Poland, Boleslaw I did not hide the wealth of his country, in fact he showed off its affluence at every step as he tried to dazzle the emperor. Among other gifts the Polish ruler presented to Otto III were 300 armored knights, while the Emperor responded with a gift of a copy of the lance of Saint Maurice. Evidently Otto III was impressed with what he saw and he decided that Poland should be treated as a kingdom on par with Germany and Italy, not merely as a tributary duchy like Bohemia.[10] Since Otto III had intentions to renew the Empire based on a federal concept he called "Renovatio Imperii Romanorum", and within that federal framework, Polish and Hungarian duchies were to be upgraded to eastern federati of the empire it was towards this end that the Emperor placed his Imperial crown on Boleslaw I's brow and invested him with the titles frater et cooperator Imperii ("Brother and Partner of the Empire") and populi Romani amicus et socius.[9] He also raised Boleslaw I to the dignity of patricius or "elder of the Roman nation".[11] This episode has long been a subject of hot debate among historians. Some historians see this as an act of favor between an Emperor and his vassal, others as a gesture of friendship between equals. Could placing of the Imperial crown on Boleslaw's head mean that the Emperor crowned the Polish Duke? Most modern historians agree that it could not. Though it was undoubtedly a sign of Otto's respect for the Polish ruler, it could not truly mean Boleslaw I was King as only the Pope had the authority to invest a prince with the crown and elevate his realm to a status of a kingdom.[8] According to one source afterwards Boleslaw I traveled with the Emperor to Aix-la-Chapelle where Otto III had the tomb of Charlemagne opened. From there Otto III is reputed to have removed the Imperial throne itself and presented it to the Polish Duke.[10]
  
  Other political talks took place as well. Otto III decided that Poland will no longer be required to pay tribute to the Empire. Gniezno was confirmed as an Archbishopric and a Metropolitan See for the Polish area. Three new Bishoprics were created and confirmed with papal consent. They were placed at Kraków, Wroclaw and Kolobrzeg. The Poznan missionary Bishopric was confirmed as subject directly to the Vatican. Boleslaw I and his heirs gained the right of investiture of bishops. The future marriage of Boleslaw I's son Mieszko to Richeza (Polish: Rycheza), niece of Otto III, was also probably agreed upon at this point.[12]
  
  The untimely death of Otto III at age 22 in 1002 upset the ambitious renovatio plans, which were never fully implemented. Henry II, Otto III's less idealistic successor, and an opponent of Otto's policies, reversed the course of Imperial policy towards the east.[13]
  Occupation of Meissen, Lusatia, Bautzen and the intervention in Bohemia (1002–1003)
  Statues of Boleslaw I and Mieszko I by Christian Daniel Rauch in the Golden Chapel, Poznan Cathedral
  
  The excellent relations of Poland and Germany enjoyed during the Reign of Otto III, quickly deteriorated following his death. Boleslaw I supported Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen, for the German throne. When Eckard was assassinated in April, Boleslaw I lent his support to Henry IV, Duke of Bavaria, and helped him ascend to the German throne as Henry II. Boleslaw I took advantage of internal strife following the Emperor's death and occupied important areas to the west of the Oder: Margraviate of Meissen and March of Lusatia, including strongholds Budziszyn and Strzala. Boleslaw I claimed an hereditary right to Meissen as a relative of its former ruler Margrave Rikdag (only through marriage; he was the former husband of his daughter). Henry II accepted Boleslaw I's gains and he allowed the Polish Duke to keep Lusatia as a fief. The one exception was Meissen, which Boleslaw I was not allowed to keep. Though at this point Polish–German relations were normalized, soon thereafter Henry II organized a failed assassination attempt on Boleslaw I's life and relations between the two countries were severed.[14]
  
  In the same year (1003) Boleslaw I became entangled in Bohemian affairs when the Duke Vladivoj died earlier in that year. Following this Boleslaw I aided a pretender, Boleslav III the Red, in gaining the throne. Later Boleslav III undermined his own position by ordering a massacre of his leading nobles, the Vršovci, at Vyšehrad. Those nobles who survived the massacre secretly sent messengers to Boleslaw I and entreated him to come to their aid. The Polish Duke willingly agreed, and invited Boleslav III to visit him at his castle in Kraków. There, Boleslav III was trapped, blinded and imprisoned, probably dying in captivity some thirty years later. Boleslaw I, claiming the Ducal throne for himself, invaded Bohemia in 1003 and took Prague without any serious opposition, ruling as Boleslav IV for a little over a year. It is also likely that Polish forces took control of Moravia and Upper Hungary in 1003 as well. The proper conquest date of the Hungarian territories is 1003 or 1015 and Upper Hungary stayed as part of Poland until 1018.[15]
  Polish-German War (1002–1018)
  Statue of Boleslaw I Chrobry at Gniezno, by Jerzy Sobocinski
  
  As mentioned above, Boleslaw I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia, Sorbian Meissen, and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, and refused to pay the tribute to the Empire from the conquered territories.
  
  Henry II, allied with the Lutici, answered with an offensive a year later. Though the first attack was not successful, already in the autumn of 1004 the German forces deposed Boleslaw I from the Bohemian throne. Boleslaw I did manage to keep Moravia and Slovakia, however, over which he exercised control until 1018. During the next part of the offensive Henry II retook Meissen and in 1005 his army advanced as far into Poland as the city of Poznan where a peace treaty was signed.[16] According to the peace treaty Boleslaw I lost Lusatia and Meissen and likely gave up his claim to the Bohemian throne. Also in 1005, a pagan rebellion in Pomerania overturned Boleslaw's rule and resulted in the destruction of the just implemented local bishopric.[17]
  
  In 1007 Henry II denounced the Peace of Poznan, resulting in Boleslaw I's attack on the Archbishopric of Magdeburg as well as re-occupation of marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen including the city of Bautzen. The German counter-offensive began three years later, in 1010. It was of no significant consequence, beyond some pillaging in Silesia. In 1012 a five-year peace was signed.
  
  Boleslaw I broke the peace however, and once again invaded Lusatia. Boleslaw I's forces pillaged and burned the city of Lubusz (Lebus).[16] In 1013 a peace accord was signed at Merseburg. As part of peace Boleslaw I paid homage to Henry II, in exchange for which he received the March of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen as fiefs. Also, was performed the marriage of his son Mieszko with Richeza of Lotharingia, daughter of the Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia and granddaughter of Emperor Otto II.
  
  In 1014 Boleslaw I sent his son Mieszko to Bohemia in order to form an alliance with duke Oldrich against Emperor Henry II. Boleslaw I also refused to aid the Emperor militarily in his Italian expedition. This led to imperial intervention in Poland and so in 1015 a war erupted once again. The war started out well for the Emperor as he was able to defeat the Polish forces at Ciani. Once the imperial forces crossed the river Oder, Boleslaw I sent a detachment of Moravian knights in a diversionary attack against the Eastern March of the empire. Soon thereafter the Imperial army retreated from Poland without making any permanent gains. Following this Boleslaw I's forces took the initiative. The Margrave of Meissen, Gero II, was defeated and killed during a clash with the Polish forces late in 1015.
  
  Later that year, Boleslaw I's son Mieszko was sent to plunder Meissen. His attempt at conquering the city however, failed.[16] In 1017 Boleslaw I defeated Margrave Henry V of Bavaria. In 1017 with Czech and Wendish support Henry II once again invaded Poland, however, once again to very little effect. He did besiege cities of Glogów and Niemcza, but was unable to take them. Taking advantage of Czech troops' involvement, Boleslaw I ordered his son to invade Bohemia, where Mieszko met very little resistance. On 30 January 1018, the Peace of Bautzen (which made Boleslaw I a clear winner), was signed. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory, and also received military aid in his expedition against Kievan Rus. Also, Boleslaw I (then a widower) reinforced his dynastic bonds with the German nobility through his marriage with Oda, daughter of Margrave Eckard I of Meissen. The wedding took place four days later, on 3 February in the castle (German: Burg) of Cziczani (also Sciciani, at the site of either modern Groß-Seitschen[18] or Zützen).[19]
  Intervention in the Kievan Succession (1015–1019)
  Main article: Boleslaw I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis, 1018
  Boleslaw I Chrobry entering conquered Kiev. Painting by Jan Matejko
  
  Boleslaw I organized his first expedition against his eastern neighbor in 1015, but the decisive engagements were to take place in 1018 after the peace of Budziszyn was already signed. At the request of his son-in-law Sviatopolk I of Kiev, the Polish duke invaded Kievan Rus' with an army of between 2,000–5,000 Polish warriors, in addition to Thietmar's reported 1,000 Pechenegs, 300 German knights, and 500 Hungarian mercenaries.[20] After collecting his forces during June, Boleslaw led his troops to the border in July and on 23 July at the banks of the Bug River, near Wielen, he defeated the forces of Yaroslav the Wise prince of Kiev, in what became known as the Battle at Bug river. All primary sources agree that the Polish prince was victorious in battle.[21][22] Yaroslav retreated north to Novgorod, rather than to Kiev. The victory opened the road to Kiev, already under harassment from Boleslaw's Pecheneg allies. The city, which suffered from fires caused by the Pecheneg siege, surrendered upon seeing the main Polish force on 14 August. The entering army, led by Boleslaw I, was ceremonially welcomed by the local archbishop and the family of Vladimir I of Kiev. Boleslaw I may have deployed his troops in the capital of Rus for no more than six months (see Kiev Expedition of 1018) but had to recall them eventually due to popular uprising against the Poles. According to popular legend Boleslaw I notched his sword (Szczerbiec) hitting the Golden Gate of Kiev. During this campaign Poland re-annexed the Red Strongholds, later called Red Ruthenia, lost by Boleslaw I's father in 981.
  
  In 1015 Boleslaw I sent a detachment of Polish horsemen to aid his nephew Canute the Great, son of his sister Swietoslawa, in his conquest of England.[11]
  Coronation and Death (1025)
  Poland at the end of the reign of Boleslaw I.
  
  After Henry's death in 1024, Boleslaw I took advantage of the interregnum in Germany and crowned himself king in 1025, thus raising Poland to the rank of a kingdom before its neighbor Bohemia. He was the first Polish king (rex), his predecessors having been considered dukes (dux) by the Holy Roman Empire and the papacy. Boleslaw I died not long after the coronation, due most likely to an illness.
  
  The whereabouts of Boleslaw's burial are uncertain. It is believed that recently discovered remains of a double tomb in Poznan cathedral may be the burial places of the first two Polish Rulers: Boleslaw I and his father Mieszko. Boleslaw I's son, Mieszko II, crowned himself king immediately after his father died in Poznan.
  Legacy
  Question book-new.svg
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  Military
  Boleslaw I Chrobry, Painting by Aleksander Lesser.
  
  At the time of his death Boleslaw I left Poland larger than the land he had inherited: he had added to his domains the long-contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen as well as Red Ruthenia and possibly Lesser Poland. Militarily, at the time, Poland was unquestionably a considerable power as Boleslaw I was able to fight successful campaigns against both Holy Roman Empire and the Kievan Rus. On the other hand it must be highlighted that his long-term involvement in the war against Germany allowed Western Pomerania to gain independence from the Polish aegis. Another negative side of Boleslaw I's drawn out military campaigns was a damaging influence on the economy of his kingdom. With the passing of each year, Boleslaw I needed ever-increasing amounts to finance his wars, especially when fought on two fronts; in Germany and Kiev. Unceasing war had placed ever-increasing fiscal obligations on his subjects, which in turn caused negative sentiment, sentiment that increased throughout his reign, and that would erupt into popular revolt soon after his death.
  Economy
  
  Boleslaw I was a gifted and organized administrator. He was largely responsible for fully implementing the "Prince's Law" throughout the Polish lands. The Prince's Law created a sort of nationalized economy, controlled by the state, whose sole duty it was to finance the prince's spending needs. These needs were considerable, as the Duke was responsible for all manner of building projects. The foundation of the "Prince's Law" lay in a network of fortified towns called grody, but the ruler also commissioned the building of churches, monasteries, roads, bridges etc., in short the development of an infrastructure. The building projects were financed by collecting taxes in money or goods. Also peasants were required to house the monarch or provide the prince with different manner of goods and services which included communications, hunting, military or others. To produce necessary goods Boleslaw I organized a network of service settlements that specialized each in manufacturing about 30 different goods, such as: barrels, arches, metal wares, spears, as well as settlements responsible for animal husbandry, i.e., swine, horses or cattle. Hundreds of villages were thus specialized and named to reflect their particular job. To this day one may find scores of settlements in Poland with names left over from that era, such as: Szewce, Kuchary or Kobylniki. This system functioned well enough to support Boleslaw I throughout his 33 year reign.
  Political
  
  Increasing both the internal and external strength of the realm was of paramount importance to Boleslaw I, especially in the face of increasing pressure from the magnates. The magnates demanded a larger share in the administration of the country while Boleslaw I sought to strengthen the central authority of the ruler. Boleslaw I's coronation, sometime in 1025, was aimed precisely to reinforce his leading position. In general an overall integration of the country took place during his reign.
  
  Boleslaw I was able to establish an independent Polish church structure with a Metropolitan See at Gniezno, with papal and imperial sanction. His work laid a foundation for the use of designation "Poland" that was to unite all regions of the realm, as well as for the use of one symbol to represent the supreme authority of the prince. The symbol was a sign of Gniezno's knightly class: the white eagle.
  Marriages and Issue
  
  First marriage: 984–985
  An unknown daughter of Rikdag, Margrave of Meissen, probably named Hunilda[citation needed] or Oda[citation needed]. After Rikdag's death in 985, she was repudiated by her husband and sent away.
  
  Second marriage: 986 – 987/89
  An unknown Hungarian princess formerly believed to be Judith, daughter of Géza, Grand Duke of Hungary. Around 987, as a consequence of the deterioration in the political relations between Poland and Hungary, she was repudiated.
  
  Third marriage: 987/89 – 1013
  Emnilda, daughter of Dobromir, prince of Lusatia
  
  Fourth marriage: 1018–1025
  Oda (b. ca. 996[citation needed] – d. aft. 1025), daughter of Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen.

• Hij is overleden op 17 juni 1025, hij was toen 59 jaar oud.
• Een kind van Mieszko I van Polen en Dobrawa van Bohemen
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 7 november 2012.

Gezin van Boleslaw I "de Koene" van Polen

(1) Hij is getrouwd met Hunilda von Meissen.

Zij zijn getrouwd in het jaar 984, hij was toen 18 jaar oud.Bron 1

Kind(eren):

1. NN van Polen  985-> 997

Het echtpaar is in 985 gescheiden.Bron 1

(2) Hij is getrouwd met Judith Árpad.

Zij zijn getrouwd in het jaar 986, hij was toen 20 jaar oud.

Kind(eren):

1. Bezprim van Polen  986-1032

Het echtpaar is in 987 gescheiden.

(3) Hij is getrouwd met Emnilda van Lusatia.

Zij zijn getrouwd in het jaar 987, hij was toen 21 jaar oud.Bron 2

Kind(eren):

1. NN van Polen  988-> 1017
2. Regelinda van Polen  989-> 1014
3. Mieczyslaw II Lambert van Polen  990-1034 
4. NN van Polen  991-> 1018
5. Otto van Polen  1000-1033

Het echtpaar is in 1017 gescheiden.Bron 2

(4) Hij is getrouwd met Oda Misnienska von Meissen.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 3 februari 1018, hij was toen 52 jaar oud.Bron 2

Kind(eren):

1. Matilda van Polen  1018-> 1035

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