Otto I "der Große" (Otto I "der Große") "Der Reich" Liudolfinger Holy Roman Emporer (912-973) » maximum test

Persoonlijke gegevens Otto I "der Große" (Otto I "der Große") "Der Reich" Liudolfinger Holy Roman Emporer

Alternatieve namen: Emperor Otton I of the Germanic Empire, The Great, King of Duitsland I Otto
Roepnaam is Der Reich.
Hij is geboren op 23 november 912Wallhausen
Thüringische Mark (within present Sachsen-Anhalt) Ostenfrankenreich (Present Duitsland).
Alternatief: Hij is geboren in het jaar 955Saxony Duitsland.
Alternatief: Hij is geboren rond 960Norway.
Hij werd gedoopt in Emperor, 936.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Magdenburg.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Magdenburg.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Magdenburg.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Emperor, 936.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Emperor, 936.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Magdenburg.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in het jaar 967 in Pavia.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in het jaar 967 in Pavia-crowned Emperor Otto the Great.
Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 7 april 1992.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 4 januari 1995.
Woonachtig:

Otto I the Great Emperador Romano y Rey Germano.
Duitsland.

(Misc Event) in het jaar 962.
Hij is overleden op 7 mei 973, hij was toen 60 jaar oudMemleben
Thüringische Mark (within present Sachsen-Anhalt) Heiliges Römisches Reich (Present Duitsland).
Hij is begraven in het jaar 973Magdeburg
Sachsen Deutschland(HRR).
Een kind van Henry en Matilda
Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 1 juni 2019.

Gezin van Otto I "der Große" (Otto I "der Große") "Der Reich" Liudolfinger Holy Roman Emporer

(1) Hij is getrouwd met Ēadgȳð (Eadgyth) of Wessex.

Zij zijn getrouwd september 929, hij was toen 16 jaar oudQuedlinburg
Herzogtum Sachsen Ostenfrankenreich (Present Duitsland).

Kind(eren):

Richlint von Sachsen ± 945-1014
Liutgarde ± 931-953

(2) Hij is getrouwd met Adelaide de Bourgogne.

Zij zijn getrouwd september 951 te Basilica San Michele, hij was toen 38 jaar oudPavia
Lombardy Italy.

Kind(eren):

Otto 955-983

Notities over Otto I "der Große" (Otto I "der Große") "Der Reich" Liudolfinger Holy Roman Emporer

(Research):Otto I Encyclopædia Britannica Article born Nov. 23, 912 died May 7, 973, Memleben, Thuringia byname Otto The Great, German Otto Der Grosse duke of Saxony (as Otto II, 936-961), German king (from 936), and Holy Roman emperor (962-973), who consolidated the German Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassals and his decisive victory over the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a secure empire and stimulated a cultural renaissance. Early years. Otto was the son of the future king Henry I, of the Liudolfing, or Saxon, dynasty, and his second wife, Matilda. Little is known of his early years, but he probably shared in some of his father's campaigns. He married Edith, daughter of the English king Edward the Elder, in 930; she obtained as her dowry the flourishing town of Magdeburg. Nominated by Henry as his successor, Otto was elected king by the German dukes at Aachen on Aug. 7, 936, a month after Henry's death, and crowned by the archbishops of Mainz and Keulen. While Henry I had controlled his vassal dukes only with difficulty, the new king firmly asserted his suzerainty over them. This led immediately to war, especially with Eberhard of Franconia and his namesake, Eberhard of Bavaria, who were joined by discontented Saxon nobles under the leadership of Otto's half-brother Thankmar. Thankmar was defeated and killed, the Franconian Eberhard submitted to the King, and Eberhard of Bavaria was deposed and outlawed. In 939, however, Otto's younger brother Henry revolted; he was joined by Eberhard of Franconia and by Giselbert of Lotharingia and supported by the French king Louis IV. Otto was again victorious: Eberhard fell in battle, Giselbert was drowned in flight, and Henry submitted to his brother. Nevertheless, in 941 Henry joined a conspiracy to murder the King. This was discovered in time, and, whereas the other conspirators were punished, Henry was again forgiven. Thenceforward he remained faithful to his brother and, in 947, was given the dukedom of Bavaria. The other German dukedoms were likewise bestowed on relatives of Otto. Foreign conquests. Despite these internal difficulties, Otto found time to strengthen and to extend the frontiers of the kingdom. In the east the margraves Gero and Hermann Billung were successful against the Slavs, and their gains were consolidated by the founding of the Monastery of St. Maurice in Magdeburg, in 937, and of two bishoprics, in 948. In the north, three bishoprics (followed in 968 by a fourth) were founded to extend the Christian mission in Denmark. Otto's first campaign in Bohemia was, however, a failure, and it was not until 950 that the Bohemian prince Boleslav I was forced to submit and to pay tribute. Having thus strengthened his own position, Otto could not only resist France's claims to Lorraine (Lotharingia) but also act as mediator in France's internal troubles. Similarly, he extended his influence into Burgundy. Moreover, when the Burgundian princess Adelaide, the widowed queen of Italy whom the margrave Berengar of Ivrea had taken prisoner, appealed to him for help, Otto marched into Italy in 951, assumed the title of king of the Lombards, and married Adelaide himself, his first wife having died in 946. In 952 Berengar did homage to him as his vassal for the kingdom of Italy. Otto had to break off his first Italian campaign because of a revolt in Duitsland, where Liudolf, his son by Edith, had risen against him with the aid of several magnates. Otto found himself compelled to withdraw to Saxony; but the position of the rebels began to deteriorate when the Magyars invaded Duitsland in 954, for the rebels could now be accused of complicity with the enemies of the Reich. After prolonged fighting, Liudolf had to submit in 955. This made it possible for Otto to defeat the Magyars decisively in the Battle of the Lechfeld, near Augsburg, in August 955; they never invaded Duitsland again. In the same year Otto and the margrave Gero also won a victory over the Slavs. A further series of campaigns led, by 960, to the subjection of the Slavs between the middle Elbe and the middle Oder. The archbishopric of Magdeburg was founded in 968 with three suffragan bishoprics. Even Mieszko of Poland paid tribute to the German king. Coronation as emperor. In May 961 Otto procured the election and coronation of the six-year-old Otto II, his elder son by Adelaide, as German king. Then he went for a second time to Italy on the appeal of Pope John XII, who was hard pressed by Berengar of Ivrea. Arriving in Rome on Feb. 2, 962, Otto was crowned emperor, and 11 days later a treaty, known as the Privilegium Ottonianum, was concluded, to regulate relations between emperor and pope. This confirmed and extended the temporal power of the papacy, but it is a matter of controversy whether the proviso enabling the emperor to ratify papal elections was included in the original version of the treaty or added in December 963, when Otto deposed John XII for treating with Berengar and set up Leo VIII as pope. Berengar was captured and taken to Duitsland, and in 964 a revolt of the Romans against Leo VIII was suppressed. When Leo VIII died in 965, the Emperor chose John XIII for pope, but John was expelled by the Romans. Otto, therefore, marched for a third time to Italy, where he stayed from 966 to 972. He subdued Rome and even advanced into the Byzantine south of Italy. Prolonged negotiations with Byzantium resulted in the marriage of Otto II to the Byzantine princess Theophano, in 972. Having returned to Duitsland, the Emperor held a great assembly of his court at Quedlinburg on March 23, 973. He died in Memleben several weeks later and was buried in Magdeburg at the side of his first wife. Assessment. Otto I's achievement rests mainly on his consolidation of the Reich. He deliberately made use of the bishops to strengthen his rule and thus created that "Ottonian church system of the Reich" that was to provide a stable and long-lasting framework for Duitsland. By his victorious campaigns, he gave Duitsland peace and security from foreign attack, and the preeminent position that he won as ruler gave him a sort of hegemony in Europe. His Italian policy and the acquisition of the imperial crown constituted a link with the old Carolingian tradition and was to prove a great responsibility for the German people in the future. All areas under Otto's rule prospered, and the resultant flowering of culture has been called the Ottonian renaissance. Kurt Reindel ===================================================== Otto I Otto I or Otto the Great,912-73, Holy Roman emperor (962-73) and German king (936-73), son and successor of Henry I of Duitsland. He is often regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire. Boldly developing the policies that his father had begun, Otto brought the Middle Kingdom of the Carolingian Lothair I (see Verdun, Treaty of), including Italy, Burgundy, and Lotharingia, under German influence and broke the independence of the duchies. The rebellions of Otto's brother, Henry, and of Duke Eberhard of Franconia were ended by the battle of Andernach (939) and Henry's submission (941). King Louis IV of France, hoping to gain Lotharingia, had assisted the rebels, and Otto campaigned against him (940) with Hugh the Great; in 942, however, Otto and Louis reached an agreement, and Otto helped Louis to defeat Hugh (950). In 951, Otto invaded Italy, taking advantage of an appeal from the widowed Italian queen, Adelaide, who was about to be forced into a marriage with the son of Berengar II. Defeating Berengar, Otto assumed the title king of the Lombards, married Adelaide, and returned to Duitsland, where Berengar eventually paid him homage. In Duitsland another revolt was brewing. Rivalry and jealousy among the dukes, particularly against Otto's brother, Henry, whom he had made duke of Bavaria in 947, resulted in a rebellion in 953 led by Conrad the Red and Otto's son Duke Ludolf of Swabia. New attacks by the Magyars ended the rebellion and forced the dukes to form a united front against the invaders, who were defeated (955) in the Lechfeld. Otto had already begun to counter the ducal power by creating the "Ottonian system," entailing close alliance between the crown and the higher prelates. An important exponent of the alliance was his brother and chief adviser, St. Bruno, archbishop of Keulen, whom Otto made duke of Lotharingia. Meanwhile, in Italy, Berengar II resumed his aggression. Pope John XII appealed to Otto, who entered Rome and was crowned emperor early in 962, reviving the imperial title of the Carolingians and legitimizing the German kings' claim to the Middle Kingdom; Otto thus linked the destinies of Italy and Duitsland. John soon found the emperor too powerful and, while Otto was campaigning against Berengar, secretly negotiated with Otto's enemies. Otto hastened back to Rome (963), deposed John, and installed a new pope, Leo VIII. The Romans, seeing all independence lost, rose in 964 and restored John, but John died the same year and Otto reinstated Leo. Otto's campaign (966-72) to gain control over S Italy was unsuccessful, but a minor diplomatic triumph was scored in 972 when Emperor John I of Byzantium gave a Greek princess in marriage to Otto's son and successor, Otto II. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0837070.html

Name Prefix: Emperor Name Suffix: I, Of The Holy Roman Empire "LeGrand King Otto I (the Great). Otto was crowned and anointed at Aachen, Charlemagne's capital; his coronation banquet revived the Carolingian coronation banquet (of Roman origin), at which the duke of Franconia served ceremonially assteward, the duke of Swabia as cup bearer, the duke of Lorraine as chamberlain, and the duke of Bavaria as marshal.

Otto vigorously asserted royal authority (a three-year war reduced the dukes of Bavaria, Franconia, Lorraine, and Saxony). He followed the policy of keeping the great duchies (except Saxony) inhis own hands or those of his family.

951-52: Otto's first expedition to Italy to keep the passes through the mountains open. Marriage to Adelheid and assumption of the crown of Italy; the pope refused him imperial coronation; Berengar of Ivrea, forced into vassalage, ceded the marks of Verona, Friuli, Istria (the keys to the passes) to Otto's brother Henry, duke of Bavaria.

953:Revolt of Otto's son (Ludolf, duke of Swabia), his son-in-law Conrad (duke ofLorraine), and others (suppressed, 955).

955: Battle of Lechfeld, a plain near Augsburg in southwest Duitsland, drained by the Lech River. Otto, with an army recruited from all the duchies, ended the Magyar menance with a great victory. Defeat of the Wends on the Recknitz River. Reestablishment and colonizationwith Bavarians of Charlemagne's East Mark (Austria). Emperor Otto I decisively defeated the raiding Hungarians. From this time on, the Hungarians began tosettle down and establish a frontier.

961-964: Otto's second expedition toItaly on the appeal of Pope John XII for protection. Assumption of the crown of Italy at Pavia

962: Imperial coronation by the pope: Revival of the RomanEmpire in the West. Otto put a temporary end to feudal anarchy in Rome, deposed one pope and nominated another, and compelled the pope to recognize the emperor's right to approve or reject papal elections.

Otto's coronation at Pavia as king of Italy and his coronation by the pope as Roman emperor, marked therevival of the Roman Empire. Otto confirmed his predecessors' grants in the Patrimonium Petri (probably with additions), but carefully reserved the imperial right to sanction papal elections and treated the pope like a German bishop(i.e., subject to the state). Otto also exacted a promise from the Romans notto elect a pope without imperial consent. He established a precedent by calling a synod at Rome that deposed (963) Pope John XII for various crimes, and selected a (lay) successor, Leo VIII (963-64). This synod opened a period of about a hundred years when the papacy was dominated by the German emperors and bythe counts of Tusculum, vassals of the emperors, who had the title of patricius in Rome. In the same period, the bishops in the west lost the position theyhad won in the 9th century and became increasingly dependent on the kings andfeudal nobility, and increasingly secular in outlook. The homage of Pandolf Ifor Capua and Benevento (967) and his investiture with the duchy of Spoleto mark the beginning of the long imperial effort to include southern Italy in theempire.

Otto I, Roman emperor in the west, claimed suzerainty over the Lombards in southern Italy, initiating a period of friction with Constantinople, which was only temporarily broken by the marriage of Otto II and the Byzantineprincess Theophano (972).

966-972: Otto's third expedition to Italy: deposition of one pope, restoration of another; nomination of a new pope; punishmentof the Romans. Imperial coronation (967) of the future Otto II and assertionof suzerainty over Capua and Benevento (967).

Otto, with the able assistance of his brother Bruno, archbishop of Keulen, began a cultural revival (the so-called Ottonian Renaissance) in the manner of Charlemagne; late in life, helearned to read, but not to speak, Latin; Bruno

Otto ?den Store? var konge av Tyskland 936 - 962 og Tysk-romersk keiser 962 - 973.
Henrik ?Fuglefangeren? hadde ryddet veien for en ny tingenes tilstand. Som Pipin ?den
Lille? og Karl ?den Store? hadde bygget videre på den grunnvoll Karl Martell hadde lagt, ble
Henriks verk ført videre med ungdommelig kraft av hans store sønn Otto I, som etter Henriks
ønske etterfulgte ham som konge i 936. Ærgjerrig og impulsiv som Otto var, gikk han imidlertid
ikke like forsiktig og omtenksomt fram som faren, ?den brølende løven? med de gnistrende
øynene kunne være forferdelig. Sine plikter som konge oppfylte han uten hensyn og straffet
mer enn en gang mektige og høytstående personer for handlinger som det nok ville ha vært
politisk klokt å se gjennom fingrene med. Derfor fikk han også oppleve mange kraftige bakslag
i sin politikk. Men aldri viste han tegn til hevnlyst eller nag mot dem som hadde motarbeidet
ham. Når en sak først var opp- og avgjort, var den det en gang for alle. Otto var i det hele tatt
en av de storslåtte og overlegne personligheter som ved sitt impulsive temperament fullstendig
river omgivelsene med. En helteskikkelse var han, både åndelig og legemlig. Alt ved ham bar
bud om den fødte hersker. Og hans ideal var Karl ?den Store?.
Det vanskelige problemet med å holde stormennene i tømme søkte Otto blant annet å
løse ved å støtte seg til de geistlige vasallene, som gjennomgående hadde vist sin konge
større hengivenhet enn de verdslige fyrstene hadde gjort. Han lot biskoper og abbeder få
større len enn før, valgte menn han kunne stole på til kirkefyrster og gjorde de geistlige
vasallene til en slags kongelige embetsmenn. En av sine brødre gjorde han til erkebiskop i Köln
og en av sine sønner til erkebiskop av Mainz, mens kongens morbror satt som erkebiskop i
Trier. Erkebiskopen av Köln ble dessuten rikskansler, og i ham hadde Otto alltid en sikker
støtte. Han ble for øvrig også leder av hoffskolen, som nå blomstret opp igjen, og av
kulturarbeidet i det hele tatt. På dette området gjenopptok Otto, så langt de urolige tidene tillot
det, Karl ?den Store?'s reform- og opplysningsarbeid for å skape en kultur som var kristen i sitt
innhold, men antikk i formen.
Like iherdig som Otto i sin indre politikk arbeidet for å trygge rikets enhet, gikk han i
utenrikspolitikken inn for sin fars linje i forholdet til skandinaver, slaver og madjarer. Slaverne
kuet han ikke bare med sverdet, men sikret også sitt herredømme over dem ved hjelp av et
velorganisert misjonsarbeid. Dette vant vestslaverne for den romerske kirke, mens østslaverne
i Russland og på Balkan ble innlemmet i den gresk-ortodokse. De religiøse motsetninger som
derved oppsto mellom øst- og vestslaverne, mellom polakker og russer som etnisk er så nær
beslektet, har fått følger av verdenshistorisk betydning. Denne motsetningen kom nemlig for all
fremtid til å være en avgjørende hindring for en sammenslutning av alle slaviske stammer, for
det som med et moderne uttrykk kalles panslavismen.
Ottos mest berømte utenrikspolitiske bedrift ble imidlertid hans seier over ungarerne. De
hadde gått til angrep mens Otto lå i strid med sin egen sønn, Ludolf, og sin svigersønn, Konrad
?den Røde?. På markene ved Lech utenfor det sterkt befestede Augsburg, møtte Otto dem
med en liten, men sterk rytterhær i august 955. Og nå ble det utkjempet et veldig slag, hvis
verdenshistoriske betydning kan sammenlignes med slagene ved Troyes og Poitiers.
Madjarerne ble slått, kun en liten del av dem unnkom. De andre ble hugget ned eller trengt ut i
elven hvor de druknet. Nå hadde ungarerne fått en lærepenge som satt slik skrekk i livet på
dem at de ikke bare sluttet med sine herjingstog på tysk område, men helt og holdent ga opp
sitt tidligere røverliv. Fra å være et urolig nomadefolk ble de etter hvert forvandlet til bofaste
jordbrukere. Tysk kolonisasjon kunne heretter uforstyrret gå sin gang i det landet som senere
fikk navnet Østerrike.
I sin grenseløse takknemlighet hilste de seirende tyske troppene sin konge som
?fedrelandets far og imperator?. Fra den dagen gjenlød alle kristne land av lovord over Otto
?den Store?, og ved hans hoff møttes sendemenn fra alle verdens kanter. De kom ikke bare
fra Italia, Frankrike og England, men også fra Cordoba, Afrika, Bysants og Russland. ?Og
sendemennene brakte ham gaver av alle slag,? sier Widukind: ?fat av gull, sølv og kobber og
vidunderlig fint forarbeidede kunstgjenstander, skåler av glass, ja, av elfenben! Kunstferdig
vevede, mønstrede tepper, balsam og alle slags krydderier og dyr som sakserne aldri før hadde
sett, som løver og kameler, aper og strutser. For hele kristenheten så sin hjelp og sitt håp i
Otto.? Widukind var munk i det vestfalske klosteret Korwey og skrev henimot slutten av Otto
?den Store?'s regjeringstid det saksiske folks historie.
Delbrück regner da også dagen for slaget ved Lech, 10. august 955, som det tyske
rikes virkelige fødselsdag. Den dagen, sier han, forsto de forskjellige tyske stammene for første
gang fullt ut verdien av et fredelig samarbeid og begynte å føle seg som en nasjon. Et
enhetlig rike kan man nemlig ikke tale om før en slik samhørighetsfølelse gjør seg gjeldende, og
dens forutsetning er nettopp en slik stor felles opplevelse.
Hertugene Mieszko av Polen og Boleslav av Böhmen måtte underkaste seg og
fremme kristendommens utbredelse i sine land.
Det mål som nå lokket og fristet Otto var den keiserkronen som hans store forbilde
engang hadde båret. Alt før han beseiret ungarerne, hadde han skaffet seg rettslig krav på
Italias krone. Kong Lothar av Italia, som var av Karl ?den Store?'s ætt, døde i 950. En
maktlysten og tyrannisk markgreve i Nord-Italia, Berengar, hadde deretter oppkastet seg til
konge av Italia. Otto kom til Italia, og ble hilst med jubel overalt. Han holdt sitt høytidelige
inntog i Berengars hovedstad Pavia, ble i 951 kronet til longobardenes konge og kalte seg fra
da av konge av Italia. Han giftet seg i Pavia 25.12.951. med Lothars enke, Adelheid,
som hadde flyktet fra Berengar.
Berengar fant det rådeligst å underkaste seg Otto og avlegge troskapsed til ham. Men
hans underdanighet varte ikke lenge. Mens Otto lå i kamp med sin opprørske sønn og
svigersønn og deres forbundsfeller ungarerne, forsøkte Berengar å gjøre seg uavhengig og
gikk med planer om å underlegge seg hele Italia og la seg utrope til romersk keiser. Men da ble
paven, den attenårige Johannes XII, engstelig og ba Otto om hjelp. Dermed hadde Otto fått en
gunstig anledning til å virkeliggjøre sine planer om å vinne keiserkronen. Så snart forholdene i
Tyskland tillot det, dro han for annen gang over Alpene med en hær. Adelheid var også med.
Hennes tidligere plageånd, Berengar, trakk seg på ny tilbake til sine utilgjengelige fjellfestninger
sammen med sine menn og avventet der begivenhetenes gang. Men Otto fortsatte til Roma.
Her hadde det lenge hersket bedrøvelige politiske tilstander. Keiserdømmets forfall på 900-tallet
hadde, sier Gregorovius, medført at ?Kirkestaten falt i hendene på tusenvis av røvere og selv
pavens åndelige makt var snart ikke annet enn en tom titel. Et skremmende mørke brer seg
over Romas historie, bare sparsomt opplyst av det flakkende lyset fra enkelte gamle krøniker,
som her og der faller over dette uhyggelige tidsavsnittet - et forferdelig skuespill, hvor man får
se voldsmenn som kaller seg konsuler eller senatorer, rå og mindreverdige paver, skjønne, ville
og fordervede kvinner, skyggekeisere som kommer, kjemper og forsvinner, og alle disse
scener jager forbi våre øyne i forvirrende hast.?
I denne byen holdt germanernes mektige hersker sitt inntog i 962 under store
festligheter. Kongeparet ble mottatt i Peterskirken av Johannes XII og hans prelater og ble
høytidelig kronet til keiser og keiserinne 02.02.962.
?Gutten på St. Peters stol? angret imidlertid snart at han hadde kalt Otto til Roma og
sluttet i all hemmelighet forbund med Berengar mot keiseren. Det var ikke for å bli avhengig
av en mektig keiser han hadde reddet seg unna Berengars ærgjerrige planer. Men keiseren
så på sin side ingen grunn til å vise hensynsfullhet mot en innehaver av St. Peters stol som
drakk og spilte, levde i sus og dus og forvandlet Lateranet til et harem. Ingen vergeløs kvinne
kunne kjenne seg trygg for hans onde lyster. Fullstendig forblindet av sin lidenskap hadde han
til og med overdynget en av sine elskerinner med kostbarheter fra St. Peters skattkammer, selv
kors og kalker hadde han gitt henne!
Etter at Otto så fikk avsatt paven og erstattet ham med en ny pave, Leo VIII, vendte
Otto seg mot Berengar. Han inntok de befestede borgene hans og førte ham som fange til
Tyskland.
Ved sin hjemkomst ble keiseren møtt av jubel fra et helt folk, som på grunn av hans
opphøyelse igjen følte seg hevet til maktens og ærens tinder etter lang tids fornedrelse. For en
forskjell fra den tiden da riket holdt på å gå fullstendig i oppløsning og ingen kunne kjenne seg
trygg for vikinger og slaviske og ungarske horder! Ikke siden Karl ?den Store?'s dager hadde
en vesterlandsk hersker nytt så stor anseelse og hatt et slikt ry som Otto. Men det var ingen
fordel for Tyskland at keiseren de siste tolv år av sitt liv ble så opptatt av forholdene i det
urolige Italia at han måtte oppholde seg der, langt borte fra hjemlandet, i nesten ti år.
I 973 ble Otto plutselig revet bort uten noen forutgående sykdom. Han var da 61 år
gammel. ?Minnet om hans klokskap, rettferdighet og forunderlige klarsyn i alle forhold, indre
som ytre, vil leve evig,? sier Widukind.

Otto I, byname OTTO THE GREAT, German OTTO DER GROSSE (b. Nov. 23, 912--d. May 7, 973, Memleben, Thuringia), duke of Saxony (as Otto II, 936-961), German king (from 936), and Holy Roman emperor (962-973), who consolidated the German Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassalsand his decisive victory over the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a secure empire and stimulated a cultural renaissance.
Early years.
Otto was the son of the future king Henry I, of the Liudolfing, or Saxon, dynasty, and his second wife, Matilda. Little is known of his early years, but he probably shared in some of his father's campaigns. Hemarried Edith, daughter of the English king Edward the Elder, in 930;she obtained as her dowry the flourishing town of Magdeburg. Nominated by Henry as his successor, Otto was elected king by the German dukes at Aachen on Aug. 7, 936, a month after Henry's death, and crowned by the archbishops of Mainz and Keulen.
While Henry I had controlled his vassal dukes only with difficulty, the new king firmly asserted his suzerainty over them. This led immediately to war, especially with Eberhard of Franconia and his namesake, Eberhard of Bavaria, who were joined by discontented Saxon nobles underthe leadership of Otto's half-brother Thankmar. Thankmar was defeatedand killed, the Franconian Eberhard submitted to the King, and Eberhard of Bavaria was deposed and outlawed. In 939, however, Otto's younger brother Henry revolted; he was joined by Eberhard of Franconia and by Giselbert of Lotharingia and supported by the French king Louis IV.Otto was again victorious: Eberhard fell in battle, Giselbert was drowned in flight, and Henry submitted to his brother. Nevertheless, in 941 Henry joined a conspiracy to murder the King. This was discovered in time, and, whereas the other conspirators were punished, Henry was again forgiven. Thenceforward he remained faithful to his brother and,in 947, was given the dukedom of Bavaria. The other German dukedoms were likewise bestowed on relatives of Otto.
Foreign conquests.
Despite these internal difficulties, Otto found time to strengthen and to extend the frontiers of the kingdom. In the east the margraves Gero and Hermann Billung were successful against the Slavs, and their gains were consolidated by the founding of the Monastery of St. Mauricein Magdeburg, in 937, and of two bishoprics, in 948. In the north, three bishoprics (followed in 968 by a fourth) were founded to extend the Christian mission in Denmark. Otto's first campaign in Bohemia was,however, a failure, and it was not until 950 that the Bohemian princeBoleslav I was forced to submit and to pay tribute.
Having thus strengthened his own position, Otto could not only resistFrance's claims to Lorraine (Lotharingia) but also act as mediator inFrance's internal troubles. Similarly, he extended his influence intoBurgundy. Moreover, when the Burgundian princess Adelaide, the widowed queen of Italy whom the margrave Berengar of Ivrea had taken prisoner, appealed to him for help, Otto marched into Italy in 951, assumed the title of king of the Lombards, and married Adelaide himself, his first wife having died in 946. In 952 Berengar did homage to him as hisvassal for the kingdom of Italy.
Otto had to break off his first Italian campaign because of a revolt in Duitsland, where Liudolf, his son by Edith, had risen against him with the aid of several magnates. Otto found himself compelled to withdraw to Saxony; but the position of the rebels began to deteriorate whenthe Magyars invaded Duitsland in 954, for the rebels could now be accused of complicity with the enemies of the Reich. After prolonged fighting, Liudolf had to submit in 955. This made it possible for Otto to defeat the Magyars decisively in the Battle of the Lechfeld, near Augsburg, in August 955; they never invaded Duitsland again. In the same year Otto and the margrave Gero also won a victory over the Slavs. A further series of campaigns led, by 960, to the subjection of the Slavs between the middle Elbe and the middle Oder. The archbishopric of Magdeburg was founded in 968 with three suffragan bishoprics. Even Mieszko ofPoland paid tribute to the German king.
Coronation as emperor.
In May 961 Otto procured the election and coronation of the six-year-old Otto II, his elder son by Adelaide, as German king. Then he went for a second time to Italy on the appeal of Pope John XII, who was hardpressed by Berengar of Ivrea. Arriving in Rome on Feb. 2, 962, Otto was crowned emperor, and 11 days later a treaty, known as the Privilegium Ottonianum, was concluded, to regulate relations between emperor and pope. This confirmed and extended the temporal power of the papacy,but it is a matter of controversy whether the proviso enabling the emperor to ratify papal elections was included in the original version of the treaty or added in December 963, when Otto deposed John XII fortreating with Berengar and set up Leo VIII as pope. Berengar was captured and taken to Duitsland, and in 964 a revolt of the Romans against Leo VIII was suppressed.
When Leo VIII died in 965, the Emperor chose John XIII for pope, but John was expelled by the Romans. Otto, therefore, marched for a third time to Italy, where he stayed from 966 to 972. He subdued Rome and even advanced into the Byzantine south of Italy. Prolonged negotiations with Byzantium resulted in the marriage of Otto II to the Byzantine princess Theophano, in 972. Having returned to Duitsland, the Emperor helda great assembly of his court at Quedlinburg on March 23, 973. He died in Memleben several weeks later and was buried in Magdeburg at the side of his first wife.
Assessment.
Otto I's achievement rests mainly on his consolidation of the Reich. He deliberately made use of the bishops to strengthen his rule and thus created that "Ottonian church system of the Reich" that was to provide a stable and long-lasting framework for Duitsland. By his victoriouscampaigns, he gave Duitsland peace and security from foreign attack, and the preeminent position that he won as ruler gave him a sort of hegemony in Europe. His Italian policy and the acquisition of the imperial crown constituted a link with the old Carolingian tradition and wasto prove a great responsibility for the German people in the future. All areas under Otto's rule prospered, and the resultant flowering of culture has been called the Ottonian renaissance. Crowned 962 Emperor of the West 3
Event: Titled BET. 962 - 973 Emperor of the West 2
Event: Titled BET. 939 - 973 King of Duitsland 2
Event: Titled 951 King of Italy 2
Note:
Otto I, byname OTTO THE GREAT, German OTTO DER GROSSE (b. Nov. 23, 912--d. May 7, 973, Memleben, Thuringia), duke of Saxony (as Otto II, 936-961), German king (from 936), and Holy Roman emperor (962-973), who consolidated the German Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassalsand his decisive victory over the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a secure empire and stimulated a cultural renaissance.
Early years.
Otto was the son of the future king Henry I, of the Liudolfing, or Saxon, dynasty, and his second wife, Matilda. Little is known of his early years, but he probably shared in some of his father's campaigns. Hemarried Edith, daughter of the English king Edward the Elder, in 930;she obtained as her dowry the flourishing town of Magdeburg. Nominated by Henry as his successor, Otto was elected king by the German dukes at Aachen on Aug. 7, 936, a month after Henry's death, and crowned by the archbishops of Mainz and Keulen.
While Henry I had controlled his vassal dukes only with difficulty, the new king firmly asserted his suzerainty over them. This led immediately to war, especially with Eberhard of Franconia and his namesake, Eberhard of Bavaria, who were joined by discontented Saxon nobles underthe leadership of Otto's half-brother Thankmar. Thankmar was defeatedand killed, the Franconian Eberhard submitted to the King, and Eberhard of Bavaria was deposed and outlawed. In 939, however, Otto's younger brother Henry revolted; he was joined by Eberhard of Franconia and by Giselbert of Lotharingia and supported by the French king Louis IV.Otto was again victorious: Eberhard fell in battle, Giselbert was drowned in flight, and Henry submitted to his brother. Nevertheless, in 941 Henry joined a conspiracy to murder the King. This was discovered in time, and, whereas the other conspirators were punished, Henry was again forgiven. Thenceforward he remained faithful to his brother and,in 947, was given the dukedom of Bavaria. The other German dukedoms were likewise bestowed on relatives of Otto.
Foreign conquests.
Despite these internal difficulties, Otto found time to strengthen and to extend the frontiers of the kingdom. In the east the margraves Gero and Hermann Billung were successful against the Slavs, and their gains were consolidated by the founding of the Monastery of St. Mauricein Magdeburg, in 937, and of two bishoprics, in 948. In the north, three bishoprics (followed in 968 by a fourth) were founded to extend the Christian mission in Denmark. Otto's first campaign in Bohemia was,however, a failure, and it was not until 950 that the Bohemian princeBoleslav I was forced to submit and to pay tribute.
Having thus strengthened his own position, Otto could not only resistFrance's claims to Lorraine (Lotharingia) but also act as mediator inFrance's internal troubles. Similarly, he extended his influence intoBurgundy. Moreover, when the Burgundian princess Adelaide, the widowed queen of Italy whom the margrave Berengar of Ivrea had taken prisoner, appealed to him for help, Otto marched into Italy in 951, assumed the title of king of the Lombards, and married Adelaide himself, his first wife having died in 946. In 952 Berengar did homage to him as hisvassal for the kingdom of Italy.
Otto had to break off his first Italian campaign because of a revolt in Duitsland, where Liudolf, his son by Edith, had risen against him with the aid of several magnates. Otto found himself compelled to withdraw to Saxony; but the position of the rebels began to deteriorate whenthe Magyars invaded Duitsland in 954, for the rebels could now be accused of complicity with the enemies of the Reich. After prolonged fighting, Liudolf had to submit in 955. This made it possible for Otto to defeat the Magyars decisively in the Battle of the Lechfeld, near Augsburg, in August 955; they never invaded Duitsland again. In the same year Otto and the margrave Gero also won a victory over the Slavs. A further series of campaigns led, by 960, to the subjection of the Slavs between the middle Elbe and the middle Oder. The archbishopric of Magdeburg was founded in 968 with three suffragan bishoprics. Even Mieszko ofPoland paid tribute to the German king.
Coronation as emperor.
In May 961 Otto procured the election and coronation of the six-year-old Otto II, his elder son by Adelaide, as German king. Then he went for a second time to Italy on the appeal of Pope John XII, who was hardpressed by Berengar of Ivrea. Arriving in Rome on Feb. 2, 962, Otto was crowned emperor, and 11 days later a treaty, known as the Privilegium Ottonianum, was concluded, to regulate relations between emperor and pope. This confirmed and extended the temporal power of the papacy,but it is a matter of controversy whether the proviso enabling the emperor to ratify papal elections was included in the original version of the treaty or added in December 963, when Otto deposed John XII fortreating with Berengar and set up Leo VIII as pope. Berengar was captured and taken to Duitsland, and in 964 a revolt of the Romans against Leo VIII was suppressed.
When Leo VIII died in 965, the Emperor chose John XIII for pope, but John was expelled by the Romans. Otto, therefore, marched for a third time to Italy, where he stayed from 966 to 972. He subdued Rome and even advanced into the Byzantine south of Italy. Prolonged negotiations with Byzantium resulted in the marriage of Otto II to the Byzantine princess Theophano, in 972. Having returned to Duitsland, the Emperor helda great assembly of his court at Quedlinburg on March 23, 973. He died in Memleben several weeks later and was buried in Magdeburg at the side of his first wife.
Assessment.
Otto I's achievement rests mainly on his consolidation of the Reich. He deliberately made use of the bishops to strengthen his rule and thus created that "Ottonian church system of the Reich" that was to provide a stable and long-lasting framework for Duitsland. By his victoriouscampaigns, he gave Duitsland peace and security from foreign attack, and the preeminent position that he won as ruler gave him a sort of hegemony in Europe. His Italian policy and the acquisition of the imperial crown constituted a link with the old Carolingian tradition and wasto prove a great responsibility for the German people in the future. All areas under Otto's rule prospered, and the resultant flowering of culture has been called the Ottonian renaissance. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97]

He was also duke of Saxony 936-961 as Otto II. Otto consolidated the German
Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassels and his decisive victory over
the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a
secure empire and a cultural renaissance. Despite internal difficulties with
respect to his brother and half-brother, Otto found time to strengthen and to
extend the frontiers of the kingdom. His victorious campaigns gave Duitsland
peace & security from foreign attacks, and all areas under his rule prospered.

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Otto I the Great (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Duitsland, King of Italy, and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor.[1]

Contents [hide]
1 Early reign
2 Campaigns in Italy and eastern Europe
3 The Ottonian system
3.1 The Ottonian Renaissance
4 Imperial title
5 Notes
6 References

[edit] Early reign
Otto succeeded his father as king of the Germans in 936. He arranged for his coronation to be held in Charlemagne's former capital, Aachen, where he was anointed by the archbishop of Mainz, primate of the German church. According to the Saxon historian Widukind of Corvey, at his coronation banquet he had the four other dukes of the empire, those of Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria and Lorraine, act as his personal attendants: Arnulf I of Bavaria as marshal (or stablemaster), Herman I, Duke of Swabia as cupbearer (lat. pincerna or buticularius), Eberhard III of Franconia as steward (or seneschal), and Gilbert of Lorraine as Chamberlain. Thus from the outset of his reign he signalled that he was the successor to Charlemagne, whose last heirs in East Francia had died out in 911, and that he had the German church, with its powerful bishops and abbots, behind him. Otto intended to dominate the church and use that sole unifying institution in the German lands in order to establish an institution of theocratic imperial power. The Church offered wealth, military manpower and its monopoly on literacy. For his part the Emperor offered protection against the nobles, the promise of endowments, and an avenue to power as his ministeriales.

In 938, a rich vein of silver was discovered at the Rammelsberg in Saxony. This mineral wealth helped fund Otto's activities throughout his reign; indeed, it would provide much of Europe's silver, copper, and lead for the next two hundred years.

Otto's early reign was marked by a series of ducal revolts. In 938, Eberhard, the new duke of Bavaria, refused to pay Otto homage. After Otto deposed him in favor of his uncle Berthold, Eberhard of Franconia revolted, together with several of the Saxon nobility, who tried to replace Otto with his elder half-brother Thankmar (son of Henry's first wife Hatheburg). While Otto was able to defeat and kill Thankmar, the revolt continued the next year when Gilbert, the duke of Lorraine, swore fealty to King Louis IV of France. Meanwhile, Otto's younger brother Henry conspired with Frederick, Archbishop of Mainz, to assassinate him. The rebellion ended in 939 with Otto's victory at the Battle of Andernach, where the dukes of Franconia and Lorraine both perished. Henry fled to France, and Otto responded by supporting Hugh the Great in his campaign against the French crown, but in 941 Otto and Henry were reconciled through the efforts of their mother, and the next year Otto withdrew from France after Louis recognized his suzerainty over Lorraine.

To prevent further revolts, Otto arranged for all the important duchies in the German kingdom to be held by close family members. He kept the now-vacant duchy of Franconia as a personal fiefdom, while in 944 he bestowed the duchy of Lorraine upon Conrad the Red, who later married his daughter Luitgard. Meanwhile, he arranged for his son Liutdolf to marry Ida, the daughter of Duke Herman of Swabia, and to inherit that duchy when Herman died in 947. A similar arrangement led to Henry becoming duke of Bavaria in 949.

[edit] Campaigns in Italy and eastern Europe

Otto I accepting the surrender of Berengar of Ivrea.Meanwhile, Italy had fallen into political chaos. On the death (950), possibly by poisoning, of Lothair of Arles, the Italian throne was inherited by a woman, Adelaide of Italy, the respective daughter, daughter-in-law, and widow of the last three kings of Italy. A local noble, Berengar of Ivrea, declared himself king of Italy, abducted Adelaide, and tried to legitimize his reign by forcing Adelaide to marry his son Adalbert. However, Adelaide escaped to Canossa and requested German intervention. Luidolf and Henry independently invaded northern Italy to take advantage of the situation, but in 951 Otto frustrated his son's and his brother's ambitions by invading Italy himself. He received the hommage of the Italian nobility, assumed the title "King of the Lombards" and in 952 forced Berengar and Adalbert to pay hommage, allowing them to rule Italy as his vassals. Having been widowed since 946, he married Adelaide himself.

When Adelaide bore a son, Liudolf feared for his position as Otto's heir. In 953 he rebelled in league with Conrad the Red and the Archbishop of Mainz. While Otto was initially successful in reasserting his authority in Lorraine, he was captured while attacking Mainz, and by the next year, the rebellion had spread throughout the kingdom. However, Conrad and Luitdolf erred by allying themselves with the Magyars. Extensive Magyar raids in southern Duitsland in 954 compelled the German nobles to reunite, and at the Diet of Auerstadt, Conrad and Luitdolf were stripped of their titles and Otto's authority reestablished. In 955, Otto cemented his authority by routing Magyar forces at the Battle of Lechfeld (10 August 955) and the Obodrites at the Battle of Recknitz (16 October 955).

[edit] The Ottonian system

The Holy Roman Empire at Otto's death.
Mgft. = march/margraviate
Hzt. = duchy
Kgr. = kingdomAs a key element of his domestic policy, Otto sought to strengthen ecclesiastical authorities, chiefly bishops and abbots, at the expense of the secular nobility who threatened his own power. To control the forces that the Church represented, Otto made consistent use of three institutions. One was the royal investiture of bishops and abbots with the symbols of their offices, both spiritual, for Otto was the anointed King of the Germans, and temporal, in which Otto secured his bishops and abbots as his vassals through a commendation ceremony. "Under these conditions clerical election became a mere formality in the Ottonian empire, and the king filled up the ranks of the episcopate with his own relatives and with his loyal chancery clerks, who were also appointed to head the great monasteries" (Cantor, 1994 p. 213). The second institution was more securely established in Ottonian territories, that of the proprietary churches (Eigenkirchen; in English law the right of "advowson"). In German law, any structure built on land owned by a lord belonged to that lord, unless a charter had very specifically conveyed away those rights. Otto and his chancery aggressively reclaimed proprietary rights over many landed churches and abbeys. The third instrument of Ottonian power was the system of the advocatus (German Vogt). The advocatus was a secular manager of ecclesiastical estates, who was entitled to a certain shares of the agricultural produce and other revenues and was responsible for safety and good order. Unlike countships, which quickly became hereditary, the Vogt performed the duties of a West Frankish bailli and held his position solely at the continued will of the emperor whom he served.

Otto endowed the bishoprics and abbeys with large tracts of land, over which secular authorities had neither the power of taxation nor legal jurisdiction. In an extreme example, when Conrad the Red was stripped of his ducal title in Lorraine, Otto appointed his brother Bruno, already the Archbishop of Keulen as the new duke of Lorraine. In the lands Otto conquered from the Wends and other Slavic peoples on his eastern borders, he founded several new bishoprics.

Because Otto personally appointed the bishops and abbots, these reforms strengthened his central authority, and the upper ranks of the German church functioned in some respect as an arm of the imperial bureaucracy. Conflict over these powerful bishoprics between Otto's successors and the growing power of the Papacy during the Gregorian Reforms would eventually lead in the 11th century to the Investiture Conflict and the undoing of central authority in Germany.

[edit] The Ottonian Renaissance
Main article: Ottonian Renaissance.
A limited renaissance of the arts and architecture depended on court patronage of Otto and his immediate successors. The "Ottonian Renaissance" was manifest in some revived cathedral schools, such as that of Bruno I, Archbishop of Keulen, and in the production of illuminated manuscripts, the major art form of the age, from a handful of elite scriptoria, such as that at Quedlinburg Abbey, founded by Otto in 936. The Imperial abbeys and the Imperial court became the centers of religious and spiritual life, led by the example of women of the royal family. Scandalized by the state of the liturgy in Rome, Otto commissioned the first ever Pontifical Book, a liturgical book containing both prayers and ritual instruction. The compilation of the Romano-Germanic Pontifical, as it is now called, was overseen by Archbishop Wilhelm of Mainz.

[edit] Imperial title

Grave of Otto I in MagdeburgIn the early 960s, Italy was again in political turmoil, and when Berengar occupied the northern Papal States, Pope John XII asked Otto for assistance. Otto returned to Italy and on February 2, 962, the pope crowned him emperor. See Translatio imperii. Ten days later, the pope and emperor ratified the Diploma Ottonianum, under which the emperor became the guarantor of the independence of the papal states. This was the first effective guarantee of such protection since the Carolingian Empire. After Otto left Rome and reconquered the Papal States from Berengar, however, John became fearful of the emperor's power and sent envoys to the Magyars and the Byzantine Empire to form a league against Otto. In November 963, Otto returned to Rome and convened a synod of bishops that deposed John and crowned Leo VIII, at that time a layman, as pope. When the emperor left Rome, however, civil war broke out in the city between supporters of the emperor and of John. John returned to power amidst great bloodshed and excommunicated those who had deposed him, forcing Otto to return to Rome a third time in July 964 to depose Pope Benedict V (John having died two months earlier). On this occasion, Otto extracted from the citizens of Rome a promise not to elect a pope without imperial approval.

Otto unsuccessfully campaigned in southern Italy on several occasions from 966 to 972. In 967, he gave the duchy of Spoleto to Pandulf Ironhead, prince of Benevento and Capua, a powerful ally in the Mezzogiorno. In the next year (968) Otto left the siege of Bari in the charge of Pandulf, but the allied duke was captured in the battle of Bovino by the Byzantines. In 972, the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimisces recognized Otto's imperial title and agreed to a marriage between Otto's son and heir Otto II and his niece Theophano. Pandulf was released from captivity.

After his death in 973 he was buried next to his first wife Edith of Wessex in the Cathedral of Magdeburg.

[edit] Notes
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Otto I.^ He was "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan, Liber gestorum recentium, I.7. While Charlemagne had been crowned emperor in 800, his empire was divided amongst his grandsons, and following the assassination of Berengar of Friuli in 924, the imperial title lay vacant for nearly forty years.

[edit] References
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Regnal titles
Preceded by
Henry I King of Duitsland
936–973 Succeeded by
Otto II
Vacant
Title last held by
Berengar of Friuli Holy Roman Emperor
962–973
Preceded by
Berengar II King of Italy
951–973
Preceded by
Henry I Duke of Saxony
936–961 Succeeded by
Hermann

He was also duke of Saxony 936-961 as Otto II. Otto consolidated the German
Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassels and his decisive victory over
the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a
secure empire and a cultural renaissance. Despite internal difficulties with
respect to his brother and half-brother, Otto found time to strengthen and to
extend the frontiers of the kingdom. His victorious campaigns gave Duitsland
peace & security from foreign attacks, and all areas under his rule prospered.

Biography of Otto I

He was also duke of Saxony 936-961 as Otto II. Otto consolidated the German
Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassels and his decisive victory over
the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a
secure empire and a cultural renaissance. Despite internal difficulties with
respect to his brother and half-brother, Otto found time to strengthen and to
extend the frontiers of the kingdom. His victorious campaigns gave Duitsland
peace & security from foreign attacks, and all areas under his rule prospered.

He was nominated by Henry "the Fowler" to be his heir, he was elected king by the German dukes at Aachen on Aug. 07, 936, after Henry's death, and was then crowned by the bishops of Mainz and Keulen. His efforts to establish control over the unruly German dukes led to revolt. Otto easily crushed that of his half-brother Thankmar, who was aided by Eberhard of Bavaria and Eberhard of Franconia in 938 to 939.
The next revolt, in 939-941, led by his younger brother Henry, Eberhard of Franconia and Giselbert of Lorraine, and supported by King Louis IV of France, was more serious. Otto's generalship proved the desicive factor, for he bested the rebels at Xanten in 940 and Andernach in 941, killing Eberhard and Giselbert while gaining Henry's submission. He pardoned Henry again after a murder plot was uncovered, and fortunately Henry remained loyal thereafter. Henry then invaded France to punish Loius IV for his interference, but quickly made peace with him.
Otto was defeated by the rebel Duke Bertold of Bavaria at the battle of Wels in 944, but he later regained suzerainity over Bavaria through an astute combination of diplomacy and military action, in 946-947.
He invaded France a second time to support Loius IV against the rebel Count Hugh of Paris, and forced him to surrender, restoring Louis to the throne in 948. He invaded Bohemia, forcing Duke Boneslav to accept this suzerainity in 950.
When Princess Adelaide of Burgundy, who had been imprisoned by Margrave Berenger of Ivrea, appealed to Otto for aid, he assumed the title of "King of Italy", assembled an army and invaded Italy to rescue her in 951. He then married her, and recieved Berenger's homage. He was forced to return to Duitsland to face a revolt by his son Ludolf, Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine Archbishop Frederick of Mainz and other nobles in 952-953. Otto was at first defeated and captured, but he escaped. Unable to capture either Mainz or Regensburg in 953-954, the Magyar invasion of southern Duitsland weakened the rebel position, and Ludolf surrendered at Regensburg to Otto in early 955. Otto then moved against the Magyars and crushed them at the Battle of Letchfield on Aug. 10, 955. He then hastened northward and joined with Margrave Gero of Brandenburg to defeat the Wends at Recknitz in Oct.
He led another campaign against the Slavs, subduing the tribes between the le Elbe and the middle Oder, in 960.
He led a second expedition to Italy in response to an appeal from Pope John XII for aid against Berenger of Ivrea in 961. Otto defeated him in autumn and after reaching Rome secured his own coronation as Emperor on Feb. 2, 962. When Pope John began treating with Berenger, Otto angrily replaced him with Leo VIII, and sent the captured Berenger to Duitsland in 963, while he returned the following year after suppressing a Roman revolt against Leo. When Otto's chosen successor to Leo, Pope John XIII, was driven out of Rome by a revolt in 965, Otto inveded Italy for a third time in 966. He subdued Rome and then advanced into Byzantine southern Italy, resulting in long negotiations which led to the eventual marriage of Otto's son, namesake and chosen successor, Otto II, to the Byzantine Princess Theophano in 972.
He then returned to Duitsland where he held a great assembly of his court at Quedlinburg on Mar. 23, 973.
One of the greatest of medival monarchs, he was in large measure the creator of the medievil German monarchy, down to the employment of bishops as royal officials and the policy of intervention in Italy. His vigor,energy and success as a war leader, especially his remarkable string of achievements in 955, gave Duitsland many years of internal peace, and the lands under his rule enjoyed a revival of arts and learning known as the Ottonian Renaissance.

Italy: HISTORY: Italy, 962-1300: ITALY UNDER THE SAXON EMPERORS: TheOt tonian system. In the midst of these favourable signs, the Italianpol itical landscape offered little ground for optimism. The only hope for stability and eventual unity lay with the contenders for the formerCar olingian kingdom of Italy. Hugh of Provence cast ambitious eyes across the mountains to the Po Valley; he aimed to pull together the fragment sof Lotharingia (Lorraine). But at his death in 947 his son Lothair an dlater his son's widow, Adelaide of Burgundy, faced strong opposition fromBerengario, Marchese d'Ivrea e di Gisla, who assumed the crown of Italyas Berengar II. Adelaide summoned the German king, Otto I (936-97 3), sonof Henry the Fowler, to her aid. Although much involved in affa irs inGermany, he came to Italy in 951 and married Adelaide, but he re turnedquickly to Duitsland to deal with a rebellion by Liudolf, duke of Swabia,his son from an earlier marriage. Moreover, events in Duitsland f orced himinto a confrontation with the Magyars in 955 at the Lechfeld , where hisdecisive victory ended their attacks on German lands. (see also Index:Ottonian dynasty)

Quedlinburg city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), central Duitsland, on the Bode River, in the northern foothills of the Lower Harz Mountains,sout hwest of Magdeburg. Founded in 922 as a fortress by Henry I theFowler , it became a favourite residence of the Saxon emperors, and in 968Ott o I founded there an imperial abbey (with his daughter Mathilda asabbe ss), which was secularized in 1803. A member of the Hanseatic Leagueun til 1477, the city then came under the protection of the electors ofSa xony until it passed to Brandenburg in 1698. The medieval walls andtow ers, many half-timbered houses, and several medieval churches survive. The city is dominated by the 16th-century castle (now a museum) on the site of the old fortress and the former abbey church of St. Servatius( 1070-1129, incorporating the remains of a 10th-century church). The po etFriedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and the geographer Carl Ritter were bor n inQuedlinburg.

Italy: HISTORY: Italy, 962-1300: ITALY UNDER THE SAXON EMPERORS: TheOt tonian system. In the midst of these favourable signs, the Italianpol itical landscape offered little ground for optimism. The only hope for stability and eventual unity lay with the contenders for the formerCar olingian kingdom of Italy. Hugh of Provence cast ambitious eyes across the mountains to the Po Valley; he aimed to pull together the fragment sof Lotharingia (Lorraine). But at his death in 947 his son Lothair an dlater his son's widow, Adelaide of Burgundy, faced strong opposition fromBerengario, Marchese d'Ivrea e di Gisla, who assumed the crown of Italyas Berengar II. Adelaide summoned the German king, Otto I (936-97 3), sonof Henry the Fowler, to her aid. Although much involved in affa irs inGermany, he came to Italy in 951 and married Adelaide, but he re turnedquickly to Duitsland to deal with a rebellion by Liudolf, duke of Swabia,his son from an earlier marriage. Moreover, events in Duitsland f orced himinto a confrontation with the Magyars in 955 at the Lechfeld , where hisdecisive victory ended their attacks on German lands. (see also Index:Ottonian dynasty)

Quedlinburg city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), central Duitsland, on the Bode River, in the northern foothills of the Lower Harz Mountains,sout hwest of Magdeburg. Founded in 922 as a fortress by Henry I theFowler , it became a favourite residence of the Saxon emperors, and in 968Ott o I founded there an imperial abbey (with his daughter Mathilda asabbe ss), which was secularized in 1803. A member of the Hanseatic Leagueun til 1477, the city then came under the protection of the electors ofSa xony until it passed to Brandenburg in 1698. The medieval walls andtow ers, many half-timbered houses, and several medieval churches survive. The city is dominated by the 16th-century castle (now a museum) on the site of the old fortress and the former abbey church of St. Servatius( 1070-1129, incorporating the remains of a 10th-century church). The po etFriedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and the geographer Carl Ritter were bor n inQuedlinburg.

[alfred_descendants10gen_fromrootsweb_bartont.FTW]

"The Great", (147-19); King of Duitsland 939-973. Emperor 962-973; m. (1) EDITH (45-17); King of Duitsland 939-973, Emperor 962-937, m (2) St. Adelaid of Lombardy, dau. of Rudolph II, King of Burgandy--.(Weis 147-19)

Kinship II - A collection of family, friends and U.S. Presidents
URL: http://worldconnect.genealogy.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:2902060&id=I575158492
ID: I575158492
Name: I , Holy Roman Emperor OTTO
Given Name: I , Holy Roman Emperor
Surname: Otto
Sex: M
Birth: 23 Oct 0912
Death: 7 May 0973 in Memleben,Unknown
Change Date: 18 Nov 2002 1 2
Note:
Name: Otto
Title(s): Earl of Lincoln (c1311 m)
Date of birth: October 23, 912
Place of birth: Unknown
Date of death: May 7, 973
Age at death: 61
Place of death:Memleben, Unknown
Cause of death: Natural Causes
Father: Henry I, King of the Romans
Mother: Matilda of Ringelheim

Marriages:
930: At age 17 married Edith

Events
962
Coronation Emperor

Children:
With Edith
Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor

Father: I of the Romans *HENRY b: 0875
Mother: *Matilda of RINGELHEIM b: 0892

Marriage 1 Spouse Unknown
Married: 0930
Note: _UID8B0D098718E1C344973A3B0FF7C45980D7EE

Sources:
Title: GEDCOM File : a39278.ged
Note:
1 _TYPE Electronic File
Date: 12 Dec 1999
Title: GEDCOM File : SM.ged
Note:
1 _TYPE Electronic File
Date: 18 Nov 2002

The eldest son of Emperor Heinrich the Fowler and Matilda von Ringelheim, Otto's younger years were disturbed by quarrels between his parents. His mother wanted their second son Heinrich, seven years younger than Otto, acknowledged as the heir. However when Heinrich the Fowler died in 936, Otto succeeded him aged twenty-four.
In his younger years he preferred to be away from his mother, and accompanied his father subduing the tribes in Bavaria and Suabia. When he was seventeen he married Eadgyth, a daughter of the English king, Edward the Elder. However, his mother's thoroughly religious education left its mark, as he rarely missed attendance at mass and founded several convents.
Otto never learned to read or write, which in later life he resented and tried to remedy. He did learn a little French, but not enough to speak it and he had no knowledge of Latin. However he was very intelligent, had a good memory and was an excellent judge of people. He loved hunting and riding wild horses, yet was reserved, calm and dignified. He was capable of sudden bursts of temper, which he would quickly forget, though the people affected did not. Consequently he was more respected than loved.
At his coronation in 936 by Hildebert, Archbishop of Mayence, he made it clear that he intended to be an absolute ruler. To emphasize this he made the Dukes of Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia and Lorraine wait upon him at the banquet following the coronation.
Some of these dukes resented this and revolted. Among the rebels were Otto's half-brother Thankmar and the resentful younger brother Heinrich. Heinrich was joined by Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine, and marched towards the Rhine. Although Otto was greatly outnumbered he was a clever strategist and defeated the rebels. Superstition also played a role in his victory as he carried a 'Holy Lance'. Further victories were won with this 'Holy Lance', his brother Heinrich fled to the court of King Louis IV of France.
As Otto wanted peace and not revenge, after a period he sought the friendship of the defeated dukes. His brother was forgiven, made Duke of Bavaria, and so became Otto's loyal follower. To pacify the Duke of Suabia he arranged the marriage of his son Liudolf to Ida, daughter of Hermann I of Suabia, while Otto's supporter Conrad the Red replaced the Duke of Lorraine. With peace now within the empire, he wanted to 'secure' the borders at the eastern front. His first step was the conquest of Bohemia, and he then inflicted devastation on the Slavs living beyond the Elbe and Oder. While establishing himself in the east, trouble was caused by King Louis IV of France who wanted to regain Lorraine. Otto, believing in family ties, was furious with his French brother-in-law and marched into France. The defeated Louis IV withdrew into France, only to be defeated again by Hugues the Great. Hugues was also Otto's brother-in-law. Sick of family squabbles, Otto defeated him as well.
Having secured the western borders, Otto was next invited to intervene in Italy. The Italian ruler Lothar had died and the cruel and unscrupulous Berengar II of Ivrea took his place. Berengar tried to seize the dowry of Lothar's widow, the beautiful Aelis (or Adelaïde). Although she escaped, she was still in danger and asked for Otto's protection. Coming with an army to Lombardy, he forced Berengar to acknowledge him as the overlord of Italy, and assumed the title of King of Italy. As he was a widower, he married Aelis.
Although he hoped to remain in Italy to make sure of it as part of the Empire, he was forced to return to Duitsland when his son Liudolf revolted, out of fear for possible sons Otto might father by Aelis. The Archbishop of Mayence joined Liudolf, and to add to Otto's troubles the Magyars attacked Bavaria. While Otto reasserted his authority in Duitsland, the Duke of Lorraine, who acted as his representative in Lombardy, joined Berengar against him. In 961 the debauched Pope John XII appealed to Otto to get rid of Berengar; Otto returned to Italy and Berengar was forced to acknowledge Otto's supremacy.
On 31 January 962 in Rome's St. Peter's, Otto was then crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII. Otto was now secular master of Europe as well as head of the Church, having forced Pope John XII to swear allegiance to him. By doing so, the pope became Otto's vassal. When Pope John XII indicated that he regretted this action, Otto deposed and replaced him with Pope Leo VIII.
Having settled his affairs in Italy, Otto returned to Duitsland; but in 965 Pope Leo VIII suddenly died and the clergy wanted to elect his successor without Otto's consent. Otto returned to Italy and appointed the Bishop of Narni as Pope John XIII. When the Romans drove John XIII into exile, in 966 Otto returned and forced the Romans to accept him. Otto then left Italy for the last time and in his last years peace prevailed in Europe. He died on 6 May 973 and was buried in the Cathedral of Magdeburg which he had built.

!Name is; Otto I, "The Great" Emperor Of /Duitsland/

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Otto I at his victory over Berengar of Friuli
Grave of Otto I in MagdeburgOtto I the Great (November 23, 912 - May7, 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matildaof Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of the Germans and arguablythe first Holy Roman Emperor. (While Charlemagne had been crownedemperor in 800, his empire fell apart amidst succession disputes amonghis descendants, and following the assassination of Berengar of Friuliin 924, the imperial title lay vacant for nearly forty years.)

Contents [showhide]
1 Early reign

2 Campaigns in Italy and eastern Europe

3 The Ottonian system

Early reign
Otto succeeded his father as king of the Germans in 936. He arrangedfor his coronation to be held in Charlemagne's former capital, Aachen.According to the Saxon historian Widukind of Corvey, at his coronationbanquet he had the four other major dukes of the empire , those ofFrankonia, Swabia, Bavaria and Lorraine, act as his personalattendants, Arnulf I. of Bavaria as stablemaster, Herman of Swabia ascupbearer, Eberhard III of Franconia as steward, and Gilbert ofLorraine as chamberlain.

In 938, a rich vein of silver was discovered at the Rammelsberg inSaxony. This ore body would provide much of Europe's silver, copper,and lead for the next two hundred years, and this mineral wealthhelped fund Otto's activities throughout his reign.

Otto's early reign was marked by a series of ducal revolts. In 938,Eberhard, the new duke of Bavaria, refused to pay Otto homage. WhenOtto deposed him in favor of his uncle Berthold, Eberhard of Franconiarevolted, together with several of the Saxon nobility, who tried todepose Otto in favor of his illegitimate half-brother Thankmar. WhileOtto was able to defeat and kill Thankmar, the revolt continued thenext year when Gilbert, the Duke of Lorraine, swore fealty to KingLouis IV of France. Meanwhile, Otto's younger brother Henry conspiredwith the Archbishop of Mainz to assassinate him. The rebellion endedin 939 with Otto's victory at the Battle of Andernach, where the dukesof Franconia and Lorraine both perished. Henry fled to France, andOtto responded by supporting Hugh the Great in his campaign againstthe French crown, but in 941 Otto and Henry were reconciled throughthe efforts of their mother, and the next year Otto withdrew fromFrance after Louis recognized his suzerainty over Lorraine.

To prevent further revolts, Otto arranged for all the importantduchies in the German kingdom to be held by close family members. Hekept the now-vacant duchy of Franconia as a personal fiefdom, while in944 he bestowed the duchy of Lorraine upon Conrad the Red, who latermarried his daughter Liutgard. Meanwhile, he arranged for his sonLiutdolf to marry Ida, the daughter of Duke Herman of Swabia, and toinherit that duchy when Herman died in 947. A similar arrangement ledto Henry becoming duke of Bavaria in 949.

Campaigns in Italy and eastern Europe
Meanwhile, Italy had fallen into political chaos. On the death (950),possibly by poisoning, of Lothair of Arles, the Italian throne wasinherited by a woman, Adelaide of Italy, the respective daughter,daughter-in-law, and widow of the last three kings of Italy. A localnoble, Berengar of Ivrea, declared himself king of Italy, abductedAdelaide, and tried to legitimize his reign by forcing Adelaide tomarry his son Adalbert. However, Adelaide escaped to Canossa andrequested German intervention. Ludolf and Henry independently invadednorthern Italy to take advantage of the situation, but in 951 Ottofrustrated his son's and his brother's ambitions by invading Italyhimself, forcing Berengar to swear fealty, and then, having beenwidowed since 946, marrying Adelaide.

This marriage triggered another revolt. When Adelaide bore a son,Ludolf feared for his position as Otto's heir, and in 953 he rebelledin league with Conrad the Red and the Archbishop of Mainz. While Ottowas initially successful in reasserting his authority in Lorraine, hewas captured while attacking Mainz, and by the next year, therebellion had spread throughout the kingdom. However, Conrad andLudolf erred by allying themselves with the Magyars. Extensive Magyarraids in southern Duitsland in 954 compelled the German nobles toreunite, and at the Diet of Auerstadt, Conrad and Ludolf were strippedof their titles and Otto's authority reestablished. In 955, Ottocemented his authority by routing Magyar forces at the Battle ofLechfeld.

The Ottonian system
A key part of Otto's domestic policy lay in strengtheningecclesiastical authorities, chiefly bishops and abbots, at the expenseof the secular nobility. Otto endowed the bishoprics and abbeys withlarge tracts of land, over which secular authorities had neither thepower of taxation nor legal jurisdiction. In an extreme example, whenConrad the Red was stripped of his ducal title in Lorraine, heappointed his brother Bruno, already the Archbishop of Keulen as thenew duke of Lorraine. In the lands Otto conquered from the Wends andother Slavic peoples on his eastern borders, he founded several newbishoprics.

Because Otto personally appointed the bishops, these reformsstrengthened his central authority, and the upper ranks of the Germanchurch functioned in some respect as an arm of the imperialbureaucracy. Conflict between Otto's successors and the growing powerof the Papacy over these powerful bishoprics would, however,eventually lead to the Investiture Conflict and the undoing of centralauthority in Duitsland.

Imperial title
In the early 960s, Italy was again in political turmoil, and whenBerengar occupied the northern Papal States, Pope John XII asked Ottofor assistance. Otto returned to Italy and on February 2, 962, thepope crowned him emperor. (Translatio imperii.) Ten days later, thepope and emperor ratified the Diploma Ottonianum, in which the emperorbecame the guarantor of the independence of the papal states. AfterOtto left Rome and reconquered the Papal States from Berengar,however, John became fearful of the emperor's power and sent envoys tothe Magyars and the Byzantine Empire to form a league against Otto. InNovember of 963, Otto returned to Rome and convened a synod of bishopsthat deposed John and crowned Leo VIII, at that time a layman, aspope. When the emperor left Rome, however, civil war broke out in thecity between those who supported the emperor and those who supportedJohn. John returned to power amidst great bloodshed and excommunicatedthose who had deposed him, forcing Otto to return to Rome a third timein July of 964 to depose Pope Benedict V (John having died two monthsearlier). On this occasion, Otto extracted from the citizens of Rome apromise not to elect a pope without imperial approval.

Otto unsuccessfully campaigned in southern Italy on several occasionsfrom 966-972, although in 972, the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiscesrecognized Otto's imperial title and agreed to a marriage betweenOtto's son and heir Otto II and his niece Theophano.

After his death in 973 he was buried next to his first wife Editha ofWessex in the Cathedral of Magdeburg

[Jeremiah Brown.FTW]

Otto was crowned as King of Duitsland in Aix-la-Chapelle in 936. To emphasize the subservience he demanded from all the German nobles, Otto had the Dukes of Bavaria, Schwabia, Franconia and Lorraine wait upon him at the banquet which followed the coronation ceremonies in the cathedral and indicated that henceforth they would be his vassals and that power would be vested in his person alone. The dukes naturally resented this decrease in their influence. Soon some of them gathered together bands of armed followers and revolted against Otto. One of his half-brothers, Thankmar, went so far as to rebel against Otto in Saxony itself. Eberhard, the Duke of Franconia, came to Thankmar's assistance, but Otto succeeded in quelling this rebellion with the help of the Duke of Schwabia who, luckily for Otto, had quarreled with Eberhard.

Under Otto the Holy Roman Empire was reestablished and strengthened by the inclusion of Italy. He was crowned Holy Roman Emporer on January 31, 962, in St. Peter's in Rome by Pope John XII. He ruled the empire 962-973. Otto fought against both Louis IV of France and later Hugh the Great of France, both of whom were his brothers-in-law. He was later associated with Wenceslas, Duke of Bohemia, eventually making him the King of Bohemia, and avenged his murder by executing Wenceslas' mother, who had plotted the massacre.

Otto made himself the head of the Church by forcing Pope John XII to swear an oath of allegiance to himself, so that the Pope became his vassal. Later, when John showed signs of regretting this oath, Otto deposed him. Otto selected Pope Leo VIII as John's successor and decreed that henceforth no Pope should be elected without his consent. Later, following the death of Leo VIII, Pope John XIII was imposed by Otto on the Church.

{geni:about_me}
'''Links'''
http://finnholbek.dk/getperson.php?personID=I26023&tree=2

*'''Wikipedia''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I._%28HRR%29 Deutsch]
*'''King of Duitsland''' (formally King of East Francia, auf deutsch "Ostfränkischer König") Reign 2. July 936 – 7. May 973 Coronation 7. August 936 Aachen Cathedral
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000000444676198 Henry "the Fowler"] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000001157050100 Otto II]
*'''King of Italy''' (formally King of the Lombards, auf deutsch "König von Italien") Reign 10. October 951 – 7. May 973
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000005936551695 Berengar II] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000001157050100 Otto II]
*'''Holy Roman Emperor''' or "Römischer Kaiser " (auf deutsch) Reign 2. February 962 – 7 May 973 Coronation 2. February 962 St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
>'''Predecessor:''' First Roman-German Emperor '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000001157050100 Otto II]
*'''Duke of Saxony''', (auf deutsch "Herzog von Sachsen") Reign 2. July 936 – 7. May 973
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000000444676198 Henry "the Fowler"] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000001183913030 Herman I]

--------------------
See Wikipedia for furthur info.

Otto I, Holy Roman Empero
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=129da0c5-468b-4f9d-9b8a-b7ff60448bac&tid=5240376&pid=-1408212175

Otto was Duke of Saxony, King of Duitsland, King of Italy, and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor.

443595292. Kong/Keiser Otto I den store HENRIKSON av Tyskland/Rom (16670) was born on 23 Nov 912.(16671) He was a Konge between 936 and 973 in Tyskland. (16672) He was a Keiser between 936 and 973 in Rom. (16673) He died on 7 May 973.(16674) Besteg tronen etter farens død. Efter heldige kamper mot øst og vest blev han kalt til italien av Kong Lothars enke Adelheid met Berengar av Ivrea, som han overvant. Blev 951 kronet til longobardernes konge. Efter å ha overvunnet magyarerne i 955, søkte Ottl støtte hos geistligheten, innsatte bosper o.s.v., støttet literær virksomhet og misjonen. Hertugene Miesko av Polen og Boleslav av Bøhmen måtte underkaste sig og fremme kristendommens utbredelse. Han blev annen gang kalt til Italien av Pave Johan XII, mot Berengar. Otta var nu Vesteuropas mektigste fyrste, og lot paven krone sig til romers keiser 2.2.962. Senere avsatte han paven. He was married to Grevinne Adelheid RUDOLFSDTR av Burgund on 25 Dec 951.

Fue emperador romano y rey germano. Nació en 912. Murió en Memleben, el 7 de mayo del 973. Fue hijo de Enrique I y de su consorte Matilda. En 929 se casó con Edith, hija del Rey Athelstan de Inglaterra. En 936 sucedió a Enrique en el trono. Su coronación, realizada en Aachen, demostró que las tradiciones imperiales carolingias aún estaban en vigor. Otto proyectó una fuerza centralista muy poderosa, a la que se opuso el espíritu particularista alemán. Enrique, hermano de Otto, fue el cabecilla de los grandes movimientos de insurrección que Otto debió suprimir. Eberhard, nuevo Duque de Bavaria, se rehusó a dar homenaje al rey. Entonces Otto subyugó a Bavaria y concedió el trono ducal al hermano de Arnulfo, Bertoldo. Esta actitud del poder real, abiertamente adoptada, de favorecer el poder ducal, despertó enorme oposición. Los francos, antiguos rivales de los sajones, resintieron esa absorción del poder. El duque franco Eberhard se alió con el hermanastro de Otto, Thankmar, y con otros nobles descontentos. El hermano menor de Otto, Enrique, y el indisciplinado Duque Eiselbert de Lorena se levantaron en armas. La agitación se encendió a las orillas del Rin y en el palatinado real del Saale. El problema tuvo su primer momento decisivo cuando los duques Eberhard y Giselberto perecieron en la batalla de Andernach. Sin embargo, la victoria no trajo consigo el poder absoluto. Una revuelta interna que se suscitó en la Franconia entre los nobles menores y el ducado favoreció la causa del Rey. Enrique se reconcilió con su real hermano, pero la insinceridad de esa reconciliación quedó manifiesta cuando, poco después, conspiró con el Arzobispo de Mainz y con los nobles sediciosos para asesinar a Otto. El complot fue descubierto. Pero en 941 se dio la reconciliación final. El principio del monarquismo había triunfado sobre el individualismo de los nobles, y ello preparó el camino para reorganizar la constitución. Otto aprovechó bien su triunfo. Los ducados hereditarios estaban llenos de hombres estrechamente vinculados con la casa real. Otto se reservó la Franconia como posesión privada. La Lorena quedó en manos de Conrado el Rojo, su cuñado; su hermano Enrique, que había contraído nupcias con Judit, hija del Duque de Bavaria, recibió dicha región; Suavia fue otorgada al hijo de Otto, Ludolfo. Estos duques vieron sensiblemente reducidas sus fuerzas. Lo que Otto pretendía era devolver a los ducados su carácter oficial original. Esta disminución de la posición política de los ducados le convino a Otto para hacer paulatinamente de su reino un exponente único de la idea imperial. El paso decisivo en la dirección correcta consistía en establecer una monarquía hereditaria. A ello dirigió sus esfuerzos. El reino, aparentemente unificado, recurrió a las políticas de Carlomagno en aquellas regiones en las que él ya había preparado el camino. Las tribus sureñas promovieron la obra de germanización y cristianización de los vecinos estados eslavos, y paulatinamente la influencia germana se extendió al Oder y a toda Bohemia. La antigua idea de un imperio universal se había apoderado de la mente de Otto. Buscaba ampliar su soberanía hasta Francia, Burgundia e Italia. Consecuentemente, vio con buenos ojos el pleito entre Hugo de Francia y Ludovico IV, cada uno de los cuales se había desposado con una de sus hermanas. El rey y los duques franceses eran como el fiel de la balanza que Otto podía manipular en el momento que quisiera como árbitro supremo. Movido por la misma ambición también utilizó las diferencias internas de la casa reinante de Burgundia. Conrado de Burgundia llegó a aparecer como protegido de Otto. Y aún más significativa fue la actitud que asumió respecto a la complicada situación italiana. Por entonces era impactante el rebajamiento moral y espiritual de la península italiana, incluida Roma. La mención de los nombres de Teodora y Marozia traen a la mente un capítulo por demás triste de la historia de la Iglesia. El desorden reinante en la capital del cristianismo era, sin embargo, únicamente un síntoma de las condiciones que imperaban en Italia toda. La Italia del norte fue testigo de las guerras de Berengario de Friuli, coronado emperador por el hijo de Marozia, Juan XI, contra Rodolfo II de la Alta Burgundia. Luego del asesinato de Berengario en 924 la lucha se reinició entre este Rodolfo y Hugo, de la Baja Burgundia. Finalmente, Hugo se convirtió en el único gobernante de Italia y ascendió al trono imperial. Pero pronto fue derrotado por Berengario de Ivrea, contra el que, a su vez, surgió otra oposición que favorecía a Adelaida, hija de Rodolfo II de la Alta Burgundia. Para someter dicha oposición Berengario hubo de raptar a la princesa por la fuerza. Otto había estudiado todos estos desórdenes con cuidado. Convencido de la trascendencia de las antiguas ideas sobre el imperio, su mayor deseo era someter Italia bajo su autoridad, basando su derecho en su rango real. En 951 llegó a Italia, liberó a Adelaida y se casó con ella, mientras Berengario le juraba alianza. Bajo la influencia de Alberico, hijo de Marozia, el Papa Agapito se rehusó a coronar al rey germano. Pero con o sin corona, nadie dudaba de la universalidad de su reinado. De hecho se había convertido en la cabeza del Occidente. Pero ahora su poder real necesitaba el apoyo más grande que hubiese. Nuevas y peligrosas insurrecciones dejaban ver la falta de solidaridad interna. El monstruo del particularismo de nuevo mostró su cabeza. Y fue precisamente Ludolfo, hijo de Otto, quien estuvo al frente del nuevo levantamiento. El exigía participar en el gobierno y le irritaba la consorte burgundesa de su padre. Los particularistas se reunieron en torno a Ludolfo para sembrar su fermento a lo largo del ducado y surgieron brotes por todos lados. El peligro de este segundo levantamiento era mayor que el del primero. En 954 los magiares de nuevo invadieron el imperio. A causa de esta crisis se hubo de reconocer la necesidad de tener un gobierno central más fuerte y finalmente la insurrección feneció. Quedó aniquilada definitivamente durante la Dieta Imperial de Auerstadt, donde se anunció que Conrado y Ludolfo habían perdido sus ducados. Mientras eso pasaba, las hordas magiares cercaron Augsburgo. El Obispo Ulrico defendió heroicamente la ciudad. Habiendo acudido en defensa de la ciudad, Otto derrotó completamente al ejército húngaro en la gran batalla de Lechfelde, en 955. Gracias a esa victoria, Otto liberó definitivamente a Alemania de la amenaza húngara. Y al mismo tiempo provocó una crisis en la historia de la raza magiar, que a partir de entonces se tornó independiente y creó un imperio con límites bien definidos. Esto también llevó a Otto a darse cuenta que su gran sueño de impedir el uso del poder con los ducados no se lograría por la fuerza ni con sólo su prestigio como rey. Consecuentemente, se dedicó entonces a buscar el apoyo de la Iglesia alemana en todo el imperio.
Se había iniciado el sistema de Otto, una alianza estrecha entre el reino alemán y la Iglesia. También Carlomagno había llevado a cabo un concepto grandioso de unidad entre la Iglesia y el Estado, pero el pensamiento eclesiástico le había dado tintes religiosos al Estado franco, mientras que Otto planeaba una Iglesia estatal, dueña de una jerarquía que sería una simple rama del gobierno interior del reino. Para resolver ese problema, Otto hubo de permear la Iglesia con una nueva vida espiritual y moral, y de liberarse a si mismo del dominio de la aristocracia laica. Su mejor garantía era su naturaleza profundamente religiosa. En el hijo se encontraba algo de la piedad ascética de su madre, Matilda. Y su hermano Bruno, posteriormente arzobispo de Colonia y representante de las perspectivas eclesiásticas, también ejerció una gran influencia sobre los sentimientos religiosos del rey. La unión del Estado y la Iglesia también tuvo un efecto saludable sobre ambos poderes. A base de otorgar a la Iglesia el usufructo de las tierras que no estaban en uso, el Estado podía destinar sus rentas a objetivos militares. También para los reinos aliados la situación fue causa de bendiciones, puesto que bajo la protección de los obispos se desarrolló el comercio en las tierras eclesiásticas, y las clases menos privilegiadas contaron siempre con la protección del clero frente a la nobleza. La supremacía siempre fue del imperio sobre la Iglesia: el rey podía nombrar a los obispos y abades; los obispos estaban sujetos a los tribunales reales; los sínodos podían ser convocados exclusivamente si contaban con la aprobación real. La corte germánica se convirtió en el centro de la vida religiosa y espiritual. En el así llamado renacimiento otoniano la mano la llevaban las mujeres, guiadas por las mujeres de la familia real: Matilde, Gerberga, Judit, Adelaida y Teofano. Quedlinburg, fundado por Otto en 936, fue un centro cultural muy influyente. Pero todo el sistema otoniano dependía de una premisa: si lo que se quiere es beneficiar al Estado, el rey debe controlar la Iglesia. Si bien, de hecho, la autoridad suprema sobre la Iglesia germana era el Papa, la política de imperialismo de Otto estaba enraizada en la premisa mencionada. La conquista de Italia debería dar como resultado la sujeción del nivel más alto de la autoridad eclesiástica a la realeza germánica. Fue por ello que Otto se vio obligado a emprender esa campaña, y así quedó resulto el tan debatido asunto de los motivos que dictaban las políticas imperiales. En aquel tiempo reinaba en Roma el indigno Juan XII. Este era hijo de Alberico, el tirano de Roma, cuyas ambiciosas miradas se dirigían hacia el Exarcado y la Pentápolis. Un rival de esas aspiraciones se mostró en Berengario, quien ansiaba ampliar su poderío sobre Roma. Otto acudió al llamado de auxilio que le hizo el Papa, porque ello coincidía con sus planes respecto a la Iglesia. Ya previamente había logrado que su hijo, Otto, aún siendo un infante, fuera elegido y ungido rey en la Dieta de Worms en 961. Dejó a su hermano Bruno y a su hijo natural, Guillermo, como regentes de Alemania y viajó a Roma a través del Brenner. Ahí fue coronado emperador el 2 de febrero de 962. En esa ocasión fue concedido el así llamado privilegio otoniano, cuya genuineidad ha sido frecuentemente, aunque injustamente, atacado. En la primera parte de tal privilegio se recuerda el Pactum Ludovici de 817. En él se confirma la concesión hecha a la Iglesia por parte de los Carolingios y sus sucesores. La segunda parte hace referencia la Constitución de Lotario (824), según la cual la consagración de los reyes no se podía realizar sin previamente jurar alianza a los gobernantes germanos. Cuando Otto avanzó en contra de Berengario, el Papa Juan entró traidoramente en relación con los enemigos del Emperador. A resultas de ello Otto retornó a Roma y forzó a los romanos a jurar que nunca elegirían un Papa sin autorización de su hijo. Juan fue depuesto y en su lugar se colocó en el trono papal a un seglar, León VIII. Por su parte, Berengario fue derrotado y llevado prisionero a Bamberg. Una vez más Roma, en continua agitación, se levantó en armas. El Papa exilado, Juan, forzó a su suplantador a huir. Pero Juan murió en 964 y los romanos eligieron a un nuevo Papa, Benedicto V. El Emperador restauró el orden haciendo uso de la fuerza y León fue devuelto a su sede. No quedaba duda de que era el Emperador quien controlaba el papado y que éste ocupaba una posición de simple eslabón en la constitución germánica. El sistema otoniano fue algo de la mayor importancia para Alemania en lo tocante a su posición ante los poderes seculares. Se hizo evidente, por el asombroso progreso que hicieron el teutonismo y la cristiandad en territorio eslavo, hasta qué punto se fortaleció el poder del rey alemán a través de la estrecha alianza entre la Iglesia y el Estado y hasta qué punto ello reforzó el prestigio del Imperio. Otto eligió Magdeburg, por el que sentía un afecto especial, para que fuera el centro de la nueva civilización y la elevó al categoría de arzobispado.
Una serie de desórdenes lo llamó a Roma. El Papa al que él había elegido, Juan XIII, encontró algunos opositores entre la nobleza romana. El Emperador realizó sus obligaciones de protector de la Iglesia aplicando estrictamente la justicia y castigando a los nobles alborotados. En respuesta, Juan XIII coronó a su hijo, Otto II, como emperador. Como consecuencia lógica de su política imperialista, abiertamente manifestó Otto I su intención de adquirir la Baja Italia. Su supremacía quedaría a salvo si lograra adueñarse de la parte sur de la península. Sin embargo, eventualmente, Otto abandonó la guerra en el sur. La perspectiva de que su hijo pudiera casarse con una novia bizantina obraron en contra de ello. El antiguo axioma germánico de la legitimidad, que había sido honrado en ese matrimonio, iba a vengarse luego en forma muy amarga.
Otto fue sepultado en Magdeburg. Sus contemporáneos comparaban su extraordinaria resistencia física la de un león. Era un verdadero sajón en todos aspectos. Había aprendido todas las artes marciales en su juventud. Víctima de tremendos arrebatos de ira, y conciente de su poder e inteligencia, en su infancia acostumbraba a orar devotamente. Era un astuto estratega, siempre convincente e incansable, y conocía perfectamente la importancia de las negociaciones diplomáticas. Tenía un agudo poder de observación y de conocimiento de la naturaleza humana, lo que le daba la posibilidad de elegir siempre a la persona adecuada para las funciones más importantes del gobierno.
KÖPKE Y DÖNNIGES, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reiches unter Otto dem Grossen (Berlín, 1838); KÖPKE Y DÜMMLER, Kaiser Otto der Grosse (Leipzig, 1876); FICKER, Das deutsche Kaiserreich in seinen universellen und nationalen Beziehungen (Innsbruck, 1861); VON SYBEL, Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich (Düsseldorf, 1862); SACKUR, Die Quellen für den ersten Römerzug Ottos I in Strassburger Festschrift zur 46. Versammlung deutscher Philologen (Estrasburgo, 1901); SICKEL, Das Privilegium Otto I für die römische Kirche vom Jahre 962 (Innsbruck, 1883); MENKEL, Ottos I Beziehungen zu den deutschen Erzbischofen seiner Zeit und die Leistungen der letzteren für Staat, Kirche und Kultur (Program, Magdeburg, 1900); MITTAG, Erzbischof Friedrich von Mainz und die Politik Ottos des Grossen (Halle, 1895).
F. KAMPERS
Transcrito por Gerald Rossi
Traducido por Javier Algara C.
http://ec.aciprensa.com/o/otto1.htm

!BIRTH: "Royal Ancestors" by Michel Call - Based on Call Family Pedigrees FHL
film 844805 & 844806, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, UT. Copy of
"Royal Ancestors" owned by Lynn Bernhard, Orem, UT.

Data From Lynn Jeffrey Bernhard, 2445 W 450 South #4, Springville UT 84663-4950
email - (XXXXX@XXXX.XXX)

Line 5199 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
NAME Otto I "The Great" Emperor Of /HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE/

Line 5200 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
TITL [KING OF THE GERMANS]/

SOURCE NOTES:
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~churchh/edw3chrt.html

RESEARCH NOTES:
of Duitsland

_P_CCINFO 1-20792

Otto I (Holy Roman Empire), called Otto the Great (912-73), Holy Romanemperor (962-73), king of Duitsland (936-73), the son of the German kingHenry I. After subduing an uprising of nobles incited by his brother,Otto consolidated his kingdom by granting duchies to faithfulrelatives and followers. In 951 he marched to Italy to assistAdelaide, the widowed queen of Lombardy (931?-99), against Berengar II(died 966), who had usurped the kingdom. Otto defeated Berengar andmarried Adelaide, thereby becoming ruler of northern Italy. When hereturned to Duitsland, he again crushed a rebellion of nobles led by hisson Liudolf and halted a Hungarian invasion in 955. In 962 he wascrowned Holy Roman emperor. In 963 he deposed Pope John XII and hadLeo VIII (died 965) elected in his stead. Otto sought to make thechurch subordinate to the authority of the empire but assisted inspreading Christianity throughout his domain. He negotiatedunsuccessfully with the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus II Phocas(913?-69) for an alliance between the Byzantine and Holy Romanempires, but was able to arrange a marriage between his son Otto IIand Theophano (955?-91), daughter of the Byzantine emperor Romanus II(939-63).

First of the Germans to be called, Holy Emperor of Rome.
Wrested the power away from the last Carolingian Emperors.
Founder of the Ottonian Renaissance.
Also known as Otto the Great.

Krönt till kejsare 962 av Påven i Rom till Tysk-romerska riket

Otto I eller Otto den store (tysk Otto I. eller Otto der GroÏe), født 912, død 7. mai 973, var den første tysk-romerske keiseren, etter gjenopprettelsen av det tysk-romerske rike i 962.

Fra 936 var Otto I tysk konge og fra 951 konge av Italia. Han ble utnevnt til tysk-romersk keiser i år 962, et rike som offisielt besto fram til år 1806. I sine forsøk på å kristne Norden og de slaviske folkene, sendte han ut mange misjonærer, noe som senere førte til dannelsen av nasjonene Polen og Tsjekkia, tidligere kjent som Bøhmen. Ikke minst førte dette til at disse folkene ble katolske og ikke ortodokse slik som resten av de slaviske folkene. Han reddet til og med kristenheten gjennom å avverge ungarske angrep, og ble derfor kalt for ?Europas befrier?. Det avgjørende slaget, Lechfeldslaget, fant sted den 10. august 955.

Otto I var sønn av Henrik I Fuglefangeren og hans andre kone Mathilda den hellige av Sachsen. Han var gift med Edith og Adelheid (død 999). Han hadde følgende barn:

Ludolf
Liutgard, gift med Konrad den røde av Lothringen
Mathilda, abbedissen av Quedlinburg
Otto II

_P_CCINFO 2-2438

KNOWN AS "THE GREAT"; KING OF Duitsland 939-973; EMPORER OF Duitsland 962-973

DUKE OF BOHEMIA

Also Emperor of Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Saxony

Otto I The Great King of Duitsland was the first king to become Holy RomanEmperor. He became King of Duitsland in 936 and ruled all of Duitsland. In951, he crossed the Alps and declared himself the king of Italy. He wasforced to return to Duitsland when the other German princes began a seriesof revolts. At the same time the Slavs in Poland and Bohemia revolted,and the Magyars, or
Hungarians, invaded Duitsland. Otto crushed the Magyars in the battle ofthe Lech River in 955. The Poles and Bohemians were forced to accept hisrule. Otto was able to replace most of the rebellious German princes withmembers of his own family. The young king of Arles, or Burgundy, also hadto accept his rule. Otto then turned his attention toward Italy. Hemarried the widow of an earlier Italian king, and defeated a rival forthe throne. In 961, Otto crossed the Alps in answer to an appeal fromPope John XII to put down an uprising in Rome. For this service, Otto wascrowned in 962 emperor of what was later known as the Holy Roman Empire.
[Custer February 1, 2002 Family Tree.FTW]

[merge G675.FTW]

Otto I The Great King of Duitsland was the first king to become Holy RomanEmperor. He became King of Duitsland in 936 and ruled all of Duitsland. In951, he crossed the Alps and declared himself the king of Italy. He wasforced to return to Duitsland when the other German princes began a seriesof revolts. At the same time the Slavs in Poland and Bohemia revolted,and the Magyars, or
Hungarians, invaded Duitsland. Otto crushed the Magyars in the battle ofthe Lech River in 955. The Poles and Bohemians were forced to accept hisrule. Otto was able to replace most of the rebellious German princes withmembers of his own family. The young king of Arles, or Burgundy, also hadto accept his rule. Otto then turned his attention toward Italy. Hemarried the widow of an earlier Italian king, and defeated a rival forthe throne. In 961, Otto crossed the Alps in answer to an appeal fromPope John XII to put down an uprising in Rome. For this service, Otto wascrowned in 962 emperor of what was later known as the Holy Roman Empire.

[large-G675.FTW]

Otto I The Great King of Duitsland was the first king to become Holy RomanEmperor. He became King of Duitsland in 936 and ruled all of Duitsland. In951, he crossed the Alps and declared himself the king of Italy. He wasforced to return to Duitsland when the other German princes began a seriesof revolts. At the same time the Slavs in Poland and Bohemia revolted,and the Magyars, or
Hungarians, invaded Duitsland. Otto crushed the Magyars in the battle ofthe Lech River in 955. The Poles and Bohemians were forced to accept hisrule. Otto was able to replace most of the rebellious German princes withmembers of his own family. The young king of Arles, or Burgundy, also hadto accept his rule. Otto then turned his attention toward Italy. Hemarried the widow of an earlier Italian king, and defeated a rival forthe throne. In 961, Otto crossed the Alps in answer to an appeal fromPope John XII to put down an uprising in Rome. For this service, Otto wascrowned in 962 emperor of what was later known as the Holy Roman Empire.

Otto I (Holy Roman Empire), called Otto the Great (912-73), Holy Roman
emperor (962-73), king of Duitsland (936-73), the son of the German king
Henry I. After subduing an uprising of nobles incited by his brother, Otto
consolidated his kingdom by granting duchies to faithful relatives and
followers. In 951 he marched to Italy to assist Adelaide, the widowed
queen of Lombardy (931?-99), against Berengar II (died 966), who had
usurped the kingdom. Otto defeated Berengar and married Adelaide, thereby
becoming ruler of northern Italy. When he returned to Duitsland, he again
crushed a rebellion of nobles led by his son Liudolf and halted a
Hungarian invasion in 955. In 962 he was crowned Holy Roman emperor. In
963 he deposed Pope John XII and had Leo VIII (died 965) elected in his
stead. Otto sought to make the church subordinate to the authority of the
empire but assisted in spreading Christianity throughout his domain. He
negotiated unsuccessfully with the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus II Phocas
(913?-69) for an alliance between the Byzantine and Holy Roman empires,
but was able to arrange a marriage between his son Otto II and Theophano
(955?-91), daughter of the Byzantine emperor Romanus II (939-63).

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=8ae5e972-1a6c-4157-af34-ca20b362c823&tid=10145763&pid=-271714681

Otho, or Otto (912-973), surnamed the Great, Holy Roman emperor, was the son of Henry I, whom he succeeded in 936. The principal events of his reign were rolling back the invasion of the Magyars, whom he defeated on the Lechfeld, near Augsburg (955), and two expeditions into Italy. [The Home University Encyclopedia, 1946]

The Great; Emperor of Duitsland. [BROOKES.GED]

He was Duke of Saxony, King of Duitsland, King of Italy, and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto I (Holy Roman Empire), called Otto the Great (912-73), Holy Roma n emperor (962-73), king of Duitsland (936-73), was the son of the Germa n king Henry I. After subduing an uprising of nobles incited by his br other, Otto consolidated his kingdom by granting duchies to faithful r elatives and followers. In 951 he marched to Italy to assist Adelaide , the widowed queen of Lombardy, against Berengar II, who had usurpe d the kingdom. Otto defeated Berengar and married Adelaide, thereby be coming ruler of northern Italy. When he returned to Duitsland, he agai n crushed a rebellion of nobles led by his son Liudolf and halted a Hu ngarian invasion in 955. In 962 he was crowned Holy Roman emperor. I n 963 he deposed Pope John XII and had Leo VIII elected in his stead . Otto sought to make the church subordinate to the authority of the e mpire but assisted in spreading Christianity throughout his domain. H e negotiated unsuccessfully with the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus II P hocas for an alliance between the Byzantine and Holy Roman empires, bu t was able to arrange a marriage between his son Otto II and Theophano , daughter of the Byzantine emperor Romanus II.

He was King of Duitsland beginning in 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death.

BIOGRAPHY
Otto was born on 3 November 912, the eldest son of Emperor Elect Heinrich 'the Fowler' and Matilda von Ringelheim. Otto's younger years were disturbed by quarrels between his parents. His mother wanted their second son Heinrich, seven years younger than Otto, acknowledged as the heir. However when Heinrich the Fowler died in 936, Otto succeeded him aged twenty-four.

In his younger years he preferred to be away from his mother, and accompanied his father subduing the tribes in Bavaria and Suabia. When he was seventeen he married Eadgyth, a daughter of the English king, Edward 'the Elder'. However, his mother's thoroughly religious education left its mark, as he rarely missed attendance at mass and founded several convents.

Otto never learned to read or write, which in later life he resented and tried to remedy. He did learn a little French, but not enough to speak it and he had no knowledge of Latin. However he was very intelligent, had a good memory and was an excellent judge of people. He loved hunting and riding wild horses, yet was reserved, calm and dignified. He was capable of sudden bursts of temper, which he would quickly forget, though the people affected did not. Consequently he was more respected than loved.

At his coronation in 936 by Hildebert, archbishop of Mayence, he made it clear that he intended to be an absolute ruler. To emphasise this he made the dukes of Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia and Lorraine wait upon him at the banquet following the coronation.

Some of these dukes resented this and revolted. Among the rebels were Otto's half-brother Thankmar and the resentful younger brother Heinrich. Heinrich was joined by Giselbert, duke of Lorraine, and marched towards the Rhine. Although Otto was greatly outnumbered he was a clever strategist and defeated the rebels. Superstition also played a role in his victory as he carried a 'Holy Lance'. Further victories were won with this 'Holy Lance', and his brother Heinrich fled to the court of King Louis IV of France.

As Otto wanted peace and not revenge, after a period he sought the friendship of the defeated dukes. His brother was forgiven, made duke of Bavaria, and so became Otto's loyal follower. To pacify the Duke of Suabia he arranged the marriage of his son Liudolf to Ida, daughter of Hermann I of Suabia, while Otto's supporter Konrad 'the Red' replaced the duke of Lorraine. With peace now within the empire, he wanted to 'secure' the borders at the eastern front. His first step was the conquest of Bohemia, and he then inflicted devastation on the Slavs living beyond the Elbe and Oder. While establishing himself in the east, trouble was caused by King Louis IV of France who wanted to regain Lorraine. Otto, believing in family ties, was furious with his French brother-in-law and marched into France. The defeated Louis IV withdrew into France, only to be defeated again by Hugues 'the Great', duke of The Franks. Hugues was also Otto's brother-in-law. Sick of family squabbles, Otto defeated him as well.

Having secured the western borders, Otto was next invited to intervene in Italy. The Italian ruler Lothar had died and the cruel and unscrupulous Berengar II of Ivrea took his place. Berengar tried to seize the dowry of Lothar's widow, the beautiful Aelis (or Adelaïde). Although she escaped, she was still in danger and asked for Otto's protection. Coming with an army to Lombardy, he forced Berengar to acknowledge him as the overlord of Italy, and assumed the title of king of Italy. As he was a widower, he married Aelis.

Although he hoped to remain in Italy to make sure of it as part of the empire, he was forced to return to Duitsland when his son Liudolf revolted, out of fear for possible sons Otto might father by Aelis. The archbishop of Mayence joined Liudolf, and to add to Otto's troubles the Magyars attacked Bavaria.

While Otto reasserted his authority in Duitsland, the Duke of Lorraine, who acted as his representative in Lombardy, joined Berengar against him. In 961 the debauched Pope John XII appealed to Otto to get rid of Berengar; Otto returned to Italy and Berengar was forced to acknowledge Otto's supremacy.

On 31 January 962 in Rome's St. Peter's, Otto was then crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII. Otto was now secular master of Europe as well as head of the Church, having forced Pope John XII to swear allegiance to him. By doing so, the pope became Otto's vassal. When Pope John XII indicated that he regretted this action, Otto deposed and replaced him with Pope Leo VIII.

Having settled his affairs in Italy, Otto returned to Duitsland; but in 965 Pope Leo VIII suddenly died and the clergy wanted to elect his successor without Otto's consent. Otto returned to Italy and appointed the bishop of Narni as Pope John XIII. When the Romans drove John XIII into exile, in 966 Otto returned and forced the Romans to accept him.

Otto then left Italy for the last time and in his last years peace prevailed in Europe. He died on 6 May 973 and was buried in the Cathedral of Magdeburg which he had built.

1 NAME the Great //
2 GIVN the Great
2 SURN
2 NICK the Great

Line 5199 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
NAME Otto I "The Great" Emperor Of /HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE/

Line 5200 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
TITL [KING OF THE GERMANS]/

Otto I av Saxen Saxon DYNASTY, also called LIUDOLFING DYNASTY, ruling house of German kings (Holy Roman emperors) from 919 to 1024. It came to power when the Liudolfing duke of Saxony was elected German king as Henry I (later called the Fowler), in 919. Henry I's son and successor, Otto I the Great (king 936-973, western emperor from 962), won a decisive victory over the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld near Augsburg in 955 and continued the policy, initiated by Henry I, of German expansion into Slavic territory to the east; he also intervened in Italy and, like several of his successors, established control over the papacy. By investing churchmen in Duitsland with lands, he laid down a long-lasting framework of support for the crown against the lay nobility. He was crowned emperor by Pope John XII at Rome in 962. He concluded the Privilegium Ottonianum, a treaty that regulated relations between emperor and pope, and initiated a Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. His son Otto II (973-83) continued his policy, but his grandson Otto III (983-1002) was interested in Italian affairs to the detriment of Duitsland. The last member of the line, Henry II (1002-24), turned his attention back to Duitsland. When Henry II died childless in 1024, another descendant of Henry I, Conrad II, the Salian, was elected king, thus initiating the Salian dynasty.

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Voorouders (en nakomelingen) van Otto I "der Große" Liudolfinger

Otto "the Illustrious" von Sachsen
836-912

Hadwig von Babenberg
± 850-903

Theodoric von Ringelheim
± 872-916

Reinhild of Friesland
± 870-± 917

Henry
876-936

Matilda
± 896-968

Otto I "der Große" Liudolfinger
912-973

(1) 929

Ēadgȳð (Eadgyth) of Wessex
910-946



				Richlint von Sachsen ± 945-1014		Liutgarde ± 931-953

(2) 951

Adelaide de Bourgogne
± 931-999



					Otto 955-983

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Doopdag 4 januari 1995

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Van maandag 22 augustus 1994 tot maandag 3 augustus 1998 was er in Nederland het kabinet a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet-Kok_I" class="extern">Kok I met als eerste minister W. Kok (PvdA).
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maximum test » Otto I "der Große" (Otto I "der Große") "Der Reich" Liudolfinger Holy Roman Emporer (912-973)