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   Battle of Mohács
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   This article is about the 1526 battle. For the battle in 1687, see Battle of Mohács (1687).
   Battle of Mohács
   Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe and Ottoman-Hungarian Wars
   
   Battle of Mohacs 1526 by Bertalan Székely
   Date August 29, 1526
   Location Mohács, Baranya, south of Budapest, Hungary
   Result Decisive Ottoman victory
   
   Belligerents
   Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary
   Croatia
   Kingdom of Bohemia
   Holy Roman Empire
   Papal States
   Kingdom of Poland
   Commanders
   Suleiman I Louis II of Hungary †
   Pál Tomori †
   György Zápolya
   Strength
   ~55,000-65,000[1][2]
   45,000 regulars
   10,000 irregulars
   160 cannons[3][4]
   ~35,000-40,000 (in reality 26,000 arrived) [1][2] cannons (85 initial) and arquebusiers
   János Szapolyai[5][6]'s 10,000, Croatian count Frankopan's 5,000 men-strong army and the Bohemian troops all did not arrive to the battlefield in time.
   Casualties and losses
   1,500[1][2] ~ 14,000 to 20,000[1][2]
   
   [hide]v • d • eOttoman-Hungarian Wars
   
   Campaign of Louis I (1) – Treviso – Campaign of Louis I (2) – Nicopolis – Doboj – Radkersburg – Lower Danube War – Smederevo – Sibiu – Iron Gate – Long campaign – Varna – Kosovo – Belgrade – Vaslui – Breadfield – Otranto – Krbava field – Mohács – Ottoman–Habsburg wars
   
   
   The Battle of Mohács (Hungarian: mohácsi csata or mohácsi vész, Turkish: Mohaç savaşı or Mohaç meydan savaşı) was fought on August 29, 1526 near Mohács, Hungary. In the battle, forces of the Kingdom of Hungary led by King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia were defeated by forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
   
   The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several decades between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria, and the Principality of Transylvania. The death of Louis II as he fled the battle marked the end of the Jagiellon dynasty, whose dynastic claims were absorbed by the Habsburgs via the marriage of Louis's sister.
   
   Contents [hide]
   1 Background
   2 Preparations
   3 The battle
   4 Aftermath
   5 Legacy
   6 Notes
   7 References
   8 External links
   
   
   
   [edit] Background
   
   Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, the young king, who died at the Battle of MohácsBy the early 16th century, the Ottoman Empire became the second most populous state in the world, which opened the door to create the largest armies of the era.
   
   The magnates, who did not want another heavy-handed king, procured the accession of Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia (Ulászló II in Hungarian), precisely because of his notorious weakness: he was known as King Dobže, or Dobzse (meaning “Good” or, loosely, “OK”), from his habit of accepting with that word every paper laid before him[7]. Under his reign the central power began to experience severe financial difficulties, largely due to the enlargement of feudal lands at his expense. The magnates also dismantled administration and institute systems of the country. The country's defenses sagged as border guards and castle garrisons went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled.[8]
   
   In 1514, the weakened old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa, which was ruthlessly crushed by the nobles, led by János Szapolyai. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman preeminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (modern Belgrade) fell to the Turks. The strongest nobles were so busy oppressing the peasants and robbing each other that they failed to heed the agonized calls of the young king against the Turks. The early appearance of protestantism further worsened the relations in the anarchical country.
   
   The Hungarians had long opposed Ottoman expansion in southeastern Europe, but the fall of Nándorfehérvár(hu), (present-day Belgrade, Serbia) and Szabács in 1521 meant that most of southern Hungary was left indefensible. As a counter to growing Ottoman power, Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia, entered into marriage with Mary of Habsburg in 1522, hoping to gain the aid of Habsburg Austria in the looming war with the Ottomans. The Ottomans saw the growing alliance as a threat to their power in the Balkans and worked to break this alliance. After Suleiman I came to power, the High Porte made the Hungarians at least one and possibly two offers of peace. It is unclear why Louis refused the offer. It is possible that King Louis was well aware of Hungary's situation (especially after the Battle of Chaldiran and Polish-Ottoman peace from 1525) and he believed that war was a better option than peace. Even in peacetime the Ottomans raided Hungarian lands and conquered huge territories (with border castles), but a final battle still offered a glimmer of hope. To such ends, in June 1526, an Ottoman expedition advanced up the Danube River.
   
   
   Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire
   [edit] Preparations
   
   General Pál Tomori in his golden armour, 1526The loss of Belgrade (Nandorfehervar) in 1521 caused great alarm in Hungary, but the too-late and too-slowly-recruited 60,000 strong royal army – led by the king forgot to take food along,so therefore the army disbanded spontaneously under the pressure of hunger and disease without even trying to recapture Belgrade, "the key of Hungary", from the newly installed Turkish garrisons.
   
   In 1523 Archbishop Pál Tomori, a valiant priest-soldier, was made Captain of Southern Hungary. The general apathy that had characterized the country forced him to lean on his own bishopric revenues when he started to repair and reinforce the second line of Hungary’s border defense system.
   
   Three years later, a huge Ottoman army set out from Constantinople on April 16 1526, led by Suleiman the Magnificent personally. The Hungarian nobles, who still did not realize the huge dimensions of the approaching danger, did not heed their King's call to the colors. Louis II ordered them to encamp on July 2, but no one reported on that day – not even the King. Only when Louis himself furnished an example with his appearance in the camp did things start to move.
   
   The Hungarian war council – without waiting for their reinforcements only a few days march away – made a serious tactical error by choosing the battlefield near Mohacs, an open but uneven plain with some swampy marshes.
   
   The Hungarian army was divided into three main units: the Transylvanian army under John Zápolya, charged with guarding the passes in the Transylvanian Alps, with between 8,000 and 13,000 men; the main army, led by Louis himself (beside numerous Spanish, German, Czech and Serbian mercenaries); and another smaller force, commanded by the Croatian count Christopher Frankopan, numbering around 5,000 men. Due to geography, the Turkish army's ultimate goal could not be determined until it was crossing the Balkan Mountains. Unfortunately for the Hungarians, by the time the Ottoman army had crossed, the Transylvanian army was further from Buda than the Ottomans were. Contemporary historical records, though sparse, indicate that Louis preferred a plan of retreat, in effect ceding the country to Ottoman advances, rather than directly engaging the Ottoman army in open battle.
   
   The Hungarian forces chose the battlefield, an open but uneven plain with some swampy marshes near Mohács leading down to the Danube. The Ottomans had been allowed to advance almost unopposed. While Louis waited in Buda, they had besieged several towns and crossed the Sava and Drava Rivers. Louis assembled around 25,000 to 28,000 soldiers (with Croatian and Polish contingents and ca. 800-1000 soldier of the Papal States) while the Ottoman army numbered around 50,000 to 65,000.[3][4][9] The Hungarian army was arrayed to take advantage of the terrain and hoped to engage the Ottoman army piecemeal.
   
   
   The battle of Mohács, on an Ottoman miniature
   [edit] The battle
   Hungary had an expensive but obsolete army, structured similarly to that of King Francis I at the battle of Pavia.
   
   Like the uncertainty over the number of actual combatants, there is debate over the length of the battle. Its starting time is generally placed between 1:00 PM and 2:00 PM, but the endpoint is difficult to ascertain. While some historians have placed the length of the battle at two to three hours, this seems unlikely given several important factors. The Ottoman army did not retreat from the field and enter camp after the battle; instead, they remained on the field all night without food, water, or shelter. Given that the Ottoman historians all note that it was raining, it seems likely that had the battle been short and ended early in the afternoon, by 5:00 PM at the latest, the Sultan would have ordered his army to camp or at least to return to their baggage. The few reliable sources indicate that Louis left the field at twilight and made his escape under cover of darkness; since the sun would not have set until 6:27 PM on August 29, 1526,[10] this would imply that the battle lasted significantly longer than two to three hours (perhaps as long as four or five).
   
   As the first of Suleiman's troops, the Rumelian army, advanced onto the battlefield, they were attacked and routed by Hungarian troops led by Pál Tomori. This attack by the Hungarian right was successful in causing considerable chaos among the Ottoman ranks, but even as the Hungarian attack pressed forward, the Ottomans rallied with the arrival of more Ottoman forces. While the Hungarian right advanced far enough at one time to place Suleiman in danger from Hungarian arrows that struck his cuirass, the superiority of the Ottoman numbers and the timely charge of the Janissaries, the elite troops of the Ottomans, probably overwhelmed the attackers, particularly on the Hungarian left. The Hungarians took serious casualties from the skillfully handled Turkish artillery. The Hungarians could not hold their positions, and those who did not flee were surrounded and killed or captured. The king left the battlefield sometime around twilight but was thrown from his horse in a river at Csele and died, weighed down by his heavy armor. Some 1,000 other Hungarian nobles and leaders were also killed. It is generally accepted that more than 14,000 Hungarian soldiers were killed in the initial battle.[1][2]
   
   In the aftermath, Suleiman gave orders to keep no prisoners. Next day he wrote in his diary: "The Sultan, seated on a golden throne, receives the homage of the viziers and the beys, massacre of 2,000 prisoners, the rain falls in torrents." Reportedly among those 2,000 were several notable Hungarian leaders.[11]
   
   
   [edit] Aftermath
   Main article: Ottoman Hungary
   The victory did not give the Ottomans the security they wanted. Though they entered the unguarded evacuated Buda and pillaged the castle and surroundings, they retreated soon afterwards. It was not until 1541 that the Ottomans finally captured and occupied Buda (see main article). However, to all intents and purposes, the Battle of Mohács meant the end of the independent Kingdom of Hungary as a unified territory. The Ottoman occupation was contested by the Habsburg Archduke of Austria, Ferdinand I, Louis's brother-in-law and successor by treaty with King Vladislaus II. Bohemia fell to Austria, who dominated the western third of Hungary and portions of today's Croatia (Royal Hungary), while the Ottomans held central Hungary and suzerainty over semi-independent Transylvania, and northern Hungary remained as part of the Habsburg Empire too. The subsequent near constant warfare required a sustained commitment of Ottoman forces, proving a drain on resources that the relatively poor kingdom of Hungary proved unable to repay. Christian armies besieged Buda several times during the 1500s, and Suleiman himself died of natural causes during the Battle of Szigetvár in 1566; there were also two unsuccessful Ottoman sieges of Eger, which did not fall until 1596. The Turks were unable to conquer the Northern and Western parts of Hungary wich belonged to the Habsburg monarchs.
   
   
   [edit] Legacy
   
   Battle Monument in MohácsMohács is seen by many Hungarians as the decisive downward turning point in the country's history, a national trauma persisting in the folk memory. For moments of bad luck, they have a saying: "more was lost at Mohács" (Több is veszett Mohácsnál). To this day, Hungarians view Mohács as marking the end of an independent and once powerful European nation. While Mohács was a decisive loss, it was its aftermath that truly put an end to independent Hungary. The ensuing two hundred years of near constant warfare between the two empires, Habsburg and Ottoman, would devastate the Hungarian countryside and decimate the population.
   
   The battlefield became an official national historical memorial site in 1976 on the 450th anniversary of the battle. The memorial was designed by architect György Vadász.[12]
   
   
   [edit] Notes
   ^ a b c d e Turner & Corvisier & Childs, A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, pp. 365–366 "In 1526, at the battle of Mohács, the Hungarian army was destroyed by the Turks. King Louis II died, along with 7 bishops, 28 barons and most of his army (4,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry)."
   ^ a b c d e Minahan, One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, p. 311 "A peasant uprising, crushed in 1514, was followed by defeat by the Ottoman Turks at the battle of Mohacs in 1526. King Louis II and more than 20,000 of his men perished in battle, which marked the end of Hungarian power in Central Europe."
   ^ a b Stavrianos, Balkans Since 1453, p. 26 "The latter group prevailed, and on August 29, 1526, the fateful battle of Mohacs was fought: 25,000 to 28,000 Hungarians and assorted allies on the one side, and on the other 45,000 Turkish regulars supported by 10,000 to 20,000 lightly armed irregulars."
   ^ a b Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000-1568, p. 13 "Hungary mustered some 25,000 men and 85 cannon (only 53 being used in actual battle), while for various reasons the troops from Transylvania and Croatia failed to arrive. The Ottomans are said to have numbered over twice as many — though this figure is exaggerated — and had up to 160 cannon."
   ^ The nobleman arrived late in the day and retreated to claim the throne,
   ^ Stephen, Turnbull (2003). The Ottoman Empire 1326 - 1699. New York: Osprey. pp. 49.
   ^ "Hungary - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Hungary%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2008-11-21.
   ^ http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html
   ^ Molnár, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 85 "We know fairly accurately that his army, though numerically superior, was not more than double the size of the Hungarian army: 50,000 men against 25,000."
   ^ Cornwall, C., Horiuchi, A., and Lehman, C. Sunrise/Sunset Calculator. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Accessed August 31, 2008, using the Gregorian date of the battle, September 8, 1526. Also entered were the coordinates 45° 56′ 29″ N, 18° 38′ 50″ E and a "time zone" of 1.243 hours before Greenwich, since at the time of the battle, time zones had not been invented.
   ^ PRE-20TH CENTURY GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER
   ^ Historical Memorial at Mohács
   
   [edit] References
   Stavrianos, L.S. Balkans Since 1453, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000.
   Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000-1568, Osprey Publishing, 1988.
   Stephen Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699, Osprey Publishing, 2003.
   Molnár, Miklós, A Concise History of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
   Minahan, James B. One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood Press, 2000.
   Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (1977) ISBN 0688080936
   History Foundation, Improvement of Balkan History Textbooks Project Reports (2001) ISBN 9757306916
   John Killson, "The Sublime Porte" (2002) ISBN 0075434536776
   
   [edit] External links
   The Fall of The Medieval Kingdom of Hungary: Mohacs 1526 - Buda 1541
   Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Battle of Mohács
   Military history of the Ottoman Empire portal
   Coordinates: 45°56′29″N 18°38′50″E / 45.94139°N 18.64722°E / 45.94139; 18.64722
   Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs"
   Categories: Conflicts in 1526 | Battles involving the Ottoman Empire | Battles involving Hungary | Battles involving Bohemia | Battles of the Hungarian-Ottoman Wars | Ottoman Hungary | Battles involving Serbia | Battles involving Croatia | 1526 in Europe | Massacres in Hungary | Battles involving Poland

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