Genealogie Wylie » Algirdas Grand Duke of (Algirdas, Grand Duke of) Lithuania [Wikibio] (1296-1377)

Persoonlijke gegevens Algirdas Grand Duke of (Algirdas, Grand Duke of) Lithuania [Wikibio] 

• Roepnaam Algirdas, Grand Duke of.
• Hij is geboren mei 1296 in Vilnius, Lithuania.

  Let op: Was ouder dan 65 jaar (74) toen kind (Jadwiga Princess of Lithuania) werd geboren (??-??-1370).

• Hij is overleden mei 1377 in Vilnius, Lithuania, hij was toen 81 jaar oud.
• Een kind van Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania en Olga Vsevolodna Princess of Smolensk
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 30 juli 2023.

Gezin van Algirdas Grand Duke of (Algirdas, Grand Duke of) Lithuania [Wikibio]

Hij is getrouwd met Uliana Alexandrovna of Tver.

Zij zijn getrouwd in het jaar 1350, hij was toen 53 jaar oud.

Kind(eren):

1. Władysław II Jagiełło Grand Duke of Lithuania King of Poland  > 1350-1434 
2. Jadwiga Princess of Lithuania  1370-????
3. Alexandra of Lithuania  ????-1434 

Notities over Algirdas Grand Duke of (Algirdas, Grand Duke of) Lithuania [Wikibio]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania

Content sections as live links and more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas

Background
Expansion of Lithuania
Religion and death
Issue
Assessment
Popular culture
See also
References

Content sections as live links and more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas

Algirdas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania)
For the Lithuanian masculine given name Algirdas, see Algirdas (name).
"Alherd" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Alherd, Iran.
Algirdas
Algirdas kunigaikštis.jpg
Fragment from medal by Juozas Kalinauskas
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Reign1345–1377
PredecessorJaunutis
SuccessorJogaila
Duke of Zaslawye
Reignc. 1320–1345
SuccessorJaunutis
Duke of Vitebsk
Reign1318–1377
PredecessorVasilko Briachislavich
SuccessorUliana Alexandrovna of Tver
Bornc. 1296
DiedLate May 1377
possibly Maišiagala
Spouse
Maria of Vitebsk
Uliana Alexandrovna of Tver
Issue
more...
Demetrius I Starshy
Andrei of Polotsk
Vladimir Olgerdovich
Jogaila
Skirgaila
Švitrigaila
DynastyGediminid
FatherGediminas
MotherVida
Algirdas (Belarusian: Альгерд, Alhierd, Ukrainian: Ольгерд, Ольґерд, Olherd, Olgerd, Polish: Olgierd; c. 1296 – May 1377) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1345 to 1377.[1] With the help of his brother Kęstutis (who defended the western border of the Duchy) he created an empire stretching from the present Baltic states to the Black Sea and to within 80 kilometres (50 miles) of Moscow.[2]

Background
Algirdas was one of the seven sons of Grand Duke Gediminas. Before his death in 1341, Gediminas divided his domain, leaving his youngest son Jaunutis in possession of the capital, Vilnius. With the aid of his brother, Kęstutis, Algirdas drove out the incompetent Jaunutis and declared himself Grand Duke in 1345. He devoted the next thirty-two years to the development and expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[3]

After becoming the ruler of Lithuania, Algirdas was titled the King of Lithuania (Latin: rex Letwinorum) in the Livonian Chronicles instead of the Ruthenian terms knyaz (English: prince, duke) or velikiy knyaz (grand prince).[4][5]

Two factors are thought to have contributed to this result: the political sagacity of Algirdas and the devotion of Kęstutis. The division of their dominions is illustrated by the fact that Algirdas appears almost exclusively in East Slavic sources, while Western chronicles primarily describe Kęstutis. Lithuania was surrounded by enemies. The Teutonic Order in the northwest and the Golden Horde in the southeast sought Lithuanian territory, while Poland to the west and Moscow principality to the east were generally hostile competitors.

Expansion of Lithuania
"The entire Rus' should belong to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania"

— Algirdas' messengers statement to the Teutonic Order[6]
Algirdas held his own, also acquiring influence and territory at the expense of Moscow principality and the Golden Horde and extending the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Black Sea. His principal efforts were directed toward securing the Slavic lands which were part of former Rus'. Although Algirdas engineered the election of his son Andrew as Prince of Pskov and a powerful minority of Novgorod Republic citizens supported him against Moscow principality, his rule in both commercial centres was (at best) precarious.[3]

Algirdas occupied the important principalities of Smolensk and Bryansk in western Moscow principality. Although his relationship with the grand dukes of Moscow principality was generally friendly (demonstrated by his marriages to two Orthodox Russian princesses), he besieged Moscow in 1368 and 1370 during the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372).[7] An important feat by Algirdas was his victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Blue Waters at the Southern Bug in 1362, which resulted in the breakup of the Kipchaks and compelled the khan to establish his headquarters in the Crimea.[3]

Religion and death
Stone carving of two seated men
Algirdas (left) on the Millennium of Russia monument in Veliky Novgorod

Dmitry Donskoy writes letters asking for help against Algirdas during the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)
According to modern historians, "For Gediminas and Algirdas, retention of paganism provided a useful diplomatic tool and weapon ... that allowed them to use promises of conversion as a means of preserving their power and independence".[8] Hermann von Wartberge and Jan Długosz described Algirdas as a pagan until his death in 1377. Contemporary Byzantine accounts support the Western sources; Patriarch Neilos described Algirdas as "fire-worshipping prince"[9] and another patriarch, Philotheos, excommunicated all Ruthenian noblemen who helped the "impious" Algirdas.[10] His pagan beliefs were also mentioned in 14th-century Byzantine historian Nicephorus Gregoras' accounts.[11]

After his death, Algirdas was burned on a ceremonial pyre with 18 horses and many of his possessions in a forest near Maišiagala,[12] probably in the Kukaveitis forest shrine located at 54°55′42″N 25°01′04″E.[13] His alleged burial site has undergone archaeological research since 2009.[14] Algirdas' descendants include the Trubetzkoy, Czartoryski and Sanguszko families.[citation needed]

Although Algirdas was said to have ordered the death of Anthony, John, and Eustathius of Vilnius,[citation needed] who were later glorified as martyrs of the Russian Orthodox Church, the 16th-century Bychowiec Chronicle and 17th-century Hustynska Chronicle maintain that he converted to Orthodox Christianity some time before his marriage to Maria of Vitebsk in 1318. Several Orthodox churches were built in Vilnius during his reign, but later assertions about his baptism are uncorroborated by contemporary sources. Despite contemporary accounts and modern studies,[15][16] however, some Russian historians (such as Batiushikov) claim that Algirdas was an Orthodox ruler. The Kiev Monastery of the Caves' commemorative book, underwritten by Algirdas' descendants, recorded his baptismal name as Demetrius during the 1460s. Following Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz and Macarius I, Volodymyr Antonovych writes that Algirdas took monastic vows several days before his death and was interred at the Cathedral of the Theotokos in Vilnius under the monastic name Alexius.

Issue
With Maria of Vitebsk:

Andrei of Polotsk (1325 – 12 August 1399), Duke of Polock (1342–1387), Pskov (1342–1348)
Demetrius I Starszy (1327 – 12 August 1399 in the Battle of the Vorskla River), Duke of Bryansk (1356–1379 and 1388–1399)
Constantine (died before 30 October 1390), Prince of Czartorysk. According to J. Tęgowski, he may be son of Koriat.[17]
Vladimir Olgerdovich (died after October 1398), Prince of Kiev (1362–1394), Kopyl, Sluck. Ancestor of Olelkovich and Belsky families.
Fiodor (Theodore; died in 1399), Prince of Rylsk (1370–1399), Ratnie (1387–1394), Bryansk (1393)
Fiedora, wife of Sviatoslav of Karachev
Agrypina (baptized Mary; died in 1393), wife of Boris of Suzdal
With Uliana of Tver:

Jogaila (c. 1351 – 1 June 1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1381, 1382–1392), King of Poland 1386–1434)
Skirgaila (baptized Ivan; c. 1354 – 11 January 1397 in Kiev), Duke of Trakai (1382–1395), Kiev (1395–1397), regent of Lithuania
Kaributas (baptized Dmitry) (after 1350 – after 1404), Prince of Novhorod-Siverskyi (1386–1392/93)
Lengvenis (baptised Simon; died after 19 June 1431), Prince of Mstislavl, regent of Novgorod Republic
Karigaila (baptized Cassimir; after 1350–1390), Prince of Mstislavl
Vygantas (baptized Alexander; after 1350 – 28 June 1392), Prince of Kernavė
Švitrigaila (baptized Boleslaw; c. 1370 – 10 February 1452 in Lutsk), Grand Duke of Lithuania (1430–1432), ruler of Volynia (1437–1452)
Kenna (baptized Joan; c. 1350 – 27 April 1368), wife of Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania
Helen (after 1350 – 15 September 1438), wife of Vladimir the Bold
Maria (born after 1350), wife of Vaidila and David of Gorodets
Wilheida (baptized Catherine; afterle - b.08, p.078 - Wedding of Olgerd and Ulyana.jpg
Wedding of Uliana and Algirdas from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania
Reign1350 – May 1377
Bornc. 1325
Died17 March 1391 (aged 65–66)
SpouseAlgirdas, Grand Prince of Lithuania
Issue
Jogaila
Skirgaila
Kaributas
Lengvenis
Karigaila
Vygantas
Švitrigaila
DynastyRurikid
FatherAlexander of Tver
MotherAnastasia of Halych
ReligionEastern Orthodoxy
Uliana Alexandrovna of Tver (Russian: Юлиания Александровна Тверская;[1] c. 1325[2] – 17 March 1391)[3] was a daughter of Prince Alexander of Tver and Anastasia of Halych (daughter of Yuri I of Galicia). She was the second wife of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania.[4]

Life
After her father and eldest brother were murdered by Öz Beg Khan in 1339, Uliana was placed in care of Simeon of Moscow, who married Uliana's elder sister Maria in 1347.[2]

In 1349, Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, sent an embassy to the Golden Horde, proposing to khan Jani Beg to form an alliance against Prince Simeon of Moscow; this proposal was not accepted and the envoys, including Algirdas' brother Karijotas, were imprisoned and held for ransom.[2] In 1350, Algirdas then concluded peace with Simeon and married Simeon's sister-in-law Uliana. Simeon first asked an opinion of Metropolitan Theognostus whether a Christian lady could be married off to a pagan ruler. The same year, Algirdas' brother Liubartas married Olga, daughter of Konstantin Vasilyevich of Rostov and niece of Simeon.[2]

According to research of Polish historian Jan Tęgowski, Uliana and Algirdas had eight sons and eight daughters (though other sources provide different data).[2] It seems that the children, unlike children from Algirdas' first marriage with Maria of Vitebsk, were brought up in pagan culture.[2] Uliana's son Jogaila (and not Algirdas' eldest son Andrei of Polotsk) inherited the throne and became Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377. Uliana, as dowager grand duchess, appeared in national politics and was involved in the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84)[5] as well as an unsuccessful attempt to wed Jogaila with Sophia, daughter of Dmitri Donskoi, and convert him to Eastern Orthodoxy.[6][7] The plans failed when Jogaila converted to Roman Catholicism, married Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned King of Poland (jure uxoris) in 1386.

Death and burial
There are conflicting claims about Uliana's last years and her burial place. One account claims that Uliana became a nun under the name Marina in the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Vitebsk and was buried there.[8] Another claim, based on a silver plaque discovered during an 1810 construction, has it that she was buried in the Cathedral of the Theotokos in Vilnius.[9] The Nikon Chronicle recorded that she was an nun at the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and was buried there.[10] The newest discovery was made during a restoration of the Transfiguration Church in Polotsk in March 2012. An inscription was found that recorded Yulianiya's death on the feast of Saint Alexius, which is March 17 in Eastern Orthodoxy.[3][11] On December 5, 2018, Yulianiya of Tver was canonized by the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.[12][13]

See also
Family of Algirdas – family of Uliana and Algirdas
References
"О канонизации святой благоверной великой княгини Иулиании Александровны Тверской и Литовской — МузееМания" (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-27.
Baronas, Darius (2013-04-07). "LDK istorija: Algirdo antroji žmona Julijona – savo valandos sulaukusi našlė" (in Lithuanian). Savaitraštis „15min“. ISSN 1822-5330. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
Калечиц, Инна Л. (2013-03-21). Исторические личности в граффити Полоцкой Спасо-Преображенской церкви (PDF). Музеефикация комплекса настенной живописи ХІІ-ХІХ вв. Спасо-Преображенского храма Евфросиньева монастыря в Полоцке (in Russian). Balarusian Republic Foundation for Fundamental Research. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Mažeika, Rasa (1987). "Was Grand Prince Algirdas a Greek Orthodox Christian?". Lituanus. 33 (4). ISSN 0024-5089. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
Koncius, Joseph B. (1964). Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania. Miami: Franklin Press. pp. 21–23. LCCN 66089704.
Gieysztor, Aleksander (1998). "The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1370–1506". The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.1415–c.1500. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 731. ISBN 0-521-38296-3.
Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). The History of Lithuania Before 1795. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 127–128. ISBN 9986-810-13-2.
"Свято-Духов женский монастырь" (in Russian). Vitebsk Diocese. Archived from the original on 2013-10-18. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
Narbutt, Teodor (2001). Lietuvių tautos istorija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 5. Mintis. p. 427. ISBN 9785417008269.
Platonov, Sergey, ed. (1897). VIII. Летописный сборник, именуемый Патриаршею или Никоновскою летописью. Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (in Russian). Vol. 11. p. 127.
"Расшифровка надписей в Спасо-Преображенском храме" (in Russian). Novopolock.ru. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Nikolsky, Evgeny (6 December 2018). О канонизации святой благоверной великой княгини Иулиании Александровны Тверской и Литовской (in Russian). Muzeemania. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
"О канонизации святой благоверной великой княгини Иулиании Александровны Тверской и Литовской — МузееМания" ( Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-27.
vte
Royal consorts of Lithuania
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Categories as live links found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas :
Russian princesses
Rurikids
Grand Duchesses of Lithuania
Russian nuns
1320s births
1391 deaths
14th-century Russian people
14th-century Russian women
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