Family Tree Welborn » Robert Roberto de Hauteville, Guiscard (± 1015-± 1085)
Données personnelles Robert Roberto de Hauteville, Guiscard
- Il est né environ 1015 dans Hauteville-la-Guichard, Manche, Normandy, France.
- Alternative: Il est né environ 1015 dans Capelle-les-Grands, Eure, Upper Normandy, France.
- Il est décédé environ 1085 dans Ionian Islands, Peloponnisos Dytiki Ellada ke Ionio, Greece.
- Il est enterré dans Trinity Abbey in Venosa, Italy.
- Un enfant de Tancred il GUISCARDO "Guiscard Weasel" de Hauteville et Fredesende de Hauteville (of Normandy) (LNU)
- Cette information a été mise à jour pour la dernière fois le 5 mars 2021.
Famille de Robert Roberto de Hauteville, Guiscard
(1) Il est marié avec Sikelgaita Sichelgaita Hauteville (of Salerno).
Ils se sont mariés
Enfant(s):
(2) Il est marié avec Alberada of Hauteville (de Buonobergo di Buonalbergo).
Ils se sont mariés.
Enfant(s):
Notes par Robert Roberto de Hauteville, Guiscard
===========paternal================
Robert "Guiscard" of Hauteville, duke of Apulia & Calabria is your 25th great grandfather.
You
‰ ᆒ Henry Marvin Welborn
your father ·Üí Henry Marvin Welborn, Sr.
his father ·Üí Francis "Fannie" Pernerviane Welborn
his mother ·Üí Primma M. Davis
her mother ·Üí Sarah Autra Pridgen
her mother ·Üí Major John Pitchlynn, Sr.
her father ·Üí Jemima Sally Pitchlynn
his mother ·Üí Marie Hickman
her mother ·Üí Janneke aka Jane Hornbeck
her mother ·Üí Sarah Kortright
her mother ·Üí Jannetje Aldertse Roosa
her mother ·Üí Capt. Aeldert Hymansz Roosa
her father ·Üí Heijmen Guijsbert Roosa
his father ·Üí Gijsbert Goertzen Roosa
his father ·Üí Jutta van Heukelom, gezegd van Rosendael
his mother ·Üí Otto Ottensz van Heukelom
her father ·Üí Otto van Heukelom
his father ·Üí Otto Ottensz van Heukelom
his father ·Üí Aleid d'Avesnes
his mother ·Üí Guido (Gwijde Gui) d'Avesnes, bishop of Utrecht
her father ·Üí Jean I d'Avesnes, count of Hainault
his father ·Üí Bouchard IV, seigneur d'Avesnes
his father ·Üí Adelheid 'Alix' de Guise, dame de Guise & de Lesquielles
his mother ·Üí Alix¬â¤ de Roucy
her mother ·Üí Hugues Cholet de Roucy, Comte de Roucy
her father ·Üí Sybille de Hauteville, de Apulia
his mother ·Üí Robert "Guiscard" of Hauteville, duke of Apulia & Calabria
her father
https://www.geni.com/people/Robert-of-Hauteville-duke-of-Apulia-Calabria/6000000000011361541
Robert of Hauteville, Guiscard is your 29th great grandfather.
You
‰ ᆒ Henry Marvin Welborn
your father ·Üí Emma Corine Welborn
his mother ·Üí Emma Elizabeth Free / Bombard
her mother ·Üí Isabelle Pridgen
her mother ·Üí Robert W Bynum
her father ·Üí Elizabeth Bynum
his mother ·Üí Lydia Mitchell
her mother ·Üí Jonathan Wheeler, I
her father ·Üí Martha Wheeler (Salisbury)
his mother ·Üí William Salisbury
her father ·Üí Susannah Salisbury
his mother ·Üí Thomas Cotton
her father ·Üí George Cotton, of Combemere
his father ·Üí Esq. Richard Cotton
his father ·Üí Sir George Cotton of Combermere, Wilkesley and Pulton
his father ·Üí Cecily de Cotton (de Mainwaring)
his mother ·Üí Jane Sutton
her mother ·Üí Sir Lord Lieutenant of Ireland John Sutton, VI, 1st Baron Dudley
her father ·Üí Constance Blount
his mother ·Üí Sancha Blount, Lady de Ayala
her mother ·Üí D¬â¢. Inâ©s Alfonsa Alfonso de Ayala, seâ±ora de Malpica
her mother ·Üí Fernâ°n Pâ©rez de Ayala, IX seâ±or de Ayala
her father ·Üí D. Pedro Lââ¥pez de Ayala, Seâ±or de Unza
his father ·Üí Sancho Lââ¥pez de Ayala, Seâ±or de Mena y Unza
his father ·Üí Pedro Lââ¥pez de Ayala
his father ·Üí D. Lope el Cabeza brava Dââ az, seâ±or de Vizcaya
his father ·Üí D. Marââ a Manrique de Lara
his mother ·Üí Ermesenda de Narbona, Vizcondesa de Narbona
her mother ·Üí Almerico II de Narbona, Vizconde de Narbona
her father ·Üí Mafalda de Pulla-Calââ bria, comtessa consort de Barcelona
his mother ·Üí Robert of Hauteville, Guiscard
her father
Robert of Hauteville, Guiscard is your 27th great grandfather.
You ‰ ᆒ Henry Marvin Welborn
your father ·Üí Henry Marvin Welborn, Sr.
his father ·Üí Calhoun H Welborn
his father ·Üí Younger Welborn
his father ·Üí William "Billy" Welborn
his father ·Üí Aaron Welborne
his father ·Üí James Welborn
his father ·Üí Ann B. Wellborn
his mother ·Üí Jane Ann Crabtree
her mother ·Üí Grace Halstead
her mother ·Üí John Courtenay of Molland, III
her father ·Üí Margaret Courtenay
his mother ·Üí Sir John Wyndham
her father ·Üí Florence Wadham
his mother ·Üí Joan Wadham
her mother ·Üí Lady Jane Tregarthen
her mother ·Üí Lady Elizabeth Trethurffe
her mother ·Üí Sir Hugh de Courtenay, of Boconnoc
her father ·Üí Matilda Maude de Courtenay
his mother ·Üí John Buchan de Beaumont, 2nd Baron Beaumont
her father ·Üí Henri de Beaumont, Earl of Buchan
his father ·Üí Louis de Brienne, Vicomte de Beaumont-au Maine
his father ·Üí Berenguela de Leââ¥n, emperatriz consorte de Constantinopla
his mother ·Üí Alfonso IX el Baboso, rey de Leââ¥n y Galicia
her father ·Üí Fernando II, rey de Leââ¥n
his father ·Üí Berenguela de Barcelona, reina consorte de Leââ¥n y Castilla
his mother ·Üí Ramon Berenguer III el Gran, comte de Barcelona
her father ·Üí Mafalda de Pulla-Calââ bria, comtessa consort de Barcelona
his mother ·Üí Robert of Hauteville, Guiscard
her father
Robert of Hauteville, Guiscard is your 29th great grandfather.
You‰ ‰ ‰ ᆒ‰ Henry Marvin Welborn‰
your father‰ ᆒ‰ Emma Corine Bombard‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Emma Elizabeth Bombard‰
her mother‰ ᆒ‰ Isabelle Bynum‰
her mother‰ ᆒRobert W Bynum‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ Elizabeth Bynum‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Lydia Mitchell‰
her mother‰ ᆒ‰ Jonathan Wheeler, I‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ Martha Wheeler (Salisbury)‰
his mother‰ ᆒWilliam Salisbury, Jr.‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ William Salisbury, of Denbigh & Swansea‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ John Salisbury, of Denbigh‰
his father‰ ᆒSir John Salusbury, III, "The Strong", MP‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Catrin o Ferain / Kathryn of Berain‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Jane de Velville‰
her mother‰ ᆒ‰ Sir Roland Velville, of Beaumaris‰
her fatherᆒ‰ Henry VII of England‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Catherine of Valois, Queen consort of England‰
his mother‰ ᆒElisabeth von Bayern, reine de France‰
her mother‰ ᆒ‰ Stephan III von Bayern‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ Elisabeth of Sicily‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Federigo II di Aragona, re di Sicilia‰
her father¬â ·ÜíPedro III el Grande, rey de Aragââ¥n¬â
his father¬â ·Üí¬â Violante de Hungrââ a, reina consorte de Aragââ¥n¬â
his mother¬â ·Üí¬â âÅRPâÅD(hâ°zi) II. Andrâ°s - Andrew II, King of Hungary¬â
her father·Üí¬â Inââ¢s - Agnâ®s - Anne de Châ¢tillon, Queen consort of Hungary¬â
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ princess Constance Chatillon, of Antioch‰
her mother¬â ·ÜíBohemond II d'Antiochia, Taranto ve Tâºrkiye Prens¬â
her father‰ ᆒ‰ Boemondo I, principe d'Antiochia‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Robert of Hauteville, Guiscard‰
his father
Robert de Hauteville, Guiscard is your 28th great grandfather.
You‰
‰ ‰ ᆒ‰ Henry Marvin Welborn‰
your father‰ ᆒ‰ Henry Marvin Welborn, Sr.‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Calhoun H Welborn‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Sarah Elizabeth Welborn‰
his mother‰ ᆒBenjamin Franklin Dykes‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ William Dykes, Sr.‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ George Dykes, Sr.‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Edward George Dykes‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Edward Dykes‰
his father‰ ᆒThomas Dykes‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Edward Dykes‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Thomas Dykes‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Leonard Dykes‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Isabelle Dykes‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Mary Pennington‰
her mother‰ ᆒMary Hudleston‰
her mother‰ ᆒ‰ Sir Henry Fenwick‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ Margaret de Percy‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland‰
her father‰ ᆒMary of Lancaster, Baroness Percy‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Henry of Lancaster‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Leicester and Lancaster‰
his father‰ ᆒEleanor of Provence, Queen Consort of England‰
his mother¬â ·Üí¬â Raymond Bâ©renger IV, comte de Provence¬â
her father¬â ·Üí¬â Alphonse II Bâ©renger, comte de Provence¬â
his father·Üí¬â Alfonso II el Casto, rey de Aragââ¥n¬â
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Ramon Berenguer IV the Saint, Count of Barcelona‰
his father‰ ᆒRamon Berenguer III el Gran, comte de Barcelona‰
his father¬â ·Üí¬â Mafalda de Pulla-Calââ bria, comtessa consort de Barcelona¬â
his mother‰ ᆒRobert de Hauteville, Guiscard‰
her father
https://www.geni.com/people/Robert-de-Hauteville-Guiscard/6000000000011361541
==============maternal==================
Roberto il Guiscardo, duca di Puglia is your 27th great grandfather.
You‰
‰ ‰ ᆒ‰ Geneva Allene Welborn‰
your mother‰ ᆒ‰ Henry Loyd Smith, Sr.‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ Edith Lucinda Smith‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ William M LEE, Will‰
her father‰ ᆒ‰ Britton Lee‰
his fatherᆒ‰ William Samuel Lee‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Lemuel Samuel Lee‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Edward Lee, I‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Mary Lee‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ William Bryan, I‰
her father‰ ᆒJohn Smith Bryan, of Nansemond‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ William Bryan‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Sir Francis Bryan, II, Justicar of Ireland‰ ????
his father‰ ᆒSir Francis Bryan I "The Vicar of Hell", Lord Chief Justice of Ireland‰ ????
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Lady Margaret Bryan‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Humphrey Bourchier, Sir‰
her father‰ ᆒJohn Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Stafford‰
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester‰
her father‰ ᆒEdward III of England‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Edward II of England‰
his father‰ ᆒ‰ Eleanor of Castile, Queen consort of England‰
his mother¬â ·ÜíFerdinand "the Saint", king of Castile and Leââ¥n¬â
her father¬â ·Üí¬â Alfonso IX el Baboso, rey de Leââ¥n y Galicia¬â
his father¬â ·Üí¬â Fernando II, rey de Leââ¥n¬â
his father¬â ·ÜíBerenguela de Barcelona, reina consorte de Leââ¥n y Castilla¬â
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Ramon Berenguer III el Gran, comte de Barcelona‰
her father¬â ·ÜíMafalda de Pulla-Calââ bria, comtessa consort de Barcelona¬â
his mother‰ ᆒ‰ Roberto il Guiscardo, duca di Puglia‰
her father
Robert "Guiscard" of Hauteville, duke of Apulia & Calabria
French: Robert "Guiscard" de Hauteville, duc d'Apulie & Calabre, Italian: Roberto "Guiscardo" d'Altavilla, duca di Puglia e Calabria
Gender:
Male
Birth:
circa 1015
Hauteville-la-Guichard, Manche, Normandy, France
Death:
July 17, 1085 (65-74)
Ionian Islands, Peloponnisos Dytiki Ellada ke Ionio, Greece
Place of Burial:
Trinity Abbey in Venosa, Italy
Immediate Family:
Son of Tancred Guiscard, seigneur de Hauteville and Fressenda de Hauteville
Husband of Princess Sikelgaita Hauteville
Ex-husband of Alberada of Hauteville
Father of Boemondo I, principe d'Antiochia; Emma de Hauteville; Sybille de Hauteville, de Apulia; Heria Hauteville, of Apulia; Maud of Apulia; Ruggero "Borsa" d'Altavilla, duca di Puglia; Olympias ·ÄòHelena·Äô de Hauteville; Guy of Hauteville, duke of Amalfi; Mabel Hauteville and Robert de Hauteville, Scalione
Brother of Humbert de Hauteville, Hubert; Tancred II de Hauteville; Mauger de Hauteville, Count of the Capitanate; Guillaume de Hauteville, "Sanicandro" count of the Principate; Fressenda count of Aversa and prince of Capua; Roger I "Bosso" of Hauteville, the great count of Sicily and Aubrey de Hauteville
Half brother of count Serlo of Hauteville, I; Drogo of Hauteville, count of Apulia; William of Hauteville, Iron-Arm; Beatrix de Mortain, d'Eu; Humphrey of Hauteville; and Geoffroy of Hauteville, count of Loritello
https://www.geni.com/people/Roberto-il-Guiscardo-duca-di-Puglia/6000000000011361541
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm#RobertGuiscarddied1085B
ROBERT "Guiscard/Weasel" de Hauteville, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his second wife Fressenda --- ([1020]-Phiscardo Bay, Cephalonia 17 Jul 1085, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinitââ , Venosa).¬â Malaterra names "Robertus dictus a nativitate Guiscardus·Ä¶" first among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[272].¬â Orderic Vitalis records ·Äú...filii...Tancredi de Alta-Villa: Drogo...atque Umfridus, Willermus et Hermannus, Rotbertus cognomento Wiscardus et Rogerius et sex fratres eorum·Äù among those who left Normandy and settled in Apulia[273].¬â Lupus Protospatarius names Robert as brother of "Umfreda", specifying that he succeeded the latter in 1056 as duke[274].¬â Amatus records that "a man from Normandy·Ä¶Robert·Ä¶later called Guiscard" arrived in southern Italy "in aid of his brother whom he asked to give him some land as a benefice, but his brother did not give him any aid or counsel", dated to [1047] from the context[275].¬â The same source states that, at first, he joined "Pandulf" [Pandulf IV Prince of Capua], who promised him his daughter in marriage[276].¬â Malaterra records that Robert was given the command of the garrison of Scribla near Cosenza by his half-brother Drogo Count of Apulia, dated to 1049[277].¬â This grant was presumably made after the death of Prince Pandulf IV, which is recorded in Feb 949.¬â Amatus records that Robert¬¥s brother gave him "[in] the very limits of Calabria·Ä¶a very secure mount whch was well supplied with timber·Ä¶[named] San Marco" {San Marco Argentano, between Malvito and Bisignano[278]} and "put him in possession of the whole of Calabria"[279].¬â Robert¬¥s bandit activities in the region earned him his nickname.¬â After the Normans' victory against Pope Leo IX at Civitate in 1053, they went on to capture further territory in Italy, with Robert taking Minervino, Otranto and Gallipoli, after which his half-brother ordered him back to Calabria fearful of his growing power.¬â The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus comes" entered "Callipolim", after "Humphredus" defeated "Grâ¶cis circa Oriam", and captured "Hydrontum et Castrum Minervâ¶" in 1055[280].¬â His half-brother Onfroi appointed him guardian of his infant son Abailardo, but he seized the latter's lands on Onfroi's death.¬â The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records the death in 1056 of "Humphredus" and the succession of "comes ApuliⶠRobertus qui dictus est Guiscardus"[281].¬â He was formally acclaimed as his half-brother's successor as Conte di Apulia at Melfi in Aug 1057.¬â Guillaume of Jumiâ®ges records that ·ÄúUmfridus·Äù left ·ÄúAbailardum filium suum·Äù to the protection of ·ÄúRoberto fratri suo...Wischardum cognominaverat·Äù together with ·Äúducatu Apuli⶷Äù[282].¬â Triggered by the famine of 1058, the population rebelled against their Norman oppressors, the revolt rapidly spreading throughout Calabria.¬â With help from his brother Roger, the rebellion was suppressed.¬â Sweeping aside earlier differences, the papacy under Nicholas II agreed an alliance with the Normans to suppress anti-Pope Benedict X.¬â The anti-pope was captured, unfrocked and imprisoned in the church of Sant'Agnese in Rome.¬â At the Council of Melfi in Aug 1059 Robert declared himself vassal of the Pope, initiating a long alliance between the two powers, which the Normans put to full advantage in consolidating their position of power in Italy and later in Sicily.¬â Pope Nicholas II declared him ROBERT Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, although the Normans had not then made any claim on Sicily nor set foot there, and encouraged him to complete the conquest of the remaining parts of Italy held by the Byzantines.¬â The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus comes Apuliâ¶" was made "Dux Apuliâ¶, Calabriⶠet Siciliâ¶" by "Papa Nicolao in civitate Melphis" to whom he swore homage for all his lands in 1059[283].¬â The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus" captured "civitas Tarenti" in May 1060 and that he later captured "Brundusium"[284].¬â Robert captured Reggio in 1060, and Brindisi in 1062.¬â The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Miriarcha cum expercitu Imperiali" defeated "Robertum et Malgerum" in Oct 1060 and recovered lands including "Hydrunte"[285].¬â While his brother Roger turned his attention to Sicily, Robert continued his campaigns in Apulia.¬â The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus Dux" captured "Acherontiam" and besieged "Melphim" in 1061, and in 1062 recaptured Brindisi (where he captured "Miriarcham") and Oria, and established "castrum in Mejana"[286].¬â Orderic Vitalis records that Robert de Grantmesnil, ex-abbot of Ouche, in seeking his restoration as abbot sought help from ·ÄúRodbertum Wiscardum Calabriⶠducem·Äù who invited him and his monks to install themselves permanently there and granted ·Äúecclesiam SanctⶠEufemiâ¶...super littus Adriatici maris·Äù to him, dated to [1061/63][287].¬â Having suppressed the rebellion of his nephew Abelard in 1068, he took advantage of the withdrawal of Byzantine troops to fight the Seljuks in Asia Minor, and laid siege to Bari.¬â The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus Dux" defeated "Grâ¶ci" at "campo Litii" and captured "Gavianum, Obbianum et Barim" in 1069 and "Brundusium" in 1071[288].¬â Bari surrendered 16 Apr 1071 after a three year siege, following the arrival of support from Robert's brother Roger from Sicily.¬â They moved on together to Sicily and captured Palermo in 1072.¬â The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus Dux" invaded Sicily with a large fleet in 1072 and that "Goffridus comes" besieged and captured Palermo[289].¬â Robert claimed suzerainty over the island, having been invested as Duke by the Pope several years earlier, but installed his brother Roger as Count of Sicily and left Sicily for the last time himself end 1072.¬â The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dux Robertus Guiscardus de gente Normannorum" expelled Duke Ioannes from Amalfi in Nov 1074[290].¬â In 1076, he laid siege to Salerno, the last Lombard state in southern Italy.¬â After its surrender on 13 Dec 1076, Robert installed his capital there.¬â On 19 Dec 1077, he attacked Benevento, which resulted in the Pope excommunicating him a second time 3 Mar 1078.¬â After the death of his ally Richard Prince of Capua, he was obliged to lift the siege.¬â Later in the year, several of his principal vassals rebelled against Robert.¬â The revolt spread rapidly to all his mainland Italian territories, but was suppressed the following year[291].¬â After years of rivalry with Pope Gregory VII, a meeting was arranged 29 Jun 1080 at which Robert swore fealty for the lands which he held from the Papacy.¬â Robert then turned his attention to Byzantium, in particular the Byzantine province of Illyria where his rebel nephew Abailardo had sought refuge, on the pretext of revenging his daughter who had been put in a convent after her betrothal to Konstantinos Dukas had been broken in 1078.¬â After capturing Durazzo in 1081, most of the Illyrian coast fell under his control.¬â Called upon to defend Pope Gregory VII against Emperor Heinrich IV and his anti-Pope Clement III, Robert was obliged to return to Italy.¬â In 1084, he attacked Rome, but was faced with a popular uprising against the excesses of his troops, and saved by his son Roger "Borsa".¬â Returning to Greece, he succeeded in recapturing Corfu which had been lost in his absence, but died of fever on his way to capture Cephalonia.¬â Malaterra records the death of Duke Robert "Guiscard" in Jul 1085[292].¬â
Betrothed ([1047/49]) to --- di Capua, daughter of PANDULF IV Prince of Capua & his wife Maria --- (-after [1047/49]).‰ Amatus records that "Pandulf attracted Robert [=Guiscard] to himဦand gave him aဦcastleဦpromisedဦhim his daughter as a wifeဦbut [later] Pandulf refused him", dated to [1047/49][293].‰
m firstly ([1051], divorced [1058] on grounds of consanguinity) ALBERADA, aunt of GERARD di Buonalbergo, daughter of --- ([1032]-after 1058).‰ Amatus records that "Gerard who was called Buonalbergo" came to Robert "Guiscard" who was visiting his brother in Apulia, proposed his marriage to "my aunt, my father´s sisterဦAlberada" (specifying that Robert´s brother Drogo at first opposed the marriage) and agreed to serve him in Calabria, dated to [1050/51] from the context, adding that Gerard was "believed to have been the first to call him Guiscard"[294].‰ Malaterra names "Alberadam" as the first wife of Robert "Guiscard", recording that they were separated on grounds of consanguinity[295], although the precise relationship between husband and wife is not known.‰ The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names the first wife of Robert as "Alveradam amitam suam [=Girardus de bono alipergo]", recording the couple's separation on grounds of consanguinity[296].‰
m secondly ([1058/59]) SICHELGAITA di Salerno, daughter of GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno & his wife Gemma of Capua ([1040/45]-Salerno 27 Jul 1090, bur Monte Cassino).¬â The Gestis Ducum Normannorum names "primogenitam filiam Gaumarii principis Salerni·Ä¶Sichelgaitam" as the wife of "Robertus Wiscardus Normannigena dux Apuliâ¶"[297].¬â The Annals of Romoald in 1060 record the marriage of "Sikelgaitum Guaimerii principis filia" and "Robbertus Guiscardus"[298].¬â Malaterra names "filiamque Gaimari Salernitani principis Sigelgaytam" as the second wife of Robert "Guiscard"[299].¬â The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names the second wife of Robert as "sororem Salernitani principis·Ä¶Sikelgaita"[300].¬â Her birth date is estimated from her having borne children immediately after her marriage.¬â Her husband became heir to the Principality of Salerno through this marriage, although her husband forestalled his inheritance by conquering Salerno in 1077.¬â The Alexeiad names Robert "Guiscard"'s wife Gaita when recording that "she went on campaign with her husband and when she donned armour she was indeed a formidable sight"[301].¬â She successfully laid siege to Trani, while her husband did the same at Taranto, as part of their campaign to suppress the rebellion of autumn 1078.¬â She also fought in the battle to capture Durazzo in 1081/82.¬â The Annals of Romoald record the death in Apr 1090 of "Sikelgaita ducissa mater Rogerii ducis"[302].¬â
Robert "Guiscard" & his first wife had [two children]:
1.¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â MARCO [Bohâ©mond] of Apulia (1052-Canosa di Puglia, Apulia 6/7 Mar 1111, bur Cathedral of Canosa di Puglia).¬â The Annals of Romoald name "Boamundum" as the son of Robert "Guiscard" & his first wife[303].¬â The Lignages d'Outremer name "Beymont" as son of "Robert Guichart qui conquest Puille", stating that he was "prince de Tarente" before he was granted Antioch[304].¬â William of Tyre records "Boamundus" as son of Robert Guiscard in 1097[305].¬â He inherited the large size and height of his father[306].¬â However, it is clear from subscription lists in charters that Bohemond was excluded from the succession in Apulia, at least from the time his half-brothers were of age.¬â For example, "·Ä¶Marchisus cognomina Boiemont·Ä¶" is listed sixth among the subscribers of the charter dated 19 Feb 1076 under which "Rotbertus dux" made concessions to the cathedral of Santa Maria at Melfi[307].¬â "·Ä¶Marcus qui Abbamonte dicor filius eius·Ä¶" subscribed the charter dated 19 Jun 1080 under which "Rubbertus dux" granted property to Montecassino, after his half-brother Roger[308].¬â His father gave him command of the campaign against Byzantine Illyria in 1081.¬â He captured Valona, was defeated in a naval battle by the Venetians allied with Byzantium, but then laid siege to Durazzo.¬â During his father's temporary absence attacking Rome, Bohâ©mond lost most of the conquered territory.¬â On the death of his father, he fought his half-brother Roger, whom his father had designated sole heir in Apulia.¬â Moving southwards from his castle at Taranto, he captured Oria and Otranto, and was able to force peace in return for the grant, not only of Oria and Otranto, but also of Gallipoli, Taranto and Brindisi together with the region between Conversano and Brindisi, with the title Prince of Taranto.¬â In 1090, he annexed Bari but was faced with rebellion by the Count of Conversano and the Lord of Montescaglioso.¬â As one of the leaders of the First Crusade, he acceptance to swear allegiance to Emperor Alexios I in Apr 1097, agreeing that the emperor should become overlord of any new principalities founded by the crusaders and that any land captured which had previously belonged to the empire should be handed back to Byzantium[309].¬â Albert of Aix records that "Boemundus" swore allegiance to the emperor and agreed not to conquer any territory within the empire without the emperor¬¥s consent[310].¬â He played a decisive role in the capture of Antioch 28 Jun 1098 after a siege lasting 8 months.¬â After the fall of Antioch, Bohâ©mond declared himself BOHEMOND I Prince of Antioch in defiance of his oath of allegiance to the emperor.¬â Faced with attacks from both the Turks and Byzantium, both of whose interests were threatened by the establishment of the new principality of Antioch on their borders, Bohâ©mond left his nephew Tancred as regent in Antioch and returned to Europe in 1104 to prepare a larger-scale campaign against Byzantium to overthrow Emperor Alexios I.¬â With English, French and Papal support, he marched on Byzantium but was defeated at Avlona near Durazzo on the Adriatic coast Oct 1107.¬â Emperor Alexios confirmed Bohâ©mond as Prince of Antioch, but obliged him to accept Byzantine suzerainty in the Treaty of Devol in 1108[311].¬â Bohâ©mond lived the remaining years of his life in Apulia.¬â
-‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ PRINCES of ANTIOCH.‰
2.¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â [EMMA ([1045/55]-).¬â She is named Emma in the Gesta Tancredi and by Tudebodus Imitatus, both of whom state that she was the sister of Robert "Guiscard"[312].¬â Orderic Vitalis also says that she was the sister of Robert "Guiscard" but does not name her[313].¬â William of Tyre records "Tancredus" as "ex sorore nepos" of Robert Guiscard[314].¬â Albert of Aix names her son "Tancredus filius sororis Boemundi"[315].¬â Guibert, on the other hand, refers to "Tancredum, Marchionis cujusdam ex Boemundi, nisi fallor, sorore filium, cujus frater cum Hugone Magno prâ¶cesserat cui Guillelmus erat vocabulum, et quemdam qui dicebatur de priima civitate Richardum nominatiores agnovimus, virum sane pulchra corporis habitudine spectandum: quem pro Constantia, Boemundi conjuge, ad Franciⶠregem vidimus legatione perfunctum"[316].¬â Tancred is described as Bohâ©mond's nephew "so nevolo de una sorella" in Itinerario di la Gran Militia a la Pavese[317].¬â Chronologically it is more probable that Emma was the daughter, rather than sister, of Robert "Guiscard".¬â If she had been his sister, she could not have been born much later than 1030, which appears inconsistent with the likely birth dates of her two sons in the early 1070s.¬â If she was his daughter, it is unlikely that she could have been born from Robert's second marriage as she would have been too young to have given birth in the late 1060s/early 1070s.¬â It is also possible that Emma was Robert's illegitimate daughter, although this seems improbable if her husband was as illustrious as appears from his title, and also inconsistent with her son marrying the daughter of the king of France. ¬â m ODO [Guglielmo] "le Bon", son of --- (-after 1085).¬â Marchese.¬â Orderic Vitalis records that Tancred was the son of "Odonis boni marchisi"[318].¬â William of Tyre, on the other hand, records Tancred as "Tancredus Willelmi marchionis filius"[319].¬â "Tancrede figliolo di Vuillermo Marchion" is also recorded in Itinerario di la Gran Militia a la Pavese[320].¬â He is simply called "Marchisum" in the Gesta Tancredi, which states that Tancred was "a patre quidem haud ignobilis filius"[321].¬â Tudebodus Imitatus refers to the father of Tancred as "qui Marchusus dictus est"[322].¬â His sons are consistently referred to as "Marchisi filius" in contemporary chronicles concerning the First Crusade.¬â These references suggest that he was alive at the time and, because he is referred to without a name, that he was such a well-known figure as to be recognisable only by his title.¬â The illustrious marriage of Tancred son of "the Marquis" to the daughter of Philippe I King of France in 1106 is also best explained if the bridegroom had good family connections on his father's as well as his mother's side of the family.¬â The names "Guglielmo" and "Odo" suggest a family relationship with the northern Italian family of the Marchesi di Monferrato, although it is not known what connections they may have had with southern Italy.¬â Pushing this speculation further, the name of the first wife of Guglielmo [III] Marchese di Ravenna, the father of Ranieri Marchese di Monferrato, is unknown.¬â Assuming that his connection with southern Italy could be proved, it is not impossible that Guglielmo married firstly Emma daughter of Robert "Guiscard" and was father by her of Tancred.¬â The highly speculative nature of these conjectures must be emphasised.¬â However, no other contemporary marchese Guglielmo or Odo has so far been identified in records relating to either northern or southern Italy.¬â Orderic Vitalis records that Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia summoned "Odon the Marquis", among others, to his deathbed in 1085[323], which also gives some indication of the relative importance of Odo/Guglielmo in contemporary southern Italy.]¬â
-‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ PRINCES of ANTIOCH.‰
Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife had eleven children:
3.¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â MATHILDE of Apulia ([1059]-after 6 Jun 1112, bur Girona).¬â The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium record that "Raimundus-Berengarii filius [Raimundi-Berengarii]" married "filiam·Ä¶Rotberti Guiscardi Ducis Apuliⶠet Messinâ¶"[324].¬â Mathilde was the oldest daughter of Robert "Guiscard" according to William of Apulia[325].¬â The Alexeiad records that Robert "Guiscard" betrothed "one daughter to Raymond, son of the Count Barcinon" but does not name her[326].¬â Her parentage is confirmed by the Vita Sancti Ollegarii which names her son ·ÄúRaymundum comitem Barchinonensem filium filiⶠRoberti Guisardi principis Apuli⶷Äù[327].¬â ¬â She was known as MAHALTA in Catalonia.¬â She was strongly supported by Guillem Ramââ¥n Seneschal of Catalonia and his brothers after the murder of her first husband.¬â Her second marriage is deduced from the testament of her son by her first marriage "Raimundus Berengarii·Ä¶Barchinonensis comes et marchio", dated [8 Jul] 1130, which appoints "Aimericum fratrem meum" as one of the testator's manumissores[328].¬â "Aimericus·Ä¶vicecomes Narbone·Ä¶et uxor mea Mealtis·Ä¶et filiorum eius" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Martial on leaving for the Holy Land, by charter dated [1100/01][329].¬â A charter dated 7 Feb 1102 names "domini Haymerici vicecomitis Narbonensis et uxoris eius·Ä¶Matta filiorumque eorum·Ä¶Aymericus, Giscardus et Bernardus"[330].¬â "Aymericus·Ä¶vicecomes Narbonensis·Ä¶cum uxore mea·Ä¶Mahalda et filiis nostris·Ä¶Aymericus, Guiscardus et Bernardus Raymundi" donated property to Saint-Pons de Thomiâ®res for "Berengarii filii nostri" on his becoming a monk at the monastery by charter dated 29 Apr 1103[331].¬â Ramon Berenguer and his mother Mahalta issued a charter dated 6 Jun 1112[332].¬â m firstly (1078) RAMâìN BERENGUER II "Cabeza le Estopa/Cap d'Estopes" Conde de Barcelona, "Cabeza le Estopa/Cap d'Estopes" son of RAMâìN BERENGUER I "el Viejo" Conde de Barcelona & his third wife Almodis de La Marche ([1055]-murdered Perxa de Astor, near Girona 6 Dec 1082).¬â m secondly (1085[333]) AIMERY [I] Vicomte de Narbonne, son of BERNARD Vicomte de Narbonne & his wife Fides [Foi] de Rouergue (-[1105/06]).
4.‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ROGER of Apulia ([1060/61]-22 Feb 1111, bur Salerno San Mateo).‰ The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium et Robbertum atque Guidonem" as the three sons of Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife[334].‰ He succeeded his father in 1085 as ROGER "Borsa/the Purse" Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily.‰
-‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ see below.‰
5.¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â MABEL of Apulia .¬â Orderic Vitalis records that ·ÄúRogerus...Crumena id est bursa [dux] Calabri⶷Äù arranged the marriage of ·ÄúMabiliam sororem suam·Äù to ·ÄúGuillelmo de Grentemaisnil·Äù, after reaching a settlement with his [half-brother] Marco Bohemond, dated to [1088/89][335].¬â In a later passage, Orderic names her "Mabiliam...Curta-Lupa" and specifies that her dowry consisted of fifteen castles[336].¬â Malaterra records that the wife of "Guillelmus de Grantemenil" was "sororem ducis, filiam·Ä¶Guiscardi, Mabiliam"[337].¬â "La contessa Mabilia, vedova del protosebasta Guglielmo di Grantmesnil ed il figlio Guglielmo" donated the church of San Pietro di Bragalla to Cava by charter dated Sep 1117[338].¬â m (Apulia [1088/1089]) GUILLAUME de Grantmesnil, son of HUGUES de Grantmesnil & his wife Adelise de Beaumont-sur-Oise (-before 1114).¬â
6.‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ [ERIA] of Apulia .‰ Orderic Vitalis records that လHugoဝ had married လfiliam Roberti Wiscardiဝ but had repudiated her, for which Pope Urban II had excommunicated him[339].‰ Her father's insistance that his principal vassals meet the cost of her wedding caused considerable resentment, triggering the revolt against Robert Guiscard in autumn 1078.‰ Amatus records the marriage of Duke Robert's (unnamed) daughter, endowed "with a very fine dowry", and the (unnamed) son of Marquis Azzo[340].‰ The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified.‰ m (1078, divorced) as his second wife, UGO d'Este [HUGUES [V] Comte du Maine], son of ALBERTO AZZO II d'Este & his second wife Gersende du Maine.‰
7.‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ROBERT of Apulia (-after May 1103).‰ The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium et Robbertum atque Guidonem" as the three sons of Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife[341].‰ "ဦRobertus ducis filiusဦ" was among the subscribers of the charter dated 19 Feb 1076 under which "Rotbertus dux" made concessions to the cathedral of Santa Maria at Melfi[342].‰ "ဦRobberti filius ducis Robbertiဦ" was among the subscribers of the charter dated Jun 1087 under which "Rogeriusဦdux ducis Robberti filius" donated property to the church of Bari[343].‰
8.¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â GUY of Apulia (-5 Jul 1108).¬â The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium et Robbertum atque Guidonem" as the three sons of Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife[344].¬â "Guidonis filii Roberti" subscribed the charter under which "Robertus dux Apulie, Calabrie et Sicilie" granted rights to "Trostainus de Mileto in Troia"[345].¬â According to the Alexeiad, Emperor Alexios I "secretly made overtures to Guy with offers of a marriage alliance·Ä¶and [he] accepted" during his father's campaign in Durazzo in [1083/84][346].¬â William of Tyre records "domini Boamundi frater Guido nomine" at Constantinople in [1098][347].¬â He was in the service of Emperor Alexios I[348].¬â According to Orderic Vitalis, he was among those present in Constantinople encouraged to go to the aid of his half-brother Bohâ©mond at the siege of Antioch[349].¬â Duca di Amalfi e Sorrento.¬â The Annals of Romoald record the death of "Guido frater Rogerii ducis" in 1108[350].¬â
9.‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ SIBYLLE of Apulia .‰ The Alexeiad records that Robert "Guiscard" married "the other [daughter] to Eubulus who was himself a count of great distinction" but does not name her[351].‰ The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Sybilla" as wife of "comitis Ebali de Roceio" but does not give her origin[352].‰ "Duo fratres Ebolus et Andreas et uxores nostre Sibilla et Adelisa et cognatus noster Hugo comes de Domno Martino uxorque eius Rothaidis" donated property to the church of Ramerupt Sainte-Marie by charter dated 1082[353].‰ m (before 1082) EBLES [II] Comte de Roucy, son of HILDUIN [IV] Comte de Montdidier et de Roucy, Seigneur de Ramerupt & his wife Adelaide de Roucy (-May 1103).‰
10.‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ [OLYMatthew ParisIAS] of Apulia (-after 1090).‰ The Annals of Romoald record the betrothal of an unnamed daughter of Robert "Guiscard" and "imperatorem Constantinopolem" in 1076[354].‰ The Alexeiad records that Emperor Mikhael Dukas "promised his own son Konstantinos in marriage to the daughter of this barbarian Robert", in a later passage stating that "the lady's name was Helena"[355].‰ Skylitzes records the betrothal of "RobertusဦfiliamဦHelenam" and "suo filio Constantino" (referring the son of Emperor Mikhael VII), dated to [1073/75][356].‰ Amatus also records this betrothal[357].‰ She is named Olympias by Houts who does not cite the primary source on which this is based[358].‰ She lived in Constantinople after her betrothal and was baptised into the Greek Orthodox church as HELENA.‰ Orderic Vitalis says that two of the daughters of Robert "Guiscard" were living in Constantinople, and that they remained there after the accession of Emperor of Alexios I (in 1081), performing light service at court before being sent back to Sicily[359].‰ After the betrothal was ended, she was placed in a convent.‰ She eventually returned to Italy after the death of her parents, and settled at her uncle's court at Palermo.‰ Betrothed (Aug 1074, contract broken 1078) to KONSTANTINOS Dukas co-Emperor, Porphyrogenetos son of Emperor MIKHAEL VII & his wife Maria of Georgia (-[1092/97]).‰
11.¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â ¬â CECILE of Apulia .¬â Chalandon records that Câ©cile is named in a charter at Bari[360].¬â
12.‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ GAITELGRIMA of Apulia (-after 1086).‰ Chalandon records that Gaitelgrima, married firstly to Drogo and secondly to Onfroi, is named in a charter of Cava dated 1086[361].‰ "Gaitelgrime comtesse de Sarno, veuve du comte Anfroi" is named in a charter dated 1081[362].‰ m firstly DROGO, son of ---.‰ m secondly ONFROI [Conte di Sarno], son of --- (-1081 or before).‰
Robert Guiscard‰ From Latin Viscardus and Old French Viscart, often rendered the Resourceful, the Cunning, the Wily, or the Fox န most closely related to the archaism wiseacre) (c. 1015 ဓ 1085) was a Norman adventurer conspicuous in the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily. He was‰ Count (1057-1059) and then Duke (1059-1085) of Apulia and Calabria‰ after his brother Humphrey's death
From 999 to 1042 the Normans in Italy were mainly mercenaries, serving at various times the Byzantines and a number of Lombard nobles. Then Sergius IV of Naples, by installing the leader Rainulf Drengot in the fortress of Aversa in 1029, gave them their first base, allowing them to begin an organized conquest of the land.
In 1035 there arrived William Iron-Arm and Drogo, the two eldest‰ sons of Tancred of Hauteville, a petty noble of the Cotentin in Normandy. The two joined in the revolt of the Lombards against Byzantine control of Apulia. By 1040 the Byzantines had lost most of that province. In 1042 Melfi was chosen as the Norman capital, and in September of that year the Normans elected as their count William Iron-Arm, who was succeeded in turn by his brothers Drogo, Comes Normannorum totius Apuliae e Calabriae ("the Count of all Normans in Apulia and Calabria"), and Humphrey, who arrived about 1044.
Robert Guiscard was the sixth son of Tancred of Hauteville‰ and eldest by his second wife Fressenda. According to the Byzantine historian Anna Comnena, he left Normandy with only five mounted riders and thirty followers on foot. Upon arriving in Langobardia in 1047, he became the chief of a roving robber-band. Anna Comnena also leaves a physical description of Guiscard:
·Äú This Robert was Norman by descent, of minor origin, in temper tyrannical, in mind most cunning, brave in action, very clever in attacking the wealth and substance of magnates, most obstinate in achievement, for he did not allow any obstacle to prevent his executing his desire. His stature was so lofty that he surpassed even the tallest, his complexion was ruddy, his hair flaxen, his shoulders were broad, his eyes all but emitted sparks of fire, and in frame he was well-built ... this man's cry it is said to have put thousands to flight. Thus equipped by fortune, physique and character, he was naturally indomitable, and subordinate to no one in the world. ·Äù
Lands were scarce in Apulia at the time and the roving Guiscard could not expect any grant from Drogo, then reigning, for Humphrey had just received his own county of Lavello. Guiscard soon joined Prince Pandulf IV of Capua in his ceaseless wars with Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno (1048). The next year, however, Guiscard left Pandulf, according to Amatus of Montecassino because Pandulf reneged on a promise of a castle and his daughter's hand. Guiscard returned to his brother Drogo and asked to be granted a fief. Drogo, who had just finished campaigning in Calabria, gave Guiscard command of the fortress of Scribla. Dissatisfied with this position, Guiscard moved to the castle of San Marco Argentano (after which he later named the first Norman castle in Sicily, at the site of ancient Aluntium). During his time in Calabria, Guiscard married his first wife, Alberada of Buonalbergo, the daughter of Lord Girard of Buonalbergo.
Guiscard soon rose to distinction. The Lombards turned against their erstwhile allies and Pope Leo IX determined to expel the Norman freebooters. His army was defeated, however, at the Battle of Civitate sul Fortore (1053) by the Normans, united under Humphrey. Humphrey commanded the centre against the pope's Swabian troops. Early in the battle Count Richard of Aversa, commanding the right van, put the Lombards to flight and chased them down, then returned to help rout the Swabians. Guiscard had come all the way from Calabria to command the left. His troops were held in reserve until, seeing Humphrey's forces ineffectually charging the pope's centre, he called up his father-in-law's reinforcements and joined the fray, distinguishing himself personally, even being dismounted and remounting again three separate times according to William of Apulia. Honored for his actions at Civitate, Guiscard succeeded Humphrey as count of Apulia in 1057, over his elder half-brother Geoffrey. In company with Roger, his youngest brother, Guiscard carried on the conquest of Apulia and Calabria, while Richard conquered the principality of Capua.
Chalandon, F. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. (Paris, 1907).
von Heinemann, L. Geschichte der Normannen in Unteritalien (Leipzig, 1894).
Loud, Graham A. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2000. ISBN 0-582-04529-0
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
Savvides, Alexios G.C. (2007). Byzantino-Normannica: The Norman Capture of Italy (to A.D. 1081) and the First Two Invasions in Byzantium (A.D. 1081-1085 and 1107-1108). Leuven, Belgium; Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 9789042919112.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guiscard
Marriage and issue
Married in 1051 to Alberada of Buonalbergo (1032 ·Äì aft. June 1122) and had two children:
* Bohemund
* Emma (b. 1052 or after), married to Odo the Good Marquis
Married in 1058 or 1059 to Sichelgaita and had 8 children:
* Matilda (also Mahalta, Maud, or Maude; 1059 ·Äì aft. 1085), married Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona
* Roger Borsa
* Mabile, married to William de Grantmesnil
* Eria, married to Hugh V of Maine
* Robert Scalio
* Guy, Duke of Amalfi
* Sibylla, (married to Ebles de Ramerupt, 4th Count of Roucy and had 8 children)
* Olympias (or Helen), betrothed to Konstantios Doukas, son of Michael VII in August 1074, contract broken off in 1078
Sources
* Chalandon, F. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. (Paris, 1907).
* von Heinemann, L. Geschichte der Normannen in Unteritalien (Leipzig, 1894).
* Loud, G. A. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2000. ISBN 0-582-04529-0
* Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
* Savvides, Alexios G.C. (2007). Byzantino-Normannica: The Norman Capture of Italy (to A.D. 1081) and the First Two Invasions in Byzantium (A.D. 1081-1085 and 1107-1108). Leuven, Belgium; Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 9789042919112.
* Medieval History Texts in Translation at Leeds University
* Coin with Guiscard's effigy.
* Foundation for Medieval Genealogy on Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia
Barre chronologique Robert Roberto de Hauteville, Guiscard
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La publication Family Tree Welborn a été préparée par Marvin Loyd Welborn.
Lors de la copie des données de cet arbre généalogique, veuillez inclure une référence à l'origine:
Marvin Loyd Welborn, "Family Tree Welborn", base de données, Généalogie Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/family-tree-welborn/I17913.php : consultée 10 juin 2024), "Robert Roberto de Hauteville, Guiscard (± 1015-± 1085)".
Marvin Loyd Welborn, "Family Tree Welborn", base de données, Généalogie Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/family-tree-welborn/I17913.php : consultée 10 juin 2024), "Robert Roberto de Hauteville, Guiscard (± 1015-± 1085)".