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At the dawn of history, the western islands of what is now Scotland were populated by a group of Aryan people known as the Celts. They were a nomadic race who had originated in Asia. Also known as Gaels, they had trekked slowly across India and Asia Minor and once were so numerous at one location that one area was called "Galatia". These people slowly but deliberately spread northward over Europe and finally reached the northern shores of what is now France. This hearty race soon established themselves in northwest Ireland.
In Ireland, these tough Celts were known as "Scots". Their language was a composite of basic utterances acquired over centuries of migrations through strange lands and was called "Gaelic" meaning "Stranger". The clothing was primitive and consisted of the hides of animals wrapped around the loins and draped over the shoulders. This mode of crude dress was "Celtic" or "kilted". By necessity, they were required to live together in small groups or families for distribution of work and procurement of food. Each group controlled a certain portion of land; thus the clan society originated. Another peculiarity was their music which was centered around a device composed of a sheepskin bag which emitted a background drone through hollow pipes while the musician played a tune through a mouth instrument; the entire apparatus was called a "bagpipe".
In the Sixth Century, three Celtic princes, also brothers, from Ireland, descendents of a celebrated leader Carbre— Riada, invaded the nearby islands to the northeast and portions of the adjacent mainland known then as Caledonia. Carving out empires for themselves, the princes formed the kingdom of Dairida, so— named in honor of their ancestor. These Dalriadic Scots intermingled with the preexisting peoples known as the Picts, a prehistoric tribe from across the North Sea. About this time, the Scots and Picts were converted from their primeval religions to Christianity by missionaries from Ireland.
One of the princes, Angus, claimed as part of his realm a wild rocky island a few miles off the coast. The island, 30 miles long and eight miles wide, was constricted at the center by a narrow isthmus, and had three mountains on the southwest portion. The highest peak was 2600 feet in elevation and these "Paps" were visible from the sea at great distances. On the island's northern straits was a gigantic open— sea whirlpool composed of boiling, treacherous waters. The eastern coastline was generally calm, but the wind— swept western shores featured raised beaches and numerous caves. Surely Angus must have longed for the green of Ireland as he stood on the foreboding quartzite terrain.
The island was known to the Dairiads as "Hinba"; however, years later the Norse would give it the name "Jura" from "dyr Oe" meaning "deer island", since the place was inhabited by hundreds of red deer. Another source states that Jura was named after the Danish brothers Dih and Rah who killed each other and were buried there.
In 608 A.D., the kingship of Dairlada fell to Eochaid or Eugene IV, a blond— haired Scot. Because of this physical feature, he also wore the name "Buidhe" from the Gaelic word meaning the color yellow. This nickname was also designated to persons of sallow complexion. Buidhe is pronounced in Gaelic "boo— ee" and was sometimes shortened, when written, to "Buie". Eochaid Buidhe led his Scots against the Saxons and successfully defended the kingdom until his death in 621. Although none of his descendents continued the name "Buidhe", Eochaid is the first person in history known and documented to have used it.
After a period of time, the Scots and Picts merged to form one nation known as Scotland. However, the western islands were soon threatened by the Norsemen who initally robbed and plundered the inhabitants. Later, these northerners settled on the islands, including Jura, and intermarried with the Scots. The Norse contributed to the people of the islands their striking blond hair, blue eyes and their seamanship abilities.
Out of this Norse— Celtic race came Somerled. His name was Norse, but his father's, Glue Brighde, was Gaelic. Somerled conquered much of the western lands and was an arch— foe of Malcolm IV, King of Scotland. The daughter of the Norse King of Man became Somerled's wife, and after his death in 1164, one son, Dugald, controlled Jura. However, another son, Reginald, was favored and Reginald's son Donald was the progenitor of the great Clan Donald. After visiting Norway, Donald was granted sovereignty over "the Isles". There followed many generations of wars which eventuated in the expulsion of Norse influence in Scotland in 1266, and in 1354 Clan Donald was granted vast lands on the mainland and the islands. Their leader was known as Lord of the Isles.
Socio— economic order in the Highlands of early Scotland revolved around the clan system. The mountainous geography divided the people naturally into small autonomous communities. These sequestered populations were headed by a chief whose role was law— giver, judge, and military leader. His subjects were granted land or assigned jobs in return for their loyalty and allegiance to the tribal chieftain Some of these followers could claim blood relationship to the chief; others were related by marriage, but many were not related and were allied to him for protection. Also, the people were expected to respond to the clan leader's call and follow him into battle against any adversary or enemy. The clans were sometimes connected to each other by alliances which on occasion were quite complex, and the poor serfs were sometimes required to fight for the feudal masters to fulfil the latter' political obligations. To help distinguish which clan each member belonged, the groups adopted a particular tartan composed of stripes of different hues which was worn in the kilted fashion of the ancient Celts. Every clan had their own pipe tunes, arrnorial bearings, slogans and war cries. Different branches or subdivisions of a clan, whether descended from a common ancestor or simply allied to the chief, were known as septs.
Traditionally, surnames were introduced into Scotland in the last half of the Eleventh Century by King Malcolm III. Many adopted the name of an ancestor and simply added the Gaelic "mac" which meant "son of". For example, the descendents of Donald used the surname "McDonald". The heirs of Donald's son Alasdair adopted the name "McAlister". The children of a man named Robert might be called "Robertson. Others took names which described their occupations. The son of the parson became "McPherson". The hereditary wolf hunters of a clan were known as "McHeanich", anglicized to "Shaw", meaning "son of the wolf". The local clerk's boy became "McChleirich" which was shortened to "Chleirich" and finally anglicized to "Clark". Many people adopted the name of their particular locality or an outstanding geographical feature. Thus, those who lived by a large hill or knob might have taken the name "Knox". Since their chief was the Earl of Crawford, some of the Lindseys used the surname "Crawford". The people living in the district of Gowrie became McGorrys or McRorys. And finally, there were some who used as surnair which described a physical characteristic or oddity. The children of a grizzled man were called "Mcllriah" from the Gaelic meaning "gray" later anglicized to "Darroch". The son of the black— haired lad was known as "Mcllledhuibh" or the short form of "Black" in English. The prefix "ille" or "gille" was used commonly and was synonymous with "junior".
On the mainland of Scotland from a very early time when surnames were first used, some persons in various locations and in different periods of time adopted the surname "Buidhe" because of their blond hair or fair features. Buidhe was the pure Gaelic form. In some areas of the Highlands, the name was anglicized to "Buie" and in the Lowlands close to the English border the name was "Bowie" to better accommodate the English phonetics. Other spellings included Bowey, Bouie, Boy, Buy, Bouwie, Buoy, Boie, Bouy, Boye, Bui, Bhuie. Occasionally, patronymic forms in various combinations appeared such as McGillibuidhe, Mcllbowie, or McGhillebule. Some anglicized versions of these patronyms were Mcllvuy, McEvoy, and McVeagh. The name was not only used for persons; also, localities utilizing the descriptive color of yellow incorporated also the Gaelic "buidhe". Hence, the yellow— tinged inlet lake on the Isle of Mull was named "Lochbuie". Similar place names dotted the map of Scotland including Ballochbuie, Killbuie, and Slachbuie. In recent times the McKinnons, struck by the golden yellow color of their sweet liqueur combination of whiskey and honey, dubbed their product "Drambuie", or golden drink, which is known worldwide.
History records some of the early individuals and groups who used the name "Buidhe". Occasionally the name or one of its forms was adopted; in most instances, the name was eventually discarded. Eochaid Buidhe of the Seventh Century has been mentioned. About 806 A.D. the Viking Bui the Big, thought to be a descendent of the god Odin, lived in the Hebrides. His name was probably derived, however, from another meaning in the Norse language. Some historians contend that the ancient clan Ogilvuy of the eastern Highlands originally wrote their name "O' Gillie Buidhe". The constable of Eilean— Donan in 1570, was Murdoch Buidhe, also considered the progenitor of the Matheson Clan. Some scholars contend that the McEachans descended from Eachuinn Bhuidhe. Neill Buie McNeill, originally of Colonsay, settled in Antrim in the late 1700's, but none of his children used the name Buie.
In Ireland, the name in Irish Gaelic was MacFhiodhbhuidhe which anglicized is McEvoy. The family of this name originated in West Meath and later became lords in the parish of Mountrath in Leix County, where the surname McEvoy is common today. In the counties of Donegal and Derry, there were several families named Mac a'bhuidhe which was shortened to McElwee or McGilloway. One member of this group was Conn Mac Giolla Bhuidhe, the Abbot of Mungret in 1100.
There was one locale on the mainland of Scotland where the name was perpetuated. In 1200 the cathedral at Stirling was erected, and one chapel in the edifice was named for a prominent family of the area and called "Bowyes iyle" or aisle. The parish register at Stirling mentions a John Bowye in 1553 and soon after. a James Bowie and William Buie are recorded. Many of the Stirlingshire residents immigrated to the American Colonies especially Maryland beginning in 1705, and the Bowies became one of the most respected families of that area. One of the most famous Americans who wore the name was James Bowie who died at the Alamo in 1836 in the War for Texas Independence.
The name "Bowie" most commonly appeared in the parish records of Lowland Scotland near the English border and thus in the southern counties of Stirling, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, and Midlothian, and represented an attempt to phonetically Spell in English the original Gaelic "Buidhe". Conversely, although occasionally found in the Lowlands, the surname "Buie" was almost exclusively encountered in the Highlands and, in particular, Argyll. "Bole" was more closely related to the Pure Gaelic language. In many instances, however, "Bowie" and "Buie were used interchangeably along with various other spellings.
the Fifteenth Century much of the Scottish western islands called the Inner Hebrides were controlled by the Clan Donald. The supreme ruler was the Lord of the Isles. So powerful was the clan that the King of Scotland could not exercise auhority in their lands. Among the Lord's subjects were the Gaelic— Nordic people living on the rugged island of Jura.
Chapter IIJura
The inhabitants of Jura during the lordship of the McDonalds lived by agriculture and fishing. The land they cultivated and on which their simple stone homes stood was granted to them by McDonald of Islay in return for their service as stewards of hunting or foresters. On a small island, Fraoch Eilean, located in the sound, the McDonalds had Clag Castle which was also used as a prison. Occasionally, Lord McDonald would boat over from Islay to hunt the red deer which flourished on the moors and the slopes of the Paps. This mutual relationship worked well for both parties and the people of Jura felt secure and contented.
Most of the persons of Jura at this time went by given names. The men's most popular names were Donald, Daniel, Gillour, and Ian; for the women, Catherine, Mary, Christine, and Margaret were the most preferred. Several persons claimed blood relationship to the McDonalds. Others were connected to the McDonalds by marriage or by manrent bonds and pacts. Thus, frequently, when a last name was needed many conveniently used "McDonald". When the common names became so numerous that there was trouble identifying a particular person, then the adoptions of nicknames became practical. On Jura the second name was usually of the descriptive class. For example, Ian, who might have been a forrester for the McDonalds, used the name Ian McDonald. Later, because of his blond hair and fair complexion and since there were so many lans in the neighborhood, he used Ian Buie McDonald or Ian Buie which after a time became John Buie. Historical data indicates that family name Buie originated about 1475— 1500 on Jura and was initially used more or less informally for a few generations.
It is not known if the Buies of Jura were actual blood descendents of the mighty Somerled. A progenitor of the Buie family has not been identified in the genealogy of the branches of Clan Donald. The name was not uncommon among the McDonald chiefs, however. Sorley Buidhe, brother of James McDonald of Dunnyveg, fought to retain the lands of his family Clan Ian Mor. The defense of these properties, some located in Antrim, cost Sorley his life in 1565. Old sallow Alexander McDonald, also known as Alasdair Buidhe, was the McDonald chief at Keppoch. Alexander ruthlessly murdered his own two nephews in 1663 to solidify his position as chief, but, alas, the deceased nephew's revengeful friends succeeded in beheading the old man after a fiery attack upon his castle. Allan Og, 14th Chief of Clan Ranald, brought home a Moorish servant from the Spanish wars, and local tradition in South Uist states that this secretary was the progenitor of the Bowie families in this sector. One scholar believes that the McDonald Bowies or Buies were descended from Hector Buidhe McDonald, the ancestor of the McEachen and McGeachey septs, and that the Buies were a branch of this family. About 1700 a certain Walter Bowie was sent to Holland as a minister to the Scots and was patronymically described as a "son of Mr. James Bowie, the third son of Mr. James McDonald of Slate, in the Isle of Skye". The name in Skye has now disappeared. Some of the older Buies on Colonsay contended that the Jura branch was more closely related to the McDonalds of Keppoch, but this assertion is not proven.
One family legend relates that after the massacre of the Glencoe McDonalds in 1692, a baby boy was found by a shepherd or deerherd, who hid him from the Campbell marauders, and crossed by row boat to Jura. The man reared the child who had flaming yellow hair and was known as "Gillie Buie". They lived in a cave and when the man was out tending the deer, a dog would protect the baby. The boy grew to manhood and his home was at Beinn an oir which means "Hill of Gold", hence his son was called "Mac Gille Buidhe na fhaidh o'sliabh Beinn an oir" or "son of the yellow haired lad of the deer from the side of the Hill of Gold".
Most evidence, however, supports that the Buies of Jura were descended from the native people of the island and not immigrants from elsewhere in Scotland. Other original families of Jura were Darrochs, Shaws, Blacks, Clarks, and McCraines who would share a common history with the Buies and intermarry with them for many generations.
The earliest Buies of Jura owned lands mainly at Largiebreac and also periodically at Sannaig, Knockbreac, Knockchrome, and Damhskir. The ancient Buies were buried at Kilearnadil. Their plots are covered by three recumbent stone slabs dating from the 12th Century that were probably transported from Kintyre. The slabs bear no inscriptions but are decorated with incised Celtic scroll designs around a central sword; also, one contains a motif of a pair of scissors and another a pair of shears. The Buies must have appropriated these slabs and used them for many years, even to the present time.
Since they were closely allied with the McDonalds, the Buies adopted the great clan's tartan. The badge was heather. According to Burke's General Armory, the coat of arms resembled closely that of Lord McDonald and bore the symbols of an attacking red lion, a held cross, a galley, and a fish. Some have thought the Buies used the coat of arms of McDonald of Keppoch, but the former seems more accurate. The motto was "Coelestia Sequor" or "O Follow Heavenly Things".
Soon, the Buie family of Jura was well established and stood ready to defend their lands and help their McDonald benefactors. They would get their chance, for historical events would soon throw the islands into an era of bloody chaos, pitting clan against clan and dissolving all semblance of peaceful existence.
The Lords of the Isles eventually fell into the disfavor of the Scottish monarchs mainly because of their quest for additional lands and their alarming growth in power. In 1493, the lordship was dissolved by the King and the branches of the McDonalds were declared independent. As another result, the McLeans acquired North Jura above Tarbert. The McDonalds, nevertheless, held on to the more populated South Jura which was administered by McDonald of Islay. Still, King James, IV aided by the Campbells of Argyll, united to exploit the waning McDonalds and attempted to control Jura from the mainland. The McDonald's power over their constituents lessened and the individual branches exerted themselves more independently in their various localities.
Although not initially affected by these events, the Buie families soon became involved when, in 1506, the Mclans were granted lands in Jura by King James IV. These properties included some held by the Buies. Even though both groups were branches of the McDonalds, their men met in combat near the sea at Sannaig. History does not record the victor, but after the battle the bodies of the slain were buried together where they fell near the burial mounds at Cladh Chlann Vic Ian. The feud between the Buies and Mclans continued for several years.
There were some attempts to re— establish the old Lordship. Donald Dubh, a legal heir, made an attempt in 1539 and 1543, but was defeated. The leadership of the McDonalds fell to James of Dunnyveg and the Glens who in 1545 received a Charter from Mar Queen of Scots granting him the lands in South Jura. About this time, an agent for King James VI described the island: "The half part thereof Pertains to the McLeans and the other half to the Clan Donald.. . part of this isle is excellent land and very fertile for crops; but it is for the most part wilderness and woods wherein there are many deer and other wild beasts...there is better hunting on this isle than any of the rest."
In 1585, outright war erupted in Jura between the McLeans and the McDonalds of Dunnyveg over disputed lands, which was followed by such savage clan warfare that one observer wrote ". . . these island men are. . .very proud, suspicious, avaricious, full of deceit and evil intention each against his neighbor... they are so cruel in taking of revenge that neither have they regard to person, age, time or cause• . . so far addicted to their own tyrannical opinions that, in all aspects, they excel in cruelty the most barbarous people that ever has been... ." In 1598, James McDona of Dunnyveg, under threat of impending attack by the McLeans commanded by Lachian McLean of Duart, lit a fiery cross on the hills of Islay which summoned the old McDonald allies to his aid. The Buies of Jura responded and boated over to Islay. One of the Buies was named Dubhsith, a diminutive man but an excellent archer. He was described as "a dwarf hatched by the Devil in Lagg in Jura." Dubhsith apparently had second thoughts about his true allegience and offered his services to Lachian McLean, but the Duart chief only laughed at Dubhsith's physical shortcoming. Infuriated, Dubhsith returned to the McDonald camp. That afternoon, at Gruainart Bay on Islay, Lachian McLean led his army toward the McDonald position. Lachian himself was at the front of his troops and loudly hurled personal insults at James McDonald. The revengeful Dubhsith took deadly aim with his bow. The arrow struck Lachian McLean's heart through a small opening in his armor and his lifeless body fell to the ground. Confusion swept the McLean's ranks and the McDonalds, aided by the Buies, attacked the enemy with their bagpipes screaming the war song "Spaidsearachd Mhic Dhomhnuill". The demoralized McLeans were annihilated.
During this time, a legend developed about the Buies of Jura. There lived in a cave on one of the Paps a forester of the McDonalds named Ian Buidhe na Faidh or "John Buie of the Deer". John protected a McPhee (McDuffie) child who lived with him in the cave. Also, at the nearby settlement of Largiebreac lived the Witch of Jura called Cailleach a' Bheinn Mhair. The Cailleach stole the McPhee youth from the cave. When McPhee attempted to escape the witch threw a ball of magic thread at him. The twine ensnared the boy and drew him back into the witch's lair. Finally, McPhee concealed a hatchet and made a dash for a boat at Knockbreac. From the Pap ot Beinn a' Chaolais the Cailleach hurled the ball of thread at McPhee, but he cut the twine as it wrapped around him and made good his escape to Kintyre. The loss of the boy angered the witch and in her madness she began killing the agents of McDonald of Islay as they crossed over by ferry. In desperation, someone approached a Buie of Largiebreac and promised him a nearby farm if he would kill her. The Buie's son stepped forward and presently he was locked in mortal combat with the Cailleach. With her supernatural powers, the witch brought the son to his knees and triumphantly exclaimed "Thou art in extremity, a' Mhic Mheadh Buidhe". Yet, the youth, gathering strength from his ancestors, returned "My grandmother, who is on the hither side of Alba, is here and will come to help me if I be." With these words, young Buie raised his dirk and plunged it into the Cailleach's evil heart killing her instantly. The farm at Largiebreac was handed over and the Buies lived there for many generations.
At last, in 1607, the McDonalds jurisdiction over the southern part of Jura came to an end when the Earl of Argyll was granted a charter. In the ensuing years there were various attempts by the McDonalds to regain control, but all ended in defeat. The Earl sent Campbells to Jura as his bailies who were later granted vast acreages. The old McDonald septs were required to abandon their long— held lands to the Campbells and recognize these strangers as their landlords. These times were most unhappy for the Buies.
One group of Buies did not submit to the new order. Several families, known only as "McDonald Buies", migrated to northeastern Scotland. Their struggles were described: "Portion of the obstinate Clan of Macdonald, refusing to surrender to the agents of the Crown, removed to Forchabers in Banff, and settled on the river Spey at a place called Slach Bowie" These Buies defended their new lands in the Spey Valley successfully, even though there was a bounty for them set by the government. Their main positions were the passes of the Burn of Aldargh and the Muckle Dramlech. At an early date, a complaint was registered against John Buie and others for raiding the lands of the sheriff of Moray. Evidently, they later became allied with the Grants in the area. Numerous listings of Buies appear in county and parish records of northern Moray and Banff particularly the towns of Elgin, Dallas, Keith, and Ruthven. In one of the earliest registers, James Buie married Isobel Russell on June 28, 1667, at Alves in Moray. A lykewake was held for Alexander Buie in Elgin in 1737.
In the 17th century, the Buies lived essentially as resident prisoners in their own land. They had no rights since the Campbell lords dictated everything. One promising developement was the re— establishment of religion on the Island which had previously lost strength during the terrible clan wars. There was a brief Franciscan effort from Ireland, but by 1640 the Catholic influence had vanished. Essentially, thereafter, Jura was solidly Presbyterian. From 1632 to 1641, John Darroch, Glasgow— educated but apparently a native, was minister on Jura. In 1653, it was written "some people.. .hath been married and received baptism." The church was located at Kilearnadil. Also, the ministers made efforts to conduct schools for the Jura children. Despite such noble advances, the McLeans of North Jura and the Campbells raided each others territories. In 1620, the McLeans reportedly used mad dogs to demolish the Campbell's cattle. No doubt the Buies, tired of destructive clan fueds, remained neutral during these altercations.
One of the best first— hand accounts of Jura and its people was recorded by Martin Martin in 1695: "...The isle is mountainous along the middle, where there are four hills of a considerable height...The paps of Jura. They are very conspicuous from all quarters of sea and land in those parts. . .The mold is brown and greyish on the coast and black in the hills which are covered with heath and some grass that proves good pasturage for their cattle, which are horses, cows, sheep, and goats. There's a variety of land and water— fowl here. The hills ordinarily have about three hundred deer grazing on them. . . This isle is perhaps the wholesomest plot of ground either in the isles or the continent of Scotland, as appears by the long life of the natives. . . There is no epidemical disease that prevails here. . .none of them are at any time observed to become mad.. .there was not one woman died of child— bearing there these 34 years past.. .The inhabitants for their diet make use of beef and mutton in the winter and spring as also of fish, butter, cheese, and milk. . . Salmons here are in goodness and taste far above those of any other river whatever. . . There is a church here called Killearn. The inhabitants are all Protestants and observe the festivals of Christmas, Easter, and Michaelmas.. .The natives are very well proportioned, being generally dark of complexion, and free from bodily imperfections. They speak the Irish language and wear the plaid, bonnet, etc. as other Islanders."
Several Jura Buies relocated in neighboring islands especially Islay and Colonsay. Most of the Islay families resided on the northern shoreline along the Sound in the Bowmore Parish. Mary Mac'Ilbowie was a tenant in Machrie on the western Coast in 1733. Several Buies are listed In the parish records of Kilchoman. The earliest Scottish census in 1841 enumerated Buie families in both Bowrnore and Kilchoman.
According to legend, the first Buie to own land in Colonsay was rewarded these properties when he saved McNeill of Colonsay from drowning. After McNeil]. visited a ladyfriend in Islay, he tried to swim his horse across the sound to Jura, but floundered and Buie of Jura came to his aid. Eachan Buidhe na Faidh, or Hector Buie of the deer, was the earliest known Buie from Jura to live on Colonsay. Numerous Buies are present in the parish records of Colonsay and in the 1841 census. Also the census mentioned several families on the nearby island of Oronsay.
Another wave of desolation struck Jura during the Revolution of 1688 when the Presbyterians suffered religious persecutions. Gilbert Clark, returning to Jura from Ireland after the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, remarked "but three smokes in a Jura could be seen". Clark's wife had been killed. He resettled in Jura and his grandson, Alexander Clark who married Flora McLean, migrated to North Carolina.
For reasons stated in the next chapter, emigration began in 1736, thus started a steady depopulation of Jura and its neighbor islands which has continued to the present day. It should be noted that the movement to America and, to a lesser extent, Canada, began a full nine years before the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion, therefore in the majority of cases the people left not because of political retribution or military defeat.
In 1745, Charles Edwart Stuart, also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, landed in Scotland in an effort to regain the British throne for the Stuarts. After gathering recruits from the Highland clans, Prince Charlie invaded England and almost succeeded, however, he eventually was forced to withdraw back to Scotland. On April 16, 1746. the English army under the Duke of Cumberland defeated the Scots at Culloden Moor. Prince Charles fled the country aided by a spirited young lady named Flora McDonali who disguised the prince as her maid. The result of the Jacobite defeat was the official disintegration of the clan system by the British government. All weapons were confiscated. Also, the wearing of the Highland garb was prohibited. The role of the chief changed from land— overseer to landlord and his lieutenants, the tacksmen, were required to now pay full rent. To the poor farmer rents were oppressively high. For the remainder of the Eighteenth Century, depression and fear swept Scotland.
Alexander McDannold was among the prisoners taken at Culloden and was deported to Virginia in 1747.
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