The temperature on March 30, 1857 was about 6.4 °C. There was 3 mm of rain. The air pressure was 1 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the south-southeast. The atmospheric humidity was 91%. Source: KNMI
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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
In The Netherlands , there was from July 1, 1856 to March 18, 1858 the cabinet Van der Brugghen, with Mr. J.L.L. van der Brugghen (protestant) as prime minister.
March 3 » Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.
March 23 » Elisha Otis's first elevator is installed at 488 Broadway New York City.
July 18 » Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French.
September 7 » Mountain Meadows massacre: Mormon settlers slaughter most members of peaceful, emigrant wagon train.
September 12 » The SSCentral America sinks about 160 miles east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, drowning a total of 426 passengers and crew, including Captain William Lewis Herndon. The ship was carrying 13–15 tons of gold from the California Gold Rush.
September 20 » The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ends with the recapture of Delhi by troops loyal to the East India Company.
Day of marriage November 13, 1895
The temperature on November 13, 1895 was about 7.7 °C. There was 1 mm of rain. The airpressure was 75 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 97%. Source: KNMI
January 12 » The National Trust is founded in the United Kingdom.
January 13 » First Italo-Ethiopian War: the war's opening battle, the Battle of Coatit, occurs; it is an Italian victory.
March 22 » Before the Société pour L'Encouragement à l'Industrie, brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière demonstrate movie film technology publicly for the first time.
April 24 » Joshua Slocum, the first person to sail single-handedly around the world, sets sail from Boston, Massachusetts aboard the sloop "Spray".
November 8 » While experimenting with electricity, Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray.
December 28 » The Lumière brothers perform for their first paying audience at the Grand Cafe in Boulevard des Capucines.
Day of death May 15, 1937
The temperature on May 15, 1937 was between 10.2 °C and 16.3 °C and averaged 12.5 °C. There was 12.5 mm of rain during 9.2 hours. There was 0.7 hours of sunshine (4%). The average windspeed was 2 Bft (weak wind) and was prevailing from the northeast. Source: KNMI
January 19 » Howard Hughes sets a new air record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes, 25 seconds.
January 23 » The trial of the anti-Soviet Trotskyist center sees seventeen mid-level Communists accused of sympathizing with Leon Trotsky and plotting to overthrow Joseph Stalin's regime.
February 16 » Wallace H. Carothers receives a United States patent for nylon.
April 9 » The Kamikaze arrives at Croydon Airport in London. It is the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.
May 21 » A Soviet station, North Pole-1, becomes the first scientific research settlement to operate on the drift ice of the Arctic Ocean.
December 9 » Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: Japanese troops under the command of Lt. Gen. Asaka Yasuhiko launch an assault on the Chinese city of Nanjing (Nanking).
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Murphy Torn, "Family tree Torn", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/torn-stamboom/P1402.php : accessed January 9, 2026), "Paulus Steenbakker (1857-1937)".
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