The temperature on April 24, 1868 was about 14.6 °C. The air pressure was 1 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the south-southeast. The airpressure was 75 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 67%. Source: KNMI
From June 1, 1866 till June 4, 1868 the Netherlands had a cabinet Van Zuijlen van Nijevelt - Heemskerk with the prime ministers Mr. J.P.J.A. graaf Van Zuijlen van Nijevelt (AR) and Mr. J. Heemskerk Azn. (conservatief).
From June 4, 1868 till January 4, 1871 the Netherlands had a cabinet Van Bosse - Fock with the prime ministers Mr. P.P. van Bosse (liberaal) and Mr. C. Fock (liberaal).
April 10 » At Arogee in Abyssinia, British and Indian forces defeat an army of Emperor Tewodros II. While 700 Ethiopians are killed and many more injured, only two British/Indian troops die.
April 11 » Former shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu surrenders Edo Castle to Imperial forces, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
May 30 » Decoration Day (the predecessor of the modern "Memorial Day") is observed in the United States for the first time after a proclamation by John A. Logan, head of the Grand Army of the Republic (a veterans group).
December 10 » The first traffic lights are installed, outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps.
December 11 » Paraguayan War: Brazilian troops defeat Paraguayan at the Battle of Avay.
December 25 » Pardons for ex-Confederates: United States President Andrew Johnson grants an unconditional pardon to all Confederate veterans.
Christening day June 12, 1870
The temperature on June 12, 1870 was about 12.3 °C. There was 0.1 mm of rain. The air pressure was 1 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the west-southwest. The airpressure was 77 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 83%. Source: KNMI
From June 4, 1868 till January 4, 1871 the Netherlands had a cabinet Van Bosse - Fock with the prime ministers Mr. P.P. van Bosse (liberaal) and Mr. C. Fock (liberaal).
February 23 » Reconstruction Era: Post-U.S. Civil War military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.
April 13 » The New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded.
July 1 » The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.
August 2 » Tower Subway, the world's first underground tube railway, opens in London, England, United Kingdom.
August 18 » Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Gravelotte is fought.
October 27 » Franco-Prussian War: Marshal Bazaine surrenders to Prussian forces at the conclusion of the Siege of Metz along with 140,000 French soldiers.
Day of death July 30, 1942
The temperature on July 30, 1942 was between 9.3 °C and 21.6 °C and averaged 15.2 °C. There was 13.0 hours of sunshine (83%). The average windspeed was 3 Bft (moderate breeze) and was prevailing from the north-northwest. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from July 27, 1941 to February 23, 1945 the cabinet Gerbrandy II, with Prof. dr. P.S. Gerbrandy (ARP) as prime minister.
February 24 » The Battle of Los Angeles: A false alarm led to an anti-aircraft barrage that lasted into the early hours of February 25.
April 8 » World War II: Siege of Leningrad: Soviet forces open a much-needed railway link to Leningrad.
May 22 » Mexico enters the Second World War on the side of the Allies.
August 19 » World War II: Operation Jubilee: The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division leads an amphibious assault by allied forces on Dieppe, France and fails, many Canadians are killed or captured. The operation was intended to develop and try new amphibious landing tactics for the coming full invasion in Normandy.
October 29 » The Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews.
December 22 » World War II: Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Wesley Brown, "The Brown Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/the-brown-tree/P2126.php : accessed January 22, 2026), "Esther SPIEGELHALTER (1868-1942)".
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