January 12 » The city of Belém, Brazil is founded on the Amazon River delta, by Portuguese captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco.
February 26 » Galileo Galilei is formally banned by the Roman Catholic Church from teaching or defending the view that the earth orbits the sun.
March 5 » Nicolaus Copernicus's book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is added to the Index of Forbidden Books 73 years after it was first published.
May 3 » Treaty of Loudun ends French civil war.
July 11 » Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.
October 25 » Dutch sea-captain Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at the later-named Dirk Hartog Island off the West Australian coast.
May 5 » King Charles I of England dissolves the Short Parliament.
August 28 » Second Bishop's War: King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn.
October 26 » The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Covenanter Scotland and King Charles.
December 1 » End of the Iberian Union: Portugal acclaims as King João IV of Portugal, ending 59 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain and the end of the rule of the Philippine Dynasty.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Keith Swartz, "Swartz/Rand Family Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/swartz-rand-family-tree/I88891506.php : accessed May 1, 2025), "George LEPPER (1616-1674)".
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