The temperature on November 1, 1818 was about 8.0 °C. Wind direction mainly west-northwest. Weather type: half bewolkt helder. Source: KNMI
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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
January 15 » A paper by David Brewster is read to the Royal Society, belatedly announcing his discovery of what we now call the biaxial class of doubly-refracting crystals. On the same day, Augustin-Jean Fresnel signs a "supplement" (submitted four days later) on reflection of polarized light.
March 16 » In the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada, Spanish forces defeated Chileans under José de San Martín.
April 4 » The United States Congress, affirming the Second Continental Congress, adopts the flag of the United States with 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 at that time).
April 19 » French physicist Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the Fresnel integrals.
April 20 » The case of Ashford v Thornton ends, with Abraham Thornton allowed to go free rather than face a retrial for murder, after his demand for trial by battle is upheld.
December 13 » Cyril VI of Constantinople resigns from his position as Ecumenical Patriarch.
Day of death February 13, 1909
The temperature on February 13, 1909 was between -7.3 °C and 1.6 °C and averaged -2.5 °C. There was 8.7 hours of sunshine (89%). The average windspeed was 3 Bft (moderate breeze) and was prevailing from the northeast. Source: KNMI
January 25 » Richard Strauss's opera Elektra receives its debut performance at the Dresden State Opera.
February 26 » Kinemacolor, the first successful color motion picture process, is first shown to the general public at the Palace Theatre in London.
April 6 » Robert Peary and Matthew Henson become the first people to reach the North Pole; Peary's claim has been disputed because of failings in his navigational ability.
May 31 » The National Negro Committee, forerunner to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), convenes for the first time.
September 20 » The South Africa Act 1909 creates the Union of South Africa from the British Colonies from four smaller colonies.
November 18 » Two United States warships are sent to Nicaragua after 500 revolutionaries (including two Americans) are executed by order of José Santos Zelaya.
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The Family tree Beumkes / Jonkers / Van Atten / Hogeweg publication was prepared by Marina Beumkes (contact is not possible).
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Marina Beumkes, "Family tree Beumkes / Jonkers / Van Atten / Hogeweg", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-van-atten/I2668.php : accessed February 14, 2026), "Leendert Verhagen (1818-1909)".
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