July 17 » Members of the French National Guard under the command of General Lafayette open fire on a crowd of radical Jacobins at the Champ de Mars, Paris, during the French Revolution, killing scores of people.
August 30 » HMSPandora sinks after having run aground on the outer Great Barrier Reef the previous day.
September 5 » Olympe de Gouges writes the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.
September 13 » King Louis XVI of France accepts the new constitution.
September 14 » The Papal States lose Avignon to Revolutionary France.
December 4 » The first edition of The Observer, the world's first Sunday newspaper, is published.
Day of marriage November 21, 1817
The temperature on November 21, 1817 was about 11.0 °C. Wind direction mainly west-southwest. Weather type: betrokken regen winderig. Source: KNMI
This page is only available in Dutch.
De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
January 19 » An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, crosses the Andes from Argentina to liberate Chile and then Peru.
January 24 » Crossing of the Andes: Many soldiers of Juan Gregorio de las Heras are captured during the Action of Picheuta.
February 8 » Las Heras crosses the Andes with an army to join San Martín and liberate Chile from Spain.
March 8 » The New York Stock Exchange is founded.
April 15 » Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc founded the American School for the Deaf, the first American school for deaf students, in Hartford, Connecticut.
October 30 » Simón Bolívar becomes President of the Third Republic of Venezuela.
Day of death January 2, 1875
The temperature on January 2, 1875 was about 1.6 °C. There was 4 mm of rain. The air pressure was 1 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the south-southwest. The airpressure was 76 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 89%. Source: KNMI
From August 27, 1874 till November 3, 1877 the Netherlands had a cabinet Heemskerk - Van Lijnden van Sandenburg with the prime ministers Mr. J. Heemskerk Azn. (conservatief) and Mr. C.Th. baron Van Lijnden van Sandenburg (AR).
February 25 » Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty China begins his reign, under Empress Dowager Cixi's regency.
March 15 » Archbishop of New York John McCloskey is named the first cardinal in the United States.
August 25 » Captain Matthew Webb becomes the first person to swim across the English Channel, traveling from Dover, England, to Calais, France, in 21 hours and 45 minutes.
October 16 » Brigham Young University is founded in Provo, Utah.
October 22 » First telegraphic connection in Argentina.
December 4 » Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison; he is later recaptured in Spain.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Marion Spek, "Family tree Spek", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-spek/R1.php : accessed February 3, 2026), "Adrianus Spek (1791-1875)".
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