Family tree Julius » Willem Henri Julius (1860-1925)

Personal data Willem Henri Julius 


Household of Willem Henri Julius

He is married to Betsy Mathilde Frederique Einthoven.

They got married on December 23, 1890 at Utrecht (Ut), he was 30 years old.


Child(ren):



Notes about Willem Henri Julius

Beroep: Fysicus, Hoogleraar wis- en natuurkunde aan de Rijks-Universiteit Utrecht

Julius, Willem Henri, fysicus (Zutphen 4-8-1860 - Utrecht 15-4-1925). Zoon van Willem Julius, directeur van de rijks-HBS te Gouda, en Maria Margaretha Dumont. Gehuwd op 23-12-1890 met Betsy Mathilde Frederique Einthoven.

Uit dit huwelijk werden 1 zoon en 2 dochters geboren. Willem Henri kreeg, na de HBS met driejarige cursus te Gouda te hebben doorlopen, privaatlessen om zich voor te bereiden voor het admissie-examen voor de universiteit. Hiervoor slaagde hij in 1875 en begon vervolgens zijn studie in de natuurkunde aan de universiteit van Utrecht.

In 1882 werd hij assistent van zijn leermeester C.H.D. Buys Ballot, in 1888 van zijn oom, de natuurkundige V.A. Julius. Op 10 februari 1888 promoveerde hij bij Buys Ballot op een proefschrift: Het warmtespectrum en de trillingsperioden der moleculen van eenige gassen. Nadat hij eind 1888 leraar aan de Burgeravond-school te Utrecht in natuur- en scheikunde was geworden, volgde in 1890 zijn benoeming tot buitengewoon hoogleraar in de natuurkunde aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Hij aanvaardde zijn ambt op 2 februari 1891 met een oratie De methoden van onderzoek in de natuurkunde.

In 1896 volgde zijn benoeming tot gewoon hoogleraar in natuurkunde, fysische aardrijkskunde en meteorologie aan de Utrechtse Universiteit. Zijn oratie (17 oktober 1896) handelde over de Kritiek in de natuurkunde. Een jaar later werd hem het lidmaatschap van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam toegekend.

Nadat hij in 1920 ernstig ziek was geworden, werd het directeurschap van het Utrechtse natuurkundelaboratorium overgenomen door L.S. Ornstein. Julius was een geboren experimentator, zoals reeds blijkt uit zijn proefschrift en uit zijn methode van trilvrije ophanging die hij in zijn laboratorium invoerde. In Utrecht stichtte hij voorts een observatorium voor de bestudering van de natuurkunde van de zon. Ook hier blijkt weer zijn experimenteel talent bij het ontwerpen en inrichten van het instrumentarium (radiomicrometer, bolometer, thermozuil). Het wetenschappelijk werk van Julius ligt geheel op het gebied van de zonneverschijnselen (staalbreking in de zonneatmosfeer, ongelijke verschuiving van de zonnelijnen, e.d.). Hij nam deel aan verschillende expedities voor het waarnemen van zonsverduisteringen (Sumatra, 1901; Burgos, 1905; Maastricht, 1912) en verbleef enige tijd op het Mount Wilson observatorium in Californie (1907). Zijn zonnetheorie ging uit van de gedachte dat het ons door de zon toegezonden licht een verstrooiing en breking heeft ondergaan in de buitenste lagen van de zon zelf.

Hij gaf een verklaring van het feit dat de roodverschuiving van het middelpunt van de zon naar de rand toeneemt (1909), een verschijnsel van groot belang in verband met de vraag of de door A. Einstein uit zijn relativiteitstheorie afgeleide roodverschuiving al of niet bestaat. In 1911 deed Julius een vergeefse poging Einstein als opvolger van de overleden C.H. Wind naar Utrecht te krijgen. De correspondentie hierover, alsmede brieven tussen Albert Einstein en Julius over zonnefysica, bevinden zich in het Utrechts Universiteitsmuseum.

Einstein noemde Julius " one of the most original exponents of solar physics " (The Astrophysical Journal 63 (1926) 196). Julius' (achterhaalde) theoretische opvattingen zijn samengevat in zijn Leerboek der zonnephysica, dat na zijn dood door zijn leerling en medewerker M. Minnaert in 1928 is uitgegeven.

Albert Einstein schreef de necrologie over Willem Henri Julius:

W.H. JULIUS, 1860-1925
BY A. EINSTEIN

With the passing away of W. H. Julius, one of the most original exponents of solar physics has left us. These few lines will be de-voted to the work of this old friend of mine. They are written with the hope that his views on taking refraction into account in explain-ing solar phenomena may not be temporarily forgotten by oversight.
Julius began with his studies in mathematics and physics at the University of Utrecht in 1879. He directed his interest to experi-mental physics, working chiefly on emission and absorption in gases, until the age of thirty-one. Then, in 1891, a work of A. Schmidt, ‘Die Strahlenbrechung auf der Sonne, ein geometrischer Beitrag zur Sonnenphysik’, turned his attention to the field of solar physics, to which he thereafter devoted his entire life.

Julius did not advocate Schmidt's conception that the sharp edge of the sun was a phenomenon caused by refraction due to a radial density-gradient
for he recognized that scattering and absorption in the outer strata of the sun would necessarily prevent the formation of rays as long as those required by the Schmidt theory. He became convinced, however, that deviations from rectilinear propagation of light explained solar phenomena which would be cult to comprehend if we ascribed to emission, absorption, and motion only, the distribution of light we see on the sun, and the velocity with which this distribution changes.

To do justice to the viewpoint of W. H. Julius, we must next ask what velocities are attained by matter in the outer strata of the sun. Observation gives no direct answer to this question. A priori, it is doubtful that motion of material is responsible for every shift of center of intensity of a spectral line, and for every motion of a singularity of intensity on the sun’s disk. According to Julius, the only phenomena that give a direct measure of velocities of matter at the surface of the sun are sun-spots. That they are vortices is shown by the Zeeman effect found by Hale. Since familiar theorems of hydro-dynamics show that the material of a vortex moves along with it,
we may take the relative velocity of the spots as a velocity of matter. The velocities thus obtained average 0.15 km/sec., and never exceed 0.4 km/sec.
Therefore Julius concluded, and in my opinion correctly, that we may not postulate essentially higher velocities in explaining solar phenomena.
Thus, for example, if the nuclei of granulations move with velocities of 3 to 4 km/sec. we may not think of the granulations as matter moving at such speeds. Julius viewed them as products of local variations of density of the solar atmosphere, accompanied by variable bending of rays from the photosphere. The velocities mentioned would thus be those of compressional waves, which actually are of that order of magnitude.
The distribution of intensity in sun-spots Julius likewise sought to trace back in an analogous way, at least in part, to refraction of light from the photosphere. To support such a view, he used among others an observation of Maunder, that far more spots, in the mean, appear on the eastern half of the sun's disk than on the western half.
Julius explained this paradoxical finding by the slant produced in a vortex by inequalities (relative to latitude and depth) in the rotation of the sun. The upper portion comes to precede the rest of the vortex, thus inclining its axis at various angles to the line of sight, refraction being most manifest when this angle is small.
Prominences and the chromosphere Julius also sought to ascribe to variations of density (gradients) occurring in the outer part of the solar atmosphere. The transient motion observed in prominences, with velocities of image as high as a few hundred kilometers per second, he ascribed to minor displacements of density-gradients. He thought of the light as originating in the chromosphere, and being influenced by strong refraction in the close vicinity of an absorption line.

Julius' conception of the origin of Fraunhofer lines seems to me to be of particular importance. The observed lines are much broader than mere absorption lines corrected for Doppler effect. The broadening is explained by molecular scattering, and (chiefly) by anomalous refraction in irregular strata of gas. Because of the high refractive power near the absorption line of a substance, anomalous refraction must limit emission just as molecular scattering does.
But in contrast with the latter, the former causes an asymmetrical broadening of the lines. Julius thus explained shifts which, ascribed to a Doppler effect, called for improbably large velocities varying from line to line. In the same way he explained why the shift toward the red had to be explained in this way, and, therefore, held the opinion that the shift required by the theory of relativity does not exist.

I am not competent to render judgment on the reach of Julius’ ideas, but I believe that they deserve careful consideration, particularly in the discussion of shifts in spectral lines. These few remarks will have served their purpose if they bring anew to the attention of the profession the work of this clear-sighted, artistically fine-spirited man.

NATUURKUNDIG LABORATORIUM DER RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT Leiden
December 14, 1925

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    Historical events

    • The temperature on August 4, 1860 was about 16.1 °C. There was 2 mm of rain. The air pressure was 0.5 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the west. The airpressure was 75 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 92%. Source: KNMI
    • Koning Willem III (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was from 1849 till 1890 sovereign of the Netherlands (also known as Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)
    • From March 18, 1858 till February 23, 1860 the Netherlands had a cabinet Rochussen - Van Bosse with the prime ministers J.J. Rochussen (conservatief-liberaal) and Mr. P.P. van Bosse (liberaal).
    • From February 23, 1860 till March 14, 1861 the Netherlands had a cabinet Van Hall - Van Heemstra with the prime ministers Mr. F.A. baron Van Hall (conservatief-liberaal) and Mr. S. baron Van Heemstra (liberaal).
    • In the year 1860: Source: Wikipedia
      • The Netherlands had about 3.3 million citizens.
      • March 24 » Sakuradamon Incident: Assassination of Japanese Chief Minister (Tairō) Ii Naosuke.
      • May 5 » Giuseppe Garibaldi sets sail from Genoa, leading the expedition of the Thousand to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and giving birth to the Kingdom of Italy.
      • May 27 » Giuseppe Garibaldi begins his attack on Palermo, Sicily, as part of the Italian unification.
      • June 30 » The 1860 Oxford evolution debate at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History takes place.
      • September 20 » The future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom begins the first visit to North America by a Prince of Wales.
      • October 17 » First The Open Championship (referred to in North America as the British Open).
    • The temperature on December 23, 1890 was about -7.8 °C. The airpressure was 76 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 100%. Source: KNMI
    • Koning Willem III (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was from 1849 till 1890 sovereign of the Netherlands (also known as Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)
    • Koningin Wilhelmina (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was from 1890 till 1948 sovereign of the Netherlands (also known as Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)
    • In The Netherlands , there was from April 21, 1888 to August 21, 1891 the cabinet Mackay, with Mr. A. baron Mackay (AR) as prime minister.
    • In the year 1890: Source: Wikipedia
      • The Netherlands had about 4.5 million citizens.
      • July 26 » In Buenos Aires, Argentina the Revolución del Parque takes place, forcing President Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman's resignation.
      • July 27 » Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later.
      • September 25 » The United States Congress establishes Sequoia National Park.
      • October 12 » Uddevalla Suffrage Association is formed.
      • November 23 » King William III of the Netherlands dies without a male heir and a special law is passed to allow his daughter Princess Wilhelmina to succeed him.
      • December 22 » Cornwallis Valley Railway begins operation between Kentville and Kingsport, Nova Scotia.
    • The temperature on April 15, 1925 was between 4.6 °C and 11.8 °C and averaged 8.7 °C. There was 5.6 mm of rain. The average windspeed was 5 Bft (very strong wind) and was prevailing from the southwest. Source: KNMI
    • Koningin Wilhelmina (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was from 1890 till 1948 sovereign of the Netherlands (also known as Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)
    • In The Netherlands , there was from September 19, 1922 to August 4, 1925 the cabinet Ruys de Beerenbrouck II, with Jonkheer mr. Ch.J.M. Ruys de Beerenbrouck (RKSP) as prime minister.
    • In The Netherlands , there was from August 4, 1925 to March 8, 1926 the cabinet Colijn I, with Dr. H. Colijn (ARP) as prime minister.
    • In the year 1925: Source: Wikipedia
      • The Netherlands had about 7.3 million citizens.
      • January 3 » Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
      • February 2 » Serum run to Nome: Dog sleds reach Nome, Alaska with diphtheria serum, inspiring the Iditarod race.
      • April 18 » The International Amateur Radio Union is formed in Paris.
      • May 30 » May Thirtieth Movement: Shanghai Municipal Police Force shoot and kill 13 protesting workers.
      • July 18 » Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.
      • September 8 » Rif War: Spanish forces including troops from the Foreign Legion under Colonel Francisco Franco landing at Al Hoceima, Morocco.
    • The temperature on April 18, 1925 was between 3.4 °C and 12.9 °C and averaged 8.5 °C. There was 0.9 hours of sunshine (6%). The average windspeed was 3 Bft (moderate breeze) and was prevailing from the southwest. Source: KNMI
    • Koningin Wilhelmina (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was from 1890 till 1948 sovereign of the Netherlands (also known as Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)
    • In The Netherlands , there was from September 19, 1922 to August 4, 1925 the cabinet Ruys de Beerenbrouck II, with Jonkheer mr. Ch.J.M. Ruys de Beerenbrouck (RKSP) as prime minister.
    • In The Netherlands , there was from August 4, 1925 to March 8, 1926 the cabinet Colijn I, with Dr. H. Colijn (ARP) as prime minister.
    • In the year 1925: Source: Wikipedia
      • The Netherlands had about 7.3 million citizens.
      • February 21 » The New Yorker publishes its first issue.
      • March 21 » Syngman Rhee is removed from office after being impeached as the President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.
      • April 4 » The Schutzstaffel (SS) is founded under Adolf Hitler's Nazi party in Germany.
      • April 10 » The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is first published in New York City, by Charles Scribner's Sons.
      • May 5 » Scopes Trial: Serving of an arrest warrant on John T. Scopes for teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act.
      • August 9 » A train robbery takes place in Kakori, near Lucknow, India.
    

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