The temperature on December 30, 1831 was about 0.0 °C. Wind direction mainly east-northeast. Weather type: omtrent betrokken. Source: KNMI
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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
March 29 » Great Bosnian uprising: Bosniaks rebel against Turkey.
April 7 » Emperor Pedro I of Brazil resigns. He goes to his native Portugal to become King Pedro IV.
August 21 » Nat Turner leads black slaves and free blacks in a rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, which will claim the lives of 55 to 65 whites and about twice that number of blacks.
September 1 » The high honor of Order of St. Gregory the Great is established by Pope Gregory XVI of the Vatican State to recognize high support for the Vatican or for the Pope, by a man or a woman, and not necessarily a Roman Catholic.
December 25 » The Great Jamaican Slave Revolt begins; up to 20% of Jamaica's slaves mobilize in an ultimately unsuccessful fight for freedom.
December 31 » Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.
Day of marriage April 28, 1865
The temperature on April 28, 1865 was about 15.4 °C. The air pressure was 2.5 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the north-northeast. The airpressure was 76 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 58%. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from February 1, 1862 to February 10, 1866 the cabinet Thorbecke II, with Mr. J.R. Thorbecke (liberaal) as prime minister.
January 2 » Uruguayan War: The Siege of Paysandú ends as the Brazilians and Coloradans capture Paysandú, Uruguay.
April 13 » American Civil War: Raleigh, North Carolina is occupied by Union Forces.
May 5 » American Civil War: The Confederate District of the Gulf surrenders about 4,000 men at Citronelle, Alabama.
May 17 » The International Telegraph Union (later the International Telecommunication Union) is established in Paris.
June 23 » American Civil War: At Fort Towson in the Oklahoma Territory, Confederate Brigadier General Stand Watie surrenders the last significant Confederate army.
August 12 » Joseph Lister, British surgeon and scientist, performs 1st antiseptic surgery.
Day of death June 7, 1881
The temperature on June 7, 1881 was about 11.3 °C. There was 5 mm of rain. The airpressure was 75 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 82%. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from August 20, 1879 to April 23, 1883 the cabinet Van Lijnden van Sandenburg, with Mr. C.Th. baron Van Lijnden van Sandenburg (conservatief-AR) as prime minister.
January 25 » Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company.
March 1 » The first Minnesota State Capitol burns down.
April 11 » Spelman College is founded in Atlanta, Georgia as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, an institute of higher education for African-American women.
June 28 » The Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881 is secretly signed.
July 23 » The Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires.
October 13 » First known conversation in modern Hebrew by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and friends.
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