January 6 » Arauco War: The first Parliament of Quillín is celebrated, putting a temporary hold on hostilities between Mapuches and Spanish in Chile.
March 11 » Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina.
August 10 » The Treaty of London between England and Scotland, ending the Bishops' Wars, is signed.
September 23 » The Merchant Royal, carrying a treasure of over 100,000 pounds of gold (worth over £1 billion today), is lost at sea off Land's End.
October 24 » Felim O'Neill of Kinard, the leader of the Irish Rebellion, issues his Proclamation of Dungannon, justifying the uprising and declaring continued loyalty to King Charles I of England.
March 6 » The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal.
June 3 » James Stuart, Duke of York (later to become King James II of England), defeats the Dutch fleet off the coast of Lowestoft.
June 17 » Battle of Montes Claros: Portugal definitively secured independence from Spain in the last battle of the Portuguese Restoration War.
October 5 » The University of Kiel is founded.
October 29 » Portuguese forces defeat the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitate King António I of Kongo, also known as Nvita a Nkanga.
December 10 » The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter
May 24 » The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, opens as the world's first university museum.
July 16 » Manchu Qing dynasty naval forces under traitorous commander Shi Lang defeat the Kingdom of Tungning in the Battle of Penghu near the Pescadores Islands.
September 11 » Battle of Vienna: Coalition forces, including the famous winged Hussars, led by Polish King John III Sobieski lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces.
September 17 » Antonie van Leeuwenhoek writes a letter to the Royal Society describing "animalcules".
October 6 » Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America.
November 1 » The British Crown colony of New York is subdivided into 12 counties.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Begin, "Family tree Begin", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-begin/I6215.php : accessed January 6, 2026), "Pierre le LONG (1641-1683)".
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