May 25 » Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.
May 27 » Manchu regent Dorgon defeats rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
June 5 » The Qing dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor take Beijing during the collapse of the Ming dynasty.
June 29 » Charles I of England defeats a Parliamentarian detachment at the Battle of Cropredy Bridge.
July 2 » English Civil War: Battle of Marston Moor.
November 23 » John Milton publishes Areopagitica, a pamphlet decrying censorship.
March 4 » English King Charles II declares war on the Netherlands marking the start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
March 6 » The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal.
April 8 » English colonial patents are granted for the establishment of the Monmouth Tract, for what would eventually become Monmouth County in northeastern New Jersey.
June 3 » James Stuart, Duke of York (later to become King James II of England), defeats the Dutch fleet off the coast of Lowestoft.
June 12 » Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.
December 10 » The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter
January 22 » The Convention Parliament convenes to determine whether James II and VII, the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Ireland and Scotland, had vacated the thrones of England and Ireland when he fled to France in 1688.
March 12 » James II of England landed at Kinsale, starting the Williamite War in Ireland.
April 18 » Bostonians rise up in rebellion against Sir Edmund Andros.
April 20 » Deposed monarch James II of England lays siege to Derry.
August 21 » The Battle of Dunkeld in Scotland.
October 26 » General Piccolomini of Austria burns down Skopje to prevent the spread of cholera; he died of the disease himself soon after.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Richard van Beekum, "Family tree van Beekum", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-beekum/I19084.php : accessed January 18, 2026), "Erdmuthe Sofie van Saksen Lauenburg (1644-1689)".
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