March 18 » The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins in the Colony of Virginia.
May 25 » Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.
May 26 » Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese and Spanish forces both claim victory in the Battle of Montijo.
May 27 » Manchu regent Dorgon defeats rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
June 5 » The Qing dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor take Beijing during the collapse of the Ming dynasty.
September 1 » Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause.
March 6 » The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal.
June 3 » James Stuart, Duke of York (later to become King James II of England), defeats the Dutch fleet off the coast of Lowestoft.
June 12 » Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.
June 17 » Battle of Montes Claros: Portugal definitively secured independence from Spain in the last battle of the Portuguese Restoration War.
October 5 » The University of Kiel is founded.
November 7 » The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, is first published.
February 12 » The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.
February 13 » William and Mary are proclaimed co-rulers of England.
April 11 » William III and Mary II are crowned as joint sovereigns of Great Britain.
July 27 » Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites.
October 26 » General Piccolomini of Austria burns down Skopje to prevent the spread of cholera; he died of the disease himself soon after.
December 16 » Convention Parliament: The Declaration of Right is embodied in the Bill of Rights.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Richard van Beekum, "Family tree van Beekum", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-beekum/I19084.php : accessed January 20, 2026), "Erdmuthe Sofie van Saksen Lauenburg (1644-1689)".
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