The temperature on March 31, 1837 was about 1.0 °C. Wind direction mainly northeast. Weather type: helder. Source: KNMI
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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
January 26 » Michigan is admitted as the 26th U.S. state.
March 4 » The city of Chicago is incorporated.
May 10 » Panic of 1837: New York City banks suspend the payment of specie, triggering a national banking crisis and an economic depression whose severity was not surpassed until the Great Depression.
June 20 » Queen Victoria succeeds to the British throne.
September 18 » Tiffany & Co. (first named Tiffany & Young) is founded by Charles Lewis Tiffany and Teddy Young in New York City. The store is called a "stationery and fancy goods emporium".
November 8 » Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which later becomes Mount Holyoke College.
Day of marriage October 29, 1865
The temperature on October 29, 1865 was about 2.4 °C. There was 1 mm of rain. The air pressure was 1.5 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the south-southwest. The airpressure was 76 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 85%. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from February 1, 1862 to February 10, 1866 the cabinet Thorbecke II, with Mr. J.R. Thorbecke (liberaal) as prime minister.
April 1 » American Civil War: Union troops led by Philip Sheridan decisively defeat Confederate troops led by George Pickett, cutting the Army of Northern Virginia's last supply line.
April 9 » American Civil War: Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the war.
April 15 » President Abraham Lincoln dies after being shot the previous evening by actor John Wilkes Booth. Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President upon Lincoln's death.
July 27 » Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina.
August 12 » Joseph Lister, British surgeon and scientist, performs 1st antiseptic surgery.
November 11 » Treaty of Sinchula is signed whereby Bhutan cedes the areas east of the Teesta River to the British East India Company.
Day of death October 4, 1908
The temperature on October 4, 1908 was between 9.1 °C and 24.6 °C and averaged 15.8 °C. There was 0.1 mm of rain. There was 9.2 hours of sunshine (80%). The average windspeed was 2 Bft (weak wind) and was prevailing from the southwest. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from August 17, 1905 to February 11, 1908 the cabinet De Meester, with Mr. Th. de Meester (unie-liberaal) as prime minister.
In The Netherlands , there was from February 12, 1908 to August 29, 1913 the cabinet Heemskerk, with Mr. Th. Heemskerk (AR) as prime minister.
January 15 » The Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority becomes the first Greek-letter organization founded and established by African American college women.
April 11 » SMSBlücher, the last armored cruiser to be built by the Imperial German Navy, is launched.
May 26 » The first major commercial oil strike in the Middle East was made at Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia. The rights to the resource were quickly acquired by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
June 18 » The University of the Philippines is established.
July 23 » The Second Constitution accepted by the Ottomans.
November 22 » The Congress of Manastir establishes the Albanian alphabet.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Pam Schaeffer Massung, "Schaeffer-Massung Family Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/schaeffer-massung-family-tree/I282039860091.php : accessed April 30, 2025), "Sylvester BIRCKEL BIRKEL (1837-1908)".
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