March 23 » The Peace of Longjumeau is signed, ending the second phase of the French Wars of Religion.
May 2 » Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Loch Leven Castle.
May 13 » Battle of Langside: The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, Earl of Moray, her half-brother.
May 16 » Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.
May 19 » Queen Elizabeth I of England orders the arrest of Mary, Queen of Scots.
September 23 » Spanish naval forces rout an English fleet, under the command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near Veracruz.
May 12 » French Wars of Religion: Henry III of France flees Paris after Henry I, Duke of Guise, enters the city and a spontaneous uprising occurs.
May 28 » The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, heading for the English Channel. (It will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port.)
July 19 » Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is sighted in the English Channel.
July 29 » Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: English naval forces under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeat the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.
August 8 » Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The naval engagement ends, ending the Spanish Armada's attempt to invade England.
March 26 » Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands.
April 30 » Eighty Years' War: Dutch Republic forces recapture a strategically important fort from Spain after a nine-month siege.
October 4 » Thirty Years' War: The Swedish Army defeats the armies of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Wittstock.
October 28 » The Massachusetts Bay Colony votes to establish a theological college, which would later become Harvard University.
December 13 » The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the National Guard of the United States.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Sheldon L Roth, "Roth family tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/roth-family-tree/P1208.php : accessed May 13, 2025), "John ap Howel (1568-1636)".
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