April 4 » Moriscos are expelled from the Kingdom of Valencia.
May 20 » Shakespeare's sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.
July 9 » Bohemia is granted freedom of religion through the Letter of Majesty by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.
July 25 » The English ship Sea Venture, en route to Virginia, is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at Bermuda to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there.
July 30 » Beaver Wars: At Ticonderoga (now Crown Point, New York), Samuel de Champlain shoots and kills two Iroquois chiefs on behalf of his native allies.
September 11 » Henry Hudson discovers Manhattan Island and the indigenous people living there.
March 16 » The Long Parliament of England is dissolved so as to prepare for the new Convention Parliament.
April 4 » Declaration of Breda by King Charles II of Great Britain promises, among other things, a general pardon to all royalists for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum.
May 21 » The Battle of Long Sault concludes after five days in which French colonial militia, with their Huron and Algonquin allies, are defeated by the Iroquois Confederacy.
May 25 » Charles II lands at Dover at the invitation of the Convention Parliament, which marks the end of the Cromwell-proclaimed Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and begins the Restoration of the British monarchy.
November 28 » At Gresham College, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
December 31 » James II of England is named Duke of Normandy by Louis XIV of France.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Peter John Oswald, "Pop Oswald Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/pop-oswald-tree/P35658.php : accessed January 28, 2026), "Maria of MANTUA-GONZAGA (1609-1660)".
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