January 25 » Battle of Mikatagahara: In Japan, Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu.
March 7 » A peace treaty is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, ending the Ottoman–Venetian War and leaving Cyprus in Ottoman hands.
May 26 » The Battle of Haarlemmermeer, a naval engagement in the Dutch War of Independence.
July 6 » Córdoba, Argentina, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera.
September 10 » German pirate Klein Henszlein and 33 of his crew beheaded in Hamburg .
October 8 » End of the Spanish siege of Alkmaar, the first Dutch victory in the Eighty Years' War.
January 17 » England's Long Parliament passes the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
January 30 » Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.
May 15 » The Peace of Münster is ratified, by which Spain acknowledges Dutch sovereignty.
June 1 » The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.
August 8 » Mehmed IV (1648–1687) succeeds Ibrahim I (1640–1648) as Ottoman Emperor.
December 6 » Colonel Thomas Pride of the New Model Army purges the Long Parliament of MPs sympathetic to King Charles I of England, in order for the King's trial to go ahead; came to be known as "Pride's Purge".
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Peter John Oswald, "Pop Oswald Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/pop-oswald-tree/P33314.php : accessed August 4, 2025), "Catharina of LORRAINE (1573-1648)".
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