February 8 » Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Queen Elizabeth I and the revolt is quickly crushed.
August 3 » Long War: Austria captures Transylvania in the Battle of Goroszló.
November 18 » Tiryaki Hasan Pasha, an Ottoman provincial governor, routs the Habsburg forces commanded by Ferdinand the Archduke of Austria during the Siege of Nagykanizsa.
March 20 » The Dutch East India Company is established.
November 8 » The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public.
December 11 » A surprise attack by forces under the command of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva. (Commemorated annually by the Fête de l'Escalade.
January 17 » England's Long Parliament passes the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
June 1 » The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.
June 15 » Margaret Jones is hanged in Boston for witchcraft in the first such execution for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
August 20 » Battle of Lens: French Duc d'Enghien defeats Spaniards
October 18 » Boston Shoemakers form first American labor organization.
October 24 » The Peace of Westphalia is signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Peter John Oswald, "Pop Oswald Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/pop-oswald-tree/P16190.php : accessed May 2, 2025), "John GARDNER (1601-1648)".
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