January 6 » The Union of Arras unites the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma (Ottavio Farnese), governor in the name of King Philip II of Spain.
January 23 » The Union of Utrecht forms a Protestant republic in the Netherlands.
February 6 » The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop.
June 17 » Sir Francis Drake claims a land he calls Nova Albion (modern California) for England.
July 8 » Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.
October 19 » James VI of Scotland is celebrated as an adult ruler by a festival in Edinburgh.
February 17 » On his way to be burned at the stake for heresy, at Campo de' Fiori in Rome, the philosopher Giordano Bruno has a wooden vise put on his tongue to prevent him continuing to speak.
August 5 » The Gowrie Conspiracy against King James VI of Scotland (later to become King James I of England) takes place.
August 23 » Battle of Gifu Castle: The eastern forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu defeat the western Japanese clans loyal to Toyotomi Hideyori, leading to the destruction of Gifu Castle and serving as a prelude to the Battle of Sekigahara.
October 6 » Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period.
October 21 » Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara and becomes shōgun of Japan.
December 31 » The British East India Company is chartered.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Donna Paczy, "Paczy Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/paczy-tree/P526.php : accessed February 25, 2026), "Susan Penfold (1579-????)".
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