The temperature on October 21, 1868 was about 8.9 °C. The air pressure was 10 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the south-southwest. The airpressure was 76 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 77%. Source: KNMI
From June 1, 1866 till June 4, 1868 the Netherlands had a cabinet Van Zuijlen van Nijevelt - Heemskerk with the prime ministers Mr. J.P.J.A. graaf Van Zuijlen van Nijevelt (AR) and Mr. J. Heemskerk Azn. (conservatief).
From June 4, 1868 till January 4, 1871 the Netherlands had a cabinet Van Bosse - Fock with the prime ministers Mr. P.P. van Bosse (liberaal) and Mr. C. Fock (liberaal).
February 2 » Pro-Imperial forces captured Osaka Castle from the Tokugawa shogunate and burned it to the ground.
March 1 » The Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity is founded at the University of Virginia.
April 11 » Former shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu surrenders Edo Castle to Imperial forces, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
September 23 » Grito de Lares ("Lares Revolt") occurs in Puerto Rico against Spanish rule.
November 30 » A statue of King Charles XII of Sweden is inaugurated in Stockholm's Kungsträdgården.
December 10 » The first traffic lights are installed, outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps.
Day of death December 19, 1948
The temperature on December 19, 1948 was between -2.4 °C and 1.4 °C and averaged -0.2 °C. There was 0.1 mm of rain. The average windspeed was 3 Bft (moderate breeze) and was prevailing from the east-northeast. Source: KNMI
In The Netherlands , there was from July 3, 1946 to August 7, 1948 the cabinet Beel I, with Dr. L.J.M. Beel (KVP) as prime minister.
From August 7, 1948 till March 15, 1951 the Netherlands had a cabinet Drees - Van Schaik with the prime ministers Dr. W. Drees (PvdA) and Mr. J.R.H. van Schaik (KVP).
April 9 » Fighters from the Irgun and Lehi Zionist paramilitary groups attacked Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, killing over 100.
April 30 » In Bogotá, Colombia, the Organization of American States is established.
May 28 » Daniel François Malan is elected as Prime Minister of South Africa. He later goes on to implement Apartheid.
July 16 » Following token resistance, the city of Nazareth, revered by Christians as the hometown of Jesus, capitulates to Israeli troops during Operation Dekel in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
September 5 » In France, Robert Schuman becomes President of the Council while being Foreign minister; as such, he is the negotiator of the major treaties of the end of World War II.
September 15 » The Indian Army captures the towns of Jalna, Latur, Mominabad, Surriapet and Narkatpalli as part of Operation Polo.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Charles Olson, "Olson's Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/olsons-tree/P1325.php : accessed January 4, 2026), "Mary Estella Smith (1868-1948)".
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