Jetur ibn Ishmael | ||||||||||||||||||
Iturea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Jetur)
Jump to: navigation, search
Iturea is the Greek name of a province, derived from the Biblical Jetur, name of a son of Ishmael (comp. Gen. xxv. 15, 16). The name of the province is mentioned only once in the Christian Bible (Luke iii. 1), while in historical sources the name of the people, the Itureans (Greek: Ἰτουραῖοι or Ἰτυραῖοι), occurs. The latter are first mentioned by Eupolemus – as one of the tribes conquered by David (Eusebius, Præparatio Evangelica, ix. 30) – and subsequently by Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Josephus, and others, and they designate Itureans as Arabs. They were known to the Romans as a predatory people (Cicero, Philippics, ii. 112), and were appreciated by them for their great skill in archery (Cæsar, Bellum Africanum, 20).
According to I Chron. (v. 19-22), the people of Jetur, the Itureans of the Greeks, fell with the Hagarites into the hands of the children of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, who occupied their country. Later, in the time of the Roman conquest, they dwelt in the region of Mount Lebanon.
Many Christian theologians, among them Eusebius (Onomasticon, ed. Lagarde, pp. 268, 298), taking into consideration the above-cited passage of Luke, place Iturea near Trachonitis; but this seems contrary to all the historical sources. According to Josephus (Ant. xiii. 11, § 3), the Iturean kingdom lay north of Galilee, and in 105 BCE Aristobulus I, having defeated the Itureans, annexed a part of their country to Judaea, imposing Judaism upon the inhabitants. Strabo (xvi. 2, § 10, p. 753) includes the land of the Itureans in the kingdom of Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus (Mennæus), whose residence was at Chalcis and who reigned 85-40 BCE. Ptolemy was succeeded by his son Lysanias, called by Dio Cassius (xlix. 32) "king of the Itureans." About 23 BCE Iturea with the adjacent provinces fell into the hands of a chief named Zenodorus (Josephus, l.c. xv. 10, § 1; idem, B. J. i. 20, § 4). Three years later, at the death of Zenodorus, Augustus gave Iturea to Herod the Great, who in turn bequeathed it to his son Philip (Josephus, Ant. xv. 10, § 3).
That Iturea was in the region of Mount Lebanon is confirmed by an inscription of about the year 6 CE (Ephemeris Epigraphica, 1881, pp. 537-542), in which Q. Æmilius Secundus relates that he was sent by Quirinius against the Itureans in Mount Lebanon. In 38 Caligula gave Iturea to a certain Soemus, who is called by Dio Cassius (lix. 12) and by Tacitus (Annals, xii. 23) "king of the Itureans." After the death of Soemus (49) his kingdom was incorporated into the province of Syria (Tacitus, l.c.). After this incorporation the Itureans furnished soldiers for the Roman army; and the designations "Ala I. Augusta Ituræorum" and "Cohors I. Augusta Ituræorum" are met with in the inscriptions (Ephemeris Epigraphica, 1884, p. 194).
References
This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea"
Categories: Ancient peoples | History of Israel | History of Lebanon | History of Syria | New Testament places
Iturea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Jetur)
Jump to: navigation, search
Iturea is the Greek name of a province, derived from the Biblical Jetur, name of a son of Ishmael (comp. Gen. xxv. 15, 16). The name of the province is mentioned only once in the Christian Bible (Luke iii. 1), while in historical sources the name of the people, the Itureans (Greek: Ἰτουραῖοι or Ἰτυραῖοι), occurs. The latter are first mentioned by Eupolemus – as one of the tribes conquered by David (Eusebius, Præparatio Evangelica, ix. 30) – and subsequently by Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Josephus, and others, and they designate Itureans as Arabs. They were known to the Romans as a predatory people (Cicero, Philippics, ii. 112), and were appreciated by them for their great skill in archery (Cæsar, Bellum Africanum, 20).
According to I Chron. (v. 19-22), the people of Jetur, the Itureans of the Greeks, fell with the Hagarites into the hands of the children of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, who occupied their country. Later, in the time of the Roman conquest, they dwelt in the region of Mount Lebanon.
Many Christian theologians, among them Eusebius (Onomasticon, ed. Lagarde, pp. 268, 298), taking into consideration the above-cited passage of Luke, place Iturea near Trachonitis; but this seems contrary to all the historical sources. According to Josephus (Ant. xiii. 11, § 3), the Iturean kingdom lay north of Galilee, and in 105 BCE Aristobulus I, having defeated the Itureans, annexed a part of their country to Judaea, imposing Judaism upon the inhabitants. Strabo (xvi. 2, § 10, p. 753) includes the land of the Itureans in the kingdom of Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus (Mennæus), whose residence was at Chalcis and who reigned 85-40 BCE. Ptolemy was succeeded by his son Lysanias, called by Dio Cassius (xlix. 32) "king of the Itureans." About 23 BCE Iturea with the adjacent provinces fell into the hands of a chief named Zenodorus (Josephus, l.c. xv. 10, § 1; idem, B. J. i. 20, § 4). Three years later, at the death of Zenodorus, Augustus gave Iturea to Herod the Great, who in turn bequeathed it to his son Philip (Josephus, Ant. xv. 10, § 3).
That Iturea was in the region of Mount Lebanon is confirmed by an inscription of about the year 6 CE (Ephemeris Epigraphica, 1881, pp. 537-542), in which Q. Æmilius Secundus relates that he was sent by Quirinius against the Itureans in Mount Lebanon. In 38 Caligula gave Iturea to a certain Soemus, who is called by Dio Cassius (lix. 12) and by Tacitus (Annals, xii. 23) "king of the Itureans." After the death of Soemus (49) his kingdom was incorporated into the province of Syria (Tacitus, l.c.). After this incorporation the Itureans furnished soldiers for the Roman army; and the designations "Ala I. Augusta Ituræorum" and "Cohors I. Augusta Ituræorum" are met with in the inscriptions (Ephemeris Epigraphica, 1884, p. 194).
References
This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea"
Categories: Ancient peoples | History of Israel | History of Lebanon | History of Syria | New Testament places
This is where at least some of his descendants under lore are said to have eventually dwelt.:
____________________
Mount Lebanon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)
For other uses, see Mount Lebanon (disambiguation).
Mount Lebanon
Lebanon Cedars on the slopes of Mount Lebanon. Note the thawing winter snow cover. Photo April 2004.
Elevation 3,088 metres (10,131 feet)
Location Lebanon.
Coordinates 34°18′00″N 36°07′00″E / 34.3, 36.116667
Topo map (www.mount-lebanon.com)
Easiest route scramble
Lebanese flag before the French Mandate: white flag with a cedar tree in the centerMount Lebanon (Arabic: جبل لبنان), as a geographic designation, is the Lebanese mountain range, known as the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon. It extends across the whole country along about 160 km (100 mi), parallel to the Mediterranean coast with the highest peak, Qurnat as Sawda', at 3,088 m (10,131 ft).Lebanon has historically been defined by these mountains, which provided protection for the local population. The snowy peaks may have given Lebanon its name in antiquity; laban is Aramaic for "white". In Lebanon the changes in scenery are not connected to geographical distances, but to altitudes. The mountains were known for their oak and pine forests. Also, in the high slopes of Mount Lebanon are the last remaining groves of the famous Cedars of Lebanon (Cedrus libani). The Phoenicians used the forests from Mount Lebanon to build their ship fleet and to trade with their Levantine neighbors. However, the Phoenicians and successor rulers replanted and restocked the range so that even as late as the 16th century, its forested area was considerable.
Contents
1 History of Mount Lebanon
2 Mount Lebanon, as a political name
3 References
4 External links
5 See also
History of Mount Lebanon
Starting in the 4th century, Maronite Christians from the Orontes valley in Northern Syria began settling in the northernmost parts of the mountain range. Later, In the 9th century, tribes from the northern areas of the Arabian Peninsula, known as the Tanukhiyoun, began settling in the southern areas of the mountain range and in the 11th century these tribes became Druze and ruled the areas of Mount Lebanon stretching from Metn in the north to Jezzine in the south, this entire area became known as the ‘Jabal el Duruz’. In the early 1600s, Emir Fakhreddine the 2nd ascended the throne in the Druze part of the mountains known as the Chouf. In an effort to unify Mount Lebanon, Emir Fakhreddine opened the door to Christian and in particular Maronite settlement of the Chouf and Metn. Throughout the 1700s and into the 1800s more and more Maronites settled in the Druze regions of the Mount. Seeing their numbers increasing the Maronites began to demand a larger share of the authority. The Druze viewed these Maronite settlements as a threat to their existence in Mount Lebanon and in a series of clashes in the 1840s and 1860s a mini civil war erupted in the area resulting in the death of thousands of Druze and Christians . The Druze won militarily but not politically because European powers (mainly France and Britain) intervened on behalf of the Maronites and divided Mount Lebanon into two areas; Druze and Maronite. Seeing their authority decline in Mount Lebanon, few Lebanese Druzes began migrating to the new Jabal ad-Duruz in southern Syria. In 1861 the "Mount Lebanon" autonomous district was established within the Ottoman system, under an international guarantee.
Mount Lebanon, as a political name
Armed men from Mount Lebanon, late 1800s.Mount Lebanon also lent its name to two political designations: a semi-autonomous province in Ottoman Syria that existed before World War I, and the central Governorate of modern Lebanon (see Mount Lebanon Governorate).
The Mount Lebanon administrative region emerged in a time of rise of nationalism after the civil war of 1860: European powers (mainly France and Britain) intervened on behalf of the local Christian population after the 1860 massacres, when 10 000[1] Christians were killed in clashes with the Druze, who settled in mount Lebanon centuries before the Christians or Muslims in this region. In 1861 the "Mount Lebanon" autonomous district was established within the Ottoman system, under an international guarantee.
It was ruled by a non-Lebanese Christian subject of the Ottoman Empire (known locally as the "Mutasarrıf", (one who rules the district Mutasarrifiyya). Christians formed the majority of the population of Mount Lebanon, with a significant number of Druze.
During World War I, the Ottoman Empire - more precisely the Young Turks - launched a campaign against the Maronites as part of its Middle Eastern region-wide massacres of Christians. As part of this campaign, the Ottoman fleet blockaded the entire Levantine coast, encircled the region with troops and cut off Mount Lebanon from the rest of the world. In Lebanon it is estimated today that half the population of Mount Lebanon died of an orchestrated famine during this time. Modern Turkey continues to deny the systematic genocidal nature of this event, like they also deny the Armenian Genocide, the Assyrian Genocide and the Pontic Greek Genocide, and this has traditionally strained Lebanese views of Turkey. Lebanon is among the countries that recognizes the Armenian Genocide.[2]
For decades the Christians pressured the European powers, and the United States, to award them self determination by extending their small Lebanese territory to what they dubbed "Greater Lebanon", referring to a geographic unit comprising Mount Lebanon and its coast, and the Beqaa Valley to its east.
France took hold of the formally Ottoman holdings in the northern Levant, and expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon in 1920 to form Greater Lebanon which was to be populated by remnants of the Middle Eastern Christian community. While the Christians ended up gaining, territorially, almost twice the area they requested, the hoped-for resettlement of Christians into the area never materialized and the new borders merely ended the demographic dominance of Christians in the newly created territory of Lebanon.
References
^ An Occasion for War, Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
^ [1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
External links
Map of most famous mountains in Mount Lebanon
See also
Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire
French Mandate of Lebanon
Mount Lebanon Governorate
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon"
Categories: Mountains of Lebanon | Mountain ranges of Asia | Famines | History of Lebanon | Historical regions
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2007 | All articles lacking sources
This is where at least some of his descendants under lore are said to have eventually dwelt.:
____________________
Mount Lebanon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)
For other uses, see Mount Lebanon (disambiguation).
Mount Lebanon
Lebanon Cedars on the slopes of Mount Lebanon. Note the thawing winter snow cover. Photo April 2004.
Elevation 3,088 metres (10,131 feet)
Location Lebanon.
Coordinates 34°18′00″N 36°07′00″E / 34.3, 36.116667
Topo map (www.mount-lebanon.com)
Easiest route scramble
Lebanese flag before the French Mandate: white flag with a cedar tree in the centerMount Lebanon (Arabic: جبل لبنان), as a geographic designation, is the Lebanese mountain range, known as the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon. It extends across the whole country along about 160 km (100 mi), parallel to the Mediterranean coast with the highest peak, Qurnat as Sawda', at 3,088 m (10,131 ft).Lebanon has historically been defined by these mountains, which provided protection for the local population. The snowy peaks may have given Lebanon its name in antiquity; laban is Aramaic for "white". In Lebanon the changes in scenery are not connected to geographical distances, but to altitudes. The mountains were known for their oak and pine forests. Also, in the high slopes of Mount Lebanon are the last remaining groves of the famous Cedars of Lebanon (Cedrus libani). The Phoenicians used the forests from Mount Lebanon to build their ship fleet and to trade with their Levantine neighbors. However, the Phoenicians and successor rulers replanted and restocked the range so that even as late as the 16th century, its forested area was considerable.
Contents
1 History of Mount Lebanon
2 Mount Lebanon, as a political name
3 References
4 External links
5 See also
History of Mount Lebanon
Starting in the 4th century, Maronite Christians from the Orontes valley in Northern Syria began settling in the northernmost parts of the mountain range. Later, In the 9th century, tribes from the northern areas of the Arabian Peninsula, known as the Tanukhiyoun, began settling in the southern areas of the mountain range and in the 11th century these tribes became Druze and ruled the areas of Mount Lebanon stretching from Metn in the north to Jezzine in the south, this entire area became known as the ‘Jabal el Duruz’. In the early 1600s, Emir Fakhreddine the 2nd ascended the throne in the Druze part of the mountains known as the Chouf. In an effort to unify Mount Lebanon, Emir Fakhreddine opened the door to Christian and in particular Maronite settlement of the Chouf and Metn. Throughout the 1700s and into the 1800s more and more Maronites settled in the Druze regions of the Mount. Seeing their numbers increasing the Maronites began to demand a larger share of the authority. The Druze viewed these Maronite settlements as a threat to their existence in Mount Lebanon and in a series of clashes in the 1840s and 1860s a mini civil war erupted in the area resulting in the death of thousands of Druze and Christians . The Druze won militarily but not politically because European powers (mainly France and Britain) intervened on behalf of the Maronites and divided Mount Lebanon into two areas; Druze and Maronite. Seeing their authority decline in Mount Lebanon, few Lebanese Druzes began migrating to the new Jabal ad-Duruz in southern Syria. In 1861 the "Mount Lebanon" autonomous district was established within the Ottoman system, under an international guarantee.
Mount Lebanon, as a political name
Armed men from Mount Lebanon, late 1800s.Mount Lebanon also lent its name to two political designations: a semi-autonomous province in Ottoman Syria that existed before World War I, and the central Governorate of modern Lebanon (see Mount Lebanon Governorate).
The Mount Lebanon administrative region emerged in a time of rise of nationalism after the civil war of 1860: European powers (mainly France and Britain) intervened on behalf of the local Christian population after the 1860 massacres, when 10 000[1] Christians were killed in clashes with the Druze, who settled in mount Lebanon centuries before the Christians or Muslims in this region. In 1861 the "Mount Lebanon" autonomous district was established within the Ottoman system, under an international guarantee.
It was ruled by a non-Lebanese Christian subject of the Ottoman Empire (known locally as the "Mutasarrıf", (one who rules the district Mutasarrifiyya). Christians formed the majority of the population of Mount Lebanon, with a significant number of Druze.
During World War I, the Ottoman Empire - more precisely the Young Turks - launched a campaign against the Maronites as part of its Middle Eastern region-wide massacres of Christians. As part of this campaign, the Ottoman fleet blockaded the entire Levantine coast, encircled the region with troops and cut off Mount Lebanon from the rest of the world. In Lebanon it is estimated today that half the population of Mount Lebanon died of an orchestrated famine during this time. Modern Turkey continues to deny the systematic genocidal nature of this event, like they also deny the Armenian Genocide, the Assyrian Genocide and the Pontic Greek Genocide, and this has traditionally strained Lebanese views of Turkey. Lebanon is among the countries that recognizes the Armenian Genocide.[2]
For decades the Christians pressured the European powers, and the United States, to award them self determination by extending their small Lebanese territory to what they dubbed "Greater Lebanon", referring to a geographic unit comprising Mount Lebanon and its coast, and the Beqaa Valley to its east.
France took hold of the formally Ottoman holdings in the northern Levant, and expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon in 1920 to form Greater Lebanon which was to be populated by remnants of the Middle Eastern Christian community. While the Christians ended up gaining, territorially, almost twice the area they requested, the hoped-for resettlement of Christians into the area never materialized and the new borders merely ended the demographic dominance of Christians in the newly created territory of Lebanon.
References
^ An Occasion for War, Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
^ [1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
External links
Map of most famous mountains in Mount Lebanon
See also
Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire
French Mandate of Lebanon
Mount Lebanon Governorate
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon"
Categories: Mountains of Lebanon | Mountain ranges of Asia | Famines | History of Lebanon | Historical regions
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2007 | All articles lacking sources