The temperature on November 25, 1818 was about 7.0 °C. Wind direction mainly west. Weather type: half bewolkt omtrent helder dampig. Source: KNMI
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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
January 2 » The British Institution of Civil Engineers is founded by a group of six engineers; Thomas Telford would later become its first president.
March 16 » In the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada, Spanish forces defeated Chileans under José de San Martín.
March 30 » Physicist Augustin Fresnel reads a memoir on optical rotation to the French Academy of Sciences, reporting that when polarized light is "depolarized" by a Fresnel rhomb, its properties are preserved in any subsequent passage through an optically-rotating crystal or liquid.
April 19 » French physicist Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the Fresnel integrals.
July 29 » French physicist Augustin Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light", precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light.
December 3 » Illinois becomes the 21st U.S. state.
Day of death April 21, 1902
The temperature on April 21, 1902 was between 9.3 °C and 17.3 °C and averaged 12.9 °C. There was 5.0 hours of sunshine (35%). Source: KNMI
February 27 » Second Boer War: Australian soldiers Harry "Breaker" Morant and Peter Handcock are executed in Pretoria after being convicted of war crimes.
March 18 » Macario Sakay issues Presidential Order No. 1 of his Tagalog Republic.
May 8 » In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre and killing over 30,000 people. Only a handful of residents survive the blast.
May 20 » Cuba gains independence from the United States. Tomás Estrada Palma becomes the country's first President.
July 17 » Willis Carrier creates the first air conditioner in Buffalo, New York.
August 22 » Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to make a public appearance in an automobile.
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The Conk/Robillard Family Tree publication was prepared by Martin L. Robillard (contact is not possible).
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Martin L. Robillard, "Conk/Robillard Family Tree", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/conk-robillard-family-tree/P67449.php : accessed April 30, 2025), "Henry Wolcott Howland (1818-1902)".
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