January 17 » England's Long Parliament passes the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
June 1 » The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.
June 15 » Margaret Jones is hanged in Boston for witchcraft in the first such execution for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
August 8 » Mehmed IV (1648–1687) succeeds Ibrahim I (1640–1648) as Ottoman Emperor.
August 20 » Battle of Lens: French Duc d'Enghien defeats Spaniards
October 18 » Boston Shoemakers form first American labor organization.
March 6 » The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal.
June 12 » Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.
June 17 » Battle of Montes Claros: Portugal definitively secured independence from Spain in the last battle of the Portuguese Restoration War.
October 29 » Portuguese forces defeat the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitate King António I of Kongo, also known as Nvita a Nkanga.
November 7 » The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, is first published.
December 10 » The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: C.N. Cardinaal, "Family tree Cardinaal", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/cardinaal-stamboom/I14756.php : accessed May 30, 2024), "Geertruid Reintsdr. Alberda (± 1628-1665)".
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