De weg naar Karel de Grote » Willem de Veroveraar van Normandie I, "The Conqueror"; King of England 1066-1087 (1024-1087)

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   William I, the Conqueror, King of England, Duke of Normandy I
   Geboortenaam: William, "The Conqueror", King of England
   Ook bekend als: William I, " The Conqueror", King of England, Duke of Normandy
   Geslacht: Man
   Geboorte: 14 okt 1024 - Falaise, Normandy, France
   Doop: Tussen 7 jan 1066 en 6 jan 1067 - Norman Conquest, As An Adult;
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Countess Matilda de Flanders Queen of England - Tussen 7 jan 1049 en 6 jan 1050 - Castle Of, Angi, Normandy, France
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Countess Matilda de Flanders Queen of England - Tussen 7 jan 1050 en 6 jan 1051 - Castle Of,Angi,NORMANDY,France
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: MatildaQueen of England - Tussen 7 jan 1050 en 6 jan 1051 - Normandy, France
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Ingelrica Maud - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Ingelrica Maud - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Maud Peverel - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Maude Ingelrica - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Matilda Queen Of England - Ongeveer 1053 - Castle of,Angi,Normandy,France
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Ingelrica Maud - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Matihilda Van Vlaanderen of Flanders - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Maud Peverel - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Ingelrica Maud - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Maud - Ongeveer 1053
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Matilda Balduinsdatter - Tussen 7 jan 1053 en 6 jan 1054 - Cathedral of Notre Dame d'Eu, Normandy, France
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Matilda or Maude - Tussen 7 jan 1053 en 6 jan 1054 - Cathedral of Notre Dame dEu, Normandy, France
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Matilda (Maud) of Flanders Queen of England - Tussen 7 jan 1053 en 6 jan 1054 - Normandy
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Mathilda Queen of England - Tussen 7 jan 1053 en 6 jan 1054 - Cathedral of Notre Dame at Eu, Normandy (now in Seine-Maritime)
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Matilda of Flanders "Queen of England" de Lille - Tussen 7 jan 1053 en 6 jan 1054 - Normandy, France
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Matilda Van Vlaanderen - Tussen 7 jan 1053 en 6 jan 1054 - Notre Dame, Rouen, Normandy
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Matilda of Flanders - Tussen 7 jan 1053 en 6 jan 1054
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Queen of England Matilda Maude Van Vlaanderen - Tussen 7 jan 1053 en 6 jan 1054
   Huwelijk: Echtgeno(o)t(e) of partner: Ansfride - Tussen 7 jan 1086 en 6 jan 1087
   Overlijden: 9 sep 1087 - Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
   Begrafenis: Abbey of St Step, Caen, Calvados, France
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   LifeSketch: William I 'the Conqueror', King of England was born between 1027 and 1028 at Falise Castle, Falaise, Normandy, France, illegitimately.2,3 He was the son of Robert I, 6th Duc de Normandie and Herleva de Falaise. He married Matihilde van Vlaanderen, daughter of Baldwinus V Graaf van Vlaanderen Comte d'Artois Markgraaf van Ename and Adèle Capet, Princesse de France, in 1053 at Cathedral of Notre Dame d'Eu, Normandy, France.3 He died on 9 September 1087 at Priory of St. Gervais, Rouen, Caux, France, from wounds received while fighting.4 He was buried at St. Stephen Abbey, Caen, Normandy, France.4 William I 'the Conqueror', King of England also went by the nick-name of William 'the Conqueror'.5 William I 'the Conqueror', King of England also went by the nick-name of William 'le Batard' (or in English, the Bastard).5 In 1035 on his father's death, William was recognised by his family as the heir - an exception to the general rule that illegitimacy barred succession. His great uncle looked after the Duchy during William's minority, and his overlord, King Henry I of France, knighted him at the age of 15.6 He succeeded to the title of 7th Duc de Normandie on 22 June 1035.3 He gained the title of Comte de Maine in 1063.3 He fought in the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 at Hastings, Sussex, England.3 He was crowned King of England on 25 December 1066 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England, and styled 'Willielmus Rex Anglorum.7' He gained the title of King William I of England on 25 December 1066.7 He fought in the Siege of Mantes in September 1087.4 From 1047 onwards, William successfully dealt with rebellion inside Normandy involving his kinsmen and threats from neighbouring nobles, including attempted invasions by his former ally King Henry I of France in 1054 (the French forces were defeated at the Battle of Mortemer). William's military successes and reputation helped him to negotiate his marriage to Mathilda, daughter of Count Baldwin V of Flanders. At the time of his invasion of England, William was a very experienced and ruthless military commander, ruler and administrator who had unified Normandy and inspired fear and respect outside his duchy. William's claim to the English throne was based on his assertion that, in 1051, Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne (he was a distant cousin) and that Harold II - having sworn in 1064 to uphold William's right to succeed to that throne - was therefore a usurper. Furthermore, William had the support of Emperor Henry IV and papal approval. William took seven months to prepare his invasion force, using some 600 transport ships to carry around 7,000 men (including 2,000-3,000 cavalry) across the Channel. On 28 September 1066, with a favourable wind, William landed unopposed at Pevensey and, within a few days, raised fortifications at Hastings. Having defeated an earlier invasion by the King of Norway at the Battle of Stamford Bridge near York in late September, Harold undertook a forced march south, covering 250 miles in some nine days to meet the new threat, gathering inexperienced reinforcements to replenish his exhausted veterans as he marched. At the Battle of Senlac (near Hastings) on 14 October, Harold's weary and under-strength army faced William's cavalry (part of the forces brought across the Channel) supported by archers. Despite their exhaustion, Harold's troops were equal in number (they included the best infantry in Europe equipped with their terrible two-handled battle axes) and they had the battlefield advantage of being based on a ridge above the Norman positions. The first uphill assaults by the Normans failed and a rumour spread that William had been killed; William rode among the ranks raising his helmet to show he was still alive. The battle was close-fought: a chronicler described the Norman counter-attacks and the Saxon defence as 'one side attacking with all mobility, the other withstanding as though rooted to the soil'. Three of William's horses were killed under him. William skilfully co-ordinated his archers and cavalry, both of which the English forces lacked. During a Norman assault, Harold was killed - hit by an arrow and then mowed down by the sword of a mounted knight. Two of his brothers were also killed. The demoralised English forces fled. In 1070, as penance, William had an abbey built on the site of the battle, with the high altar occupying the spot where Harold fell. The ruins of Battle Abbey, and the town of Battle, which grew up around it, remain. Three months after his coronation, he was confident enough to return to Normandy leaving two joint regents (one of whom was his half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, who was later to commission the Bayeux Tapestry) behind to administer the kingdom. However, it took William six years to consolidate his conquest, and even then he had to face constant plotting and fighting on both sides of the Channel. In 1068, Harold's sons raided the south-west coast of England (dealt with by William's local commanders), and there were uprisings in the Welsh Marches, Devon and Cornwall. William appointed earls who, in Wales and in all parts of the kingdom, undertook to guard the threatened frontiers and maintain internal security in return for land. In 1069, the Danes, in alliance with Prince Edgar the Aetheling (Ethelred's great-grandson) and other English nobles, invaded the north and took York. Taking personal charge, and pausing only to deal with the rising at Stafford, William drove the Danes back to their ships on the Humber. In a harsh campaign lasting into 1070, William systematically devastated Mercia and Northumbria to deprive the Danes of their supplies and prevent recovery of English resistance. Churches and monasteries were burnt, and agricultural land was laid to waste, creating a famine for the unarmed and mostly peasant population which lasted at least nine years. Although the Danes were bribed to leave the north, King Sweyn of Denmark and his ships threatened the east coast (in alliance with various English, including Hereward the Wake) until a treaty of peace was concluded in June 1070. Further north, where the boundary with Scotland was unclear, King Malcolm III was encroaching into England. Yet again, William moved swiftly and moved land and sea forces north to invade Scotland. The Treaty of Abernethy in 1072 marked a truce, which was reinforced by Malcolm's eldest son being accepted as a hostage. William consolidated his conquest by starting a castle-building campaign in strategic areas. Originally these castles were wooden towers on earthen 'mottes' (mounds) with a bailey (defensive area) surrounded by earth ramparts, but many were later rebuilt in stone. By the end of William's reign over 80 castles had been built throughout his kingdom, as a permanent reminder of the new Norman feudal order. William's wholesale confiscation of land from English nobles and their heirs (many nobles had died at the battles of Stamford Bridge and Senlac) enabled him to recruit and retain an army, by demanding military duties in exchange for land tenancy granted to Norman, French and Flemish allies. He created up to 180 'honours' (lands scattered through shires, with a castle as the governing centre), and in return had some 5,000 knights at his disposal to repress rebellions and pursue campaigns; the knights were augmented by mercenaries and English infantry from the Anglo-Saxon militia, raised from local levies. William also used the fyrd, the royal army - a military arrangement which had survived the Conquest. The King's tenants-in-chief in turn created knights under obligation to them and for royal duties (this was called subinfeudation), with the result that private armies centred around private castles were created - these were to cause future problems of anarchy for unfortunate or weak kings. By the end of William's reign, a small group of the King's tenants had acquired about half of England's landed wealth. Only two Englishmen still held large estates directly from the King. A foreign aristocracy had been imposed as the new governing class. The expenses of numerous campaigns, together with an economic slump (caused by the shifts in landed wealth, and the devastation of northern England for military and political reasons), prompted William to order a full-scale investigation into the actual and potential wealth of the kingdom to maximise tax revenues. The Domesday survey was prompted by ignorance of the state of land holding in England, as well as the result of the costs of defence measures in England and renewed war in France. The scope, speed, efficiency and completion of this survey was remarkable for its time and resulted in the two-volume Domesday Book of 1086, which still exists today. William needed to ensure the direct loyalty of his feudal tenants. The 1086 Oath of Salisbury was a gathering of William's 170 tenants-in-chief and other important landowners who took an oath of fealty to William. William's reach extended elsewhere into the Church and the legal system. French superseded the vernacular (Anglo-Saxon). Personally devout, William used his bishops to carry out administrative duties. Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1070, was a first-class administrator who assisted in government when William was absent in France, and who reorganised the Church in England. Having established the primacy of his archbishopric over that of York, and with William's approval, Lanfranc excommunicated rebels, and set up Church or spiritual courts to deal with ecclesiastical matters. Lanfranc also replaced English bishops and abbots (some of whom had already been removed by the Council of Winchester under papal authority) with Norman or French clergy to reduce potential political resistance. In addition, Canterbury and Durham Cathedrals were rebuilt and some of the bishops' sees were moved to urban centres. At his coronation, William pro

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Dezelfde geboorte/sterftedag

• Ook geboren op 14 oktober
• Ook overleden op 9 september

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