Stamboom Homs » Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius (86-161)

Persoonlijke gegevens Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius 

• Hij is geboren op 19 september 1986 in Rome, Latium, Italy.
• Hij is overleden op 7 maart 161 in Rome City,Latium,Italy, hij was toen 74 jaar oud.
• Een kind van Titus Aurelius Fulvus en Arria Fadilla
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 25 maart 2012.

Gezin van Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius

Hij is getrouwd met Annia Galeria Faustina Major Galeria FAUSTINA 1ST.

Zij zijn getrouwd rond 118 te Imperio Romano.

Kind(eren):

1. Aurelia Fadilla  ± 123-± 138 
2. Annia Galeria Faustina Minor  ± 125-± 175 

Notities over Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius

{geni:occupation} Roman Emperor (July 11, 138- March 7, 161), @occu00109@, Keizer

{geni:about_me} Antoninus Pius
Emperor of the Roman Empire

Bust of Antoninus Pius, at Glyptothek, Munich
Reign 11 July 138 –
7 March 161
Full name Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (from birth to adoption by Hadrian);
Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus (from adoption to accession);
Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius (as emperor)
Born 19 September 86(86-09-19)
Birthplace near Lanuvium
Died 7 March 161(161-03-07) (aged 74)
Place of death Lorium
Buried Hadrian's Mausoleum
Predecessor Hadrian
Successor Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
Consort to Faustina
Offspring Faustina the Younger, one other daughter and two sons, all died before 138 (natural); Marcus Aurelius
and Lucius Verus (adoptive)
Royal House Antonine
Father Titus Aurelius Fulvus (natural);
Hadrian (adoptive, from 25 Feb. 138)
Mother Arria Fadilla
Roman imperial dynasties
Antonine Dynasty Antoninus Pius
Children
Natural - Faustina the Younger, also one other daughter and two sons, all died before 138
Adoptive - Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
Marcus Aurelius with Lucius Verus
Marcus Aurelius alone
Children
Natural - 13, including Commodus and Lucilla
Commodus

Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus[1] (19 September 86 – 7 March 161), commonly known as Antoninus or Antoninus Pius, was Roman Emperor from 138 to 161. He was a member of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty and the Aurelii.[2] He did not possess the sobriquet "Pius" until after his accession to the throne. Almost certainly, he earned the name "Pius" because he compelled the Senate to deify his adoptive father Hadrian;[3] the Historia Augusta, however, suggests that he may have earned the name by saving senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years.[4]

Contents [hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Childhood and family
1.2 Marriage and children
1.3 Favor with Hadrian
2 Emperor
3 Historiography
3.1 In later scholarship
4 Sources
4.1 Primary sources
4.2 Secondary sources
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Early life[edit] Childhood and familyHe was the son and only child of Titus Aurelius Fulvus, consul in 89[2] whose family came from Nemausus (modern Nîmes).[5] He was born near Lanuvium[6] and his mother was Arria Fadilla. Antoninus’ father and paternal grandfather died when he was young and he was raised by Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus,[2] his maternal grandfather, reputed by contemporaries to be a man of integrity and culture and a friend of Pliny the Younger. His mother married to Publius Julius Lupus (a man of consular rank) suffect consul in 98, and bore him two daughters Arria Lupula and Julia Fadilla.[7]

[edit] Marriage and childrenAs a private citizen between 110 and 115, he married Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder.[1] They are believed to have enjoyed a happy marriage. Faustina was the daughter of consul Marcus Annius Verus[2] and Rupilia Faustina (a half-sister to Roman Empress Vibia Sabina). Faustina was a beautiful woman, renowned for her wisdom. She spent her whole life caring for the poor and assisting the most disadvantaged Romans.

Faustina bore Antoninus four children, two sons and two daughters.[8] They were:

Marcus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.[9]
Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.[9] His name appears on a Greek Imperial coin.
Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135); she married Lucius Lamia Silvanus, consul 145. She appeared to have no children with her husband and her sepulchral inscription has been found in Italy.[10]
Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger (between 125–130–175), a future Roman Empress, married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 146.[5]
When Faustina died in 141, Antoninus was greatly bereaved.[11] In honor of her memory, Antoninus asked the Senate to deify her as a goddess, and he authorised the construction of a temple to be built in the Roman Forum in her name, with priestesses serving in her temple.[12] He had various coins with her portrait struck in her honor. These coins were scripted ‘DIVAE FAUSTINA’ and were elaborately decorated. He further created a charity which he founded and called it Puellae Faustinianae or Girls of Faustina, which assisted orphaned girls.[1] Finally, Antoninus created a new alimenta (see Grain supply to the city of Rome).

[edit] Favor with HadrianHaving filled with more than usual success the offices of quaestor and praetor,[13] he obtained the consulship in 120;[1] he was next appointed by the Emperor Hadrian as one of the four proconsuls to administer Italia,[14] then greatly increased his reputation by his conduct as proconsul of Asia, probably during 134-135.[14] He acquired much favor with the Emperor Hadrian, who adopted him as his son and successor on 25 February 138,[15] after the death of his first adopted son Lucius Aelius,[16] on the condition that Antoninus would in turn adopt Marcus Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and Lucius, son of Aelius Verus, who afterwards became the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.[1]

[edit] Emperor
Aureus of Antoninus Pius.
The Roman Empire during the reign of Antoninus Pius.
Another version of the standardised imperial portrait; from the house of Jason Magnus at Cyrene, North Africa (British Museum)On his accession, Antoninus' name became "Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pontifex Maximus". One of his first acts as Emperor was to persuade the Senate to grant divine honours to Hadrian, which they had at first refused;[17] his efforts to persuade the Senate to grant these honours is the most likely reason given for his title of Pius (dutiful in affection; compare pietas).[18] Two other reasons for this title are that he would support his aged father-in-law with his hand at Senate meetings, and that he had saved those men that Hadrian, during his period of ill-health, had condemned to death.[5] He built temples, theaters, and mausoleums, promoted the arts and sciences, and bestowed honours and financial rewards upon the teachers of rhetoric and philosophy.[1] Antoninus made few initial changes when he became emperor, leaving intact as far as possible the arrangements instituted by Hadrian.[17]

There are no records of any military related acts in his time in which he participated. One modern scholar has written "It is almost certain not only that at no time in his life did he ever see, let alone command, a Roman army, but that, throughout the twenty-three years of his reign, he never went within five hundred miles of a legion".[19] His reign was the most peaceful in the entire history of the Principate;[20] while there were several military disturbances throughout the Empire in his time, in Mauretania, Iudaea, and amongst the Brigantes in Britannia, none of them are considered serious.[20] It was however in Britain that Antoninus decided to follow a new, more aggressive path, with the appointment of a new governor in 139, Quintus Lollius Urbicus.[17] Under instructions from the emperor, he undertook an invasion of southern Scotland, winning some significant victories, and constructing the Antonine Wall[21] from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde, although it was soon abandoned for reasons that are still not quite clear.[22] There were also some troubles in Dacia Inferior which required the granting of additional powers to the procurator governor and the dispatchment of additional soldiers to the province.[22] Also during his reign the governor of Upper Germany, probably Caius Popillius Carus Pedo, built new fortifications in the Agri Decumates, advancing the Limes Germanicus fifteen miles forward in his province and neighboring Raetia.[23]

Nevertheless, Antoninus was virtually unique among emperors in that he dealt with these crises without leaving Italy once during his reign,[24] but instead dealt with provincial matters of war and peace through their governors or through imperial letters to the cities such as Ephesus (of which some were publicly displayed). This style of government was highly praised by his contemporaries and by later generations.[25]

Of the public transactions of this period there is only the scantiest of information, but, to judge by what is extant, those twenty-two years were not remarkably eventful in comparison to those before and after his reign. However, he did take a great interest in the revision and practice of the law throughout the empire.[26] Although he was not an innovator, he would not follow the absolute letter of the law; rather he was driven by concerns over humanity and equality, and introduced into Roman law many important new principles based upon this notion.[26] In this, the emperor was assisted by five chief lawyers: L. Fulvius Aburnius Valens, an author of legal treatises; L. Volusius Maecianus, chosen to conduct the legal studies of Marcus Aurelius, and author of a large work on Fidei Commissa (Testamentary Trusts); L. Ulpius Marcellus, a prolific writer; and two others.[26] His reign saw the appearance of the Institutes of Gaius, an elementary legal manual for beginners (see Gaius (jurist)).[26]

Antoninus passed measures to facilitate the enfranchisement of slaves.[27] In criminal law, Antoninus introduced the important principle that accused persons are not to be treated as guilty before trial.[27] He also asserted the principle, that the trial was to be held, and the punishment inflicted, in the place where the crime had been committed. He mitigated the use of torture in examining slaves by certain limitations. Thus he prohibited the application of torture to children under fourteen years, though this rule had exceptions.[27]

One highlight during his reign occurred in 148, with the nine-hundredth anniversary of the foundation of Rome being celebrated by the hosting of magnificent games in Rome.[28] It lasted a number of days, and a host of exotic animals were killed, including elephants, giraffes, tigers, rhinoceroses, crocodiles and hippopotami. While this increased Antoninus’s popularity, the frugal emperor had to temporarily debase the silver coinage by 5 percent to help pay for the festivities.[22]

Scholars place Antoninus Pius as the leading candidate for fulfilling the role as a friend of Rabbi Judah the Prince. According to the Talmud (Avodah Zarah 10a-b), Rabbi Judah was very wealthy and greatly revered in Rome. He had a close friendship with "Antoninus", possibly Antoninus Pius,[29] who would consult Rabbi Judah on various worldly and spiritual matters.

Temple of Antoninus and Faustina in the Roman forum (now the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda). The emperor and his Augusta were deified after their death by Marcus Aurelius.After the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months), Antoninus died of fever at Lorium in Etruria,[30] about twelve miles (19 km) from Rome, on 7 March 161,[31] giving the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password—"aequanimitas" (equanimity).[32] His body was placed in Hadrian's mausoleum, a column was dedicated to him on the Campus Martius,[1] and the temple he had built in the Forum in 141 to his deified wife Faustina was rededicated to the deified Faustina and the deified Antoninus.[32]

[edit] HistoriographyThe only account of his life handed down to us is that of the Augustan History, an unreliable and mostly fabricated work. Nevertheless, it still contains information that is considered reasonably sound – for instance, it is the only source that mentions the erection of the Antonine Wall in Britain.[33] Antoninus is unique among Roman emperors in that he has no other biographies. Historians have therefore turned to public records for what details we know.

[edit] In later scholarshipAntoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical history, such as Edward Gibbon or the author of the article on Antoninus Pius in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica:

A few months afterwards, on Hadrian's death, he was enthusiastically welcomed to the throne by the Roman people, who, for once, were not disappointed in their anticipation of a happy reign. For Antoninus came to his new office with simple tastes, kindly disposition, extensive experience, a well-trained intelligence and the sincerest desire for the welfare of his subjects. Instead of plundering to support his prodigality, he emptied his private treasury to assist distressed provinces and cities, and everywhere exercised rigid economy (hence the nickname κυμινοπριστης "cummin-splitter"). Instead of exaggerating into treason whatever was susceptible of unfavorable interpretation, he turned the very conspiracies that were formed against him into opportunities for demonstrating his clemency. Instead of stirring up persecution against the Christians, he extended to them the strong hand of his protection throughout the empire. Rather than give occasion to that oppression which he regarded as inseparable from an emperor's progress through his dominions, he was content to spend all the years of his reign in Rome, or its neighbourhood.
Later historians had a more nuanced view of his reign. According to the historian J. B. Bury,

however estimable the man, Antoninus was hardly a great statesman. The rest which the Empire enjoyed under his auspices had been rendered possible through Hadrian’s activity, and was not due to his own exertions; on the other hand, he carried the policy of peace at any price too far, and so entailed calamities on the state after his death. He not only had no originality or power of initiative, but he had not even the insight or boldness to work further on the new lines marked out by Hadrian.[34]
Inevitably, the surviving evidence is not complete enough to determine whether one should interpret, with older scholars, that he wisely curtailed the activities of the Roman Empire to a careful minimum, or perhaps that he was uninterested in events away from Rome and Italy and his inaction contributed to the pressing troubles that faced not only Marcus Aurelius but also the emperors of the third century. German historian Ernst Kornemann has had it in his Römische Geschichte [2 vols., ed. by H. Bengtson, Stuttgart 1954] that the reign of Antoninus comprised "a succession of grossly wasted opportunities," given the upheavals that were to come. There is more to this argument, given that the Parthians in the East were themselves soon to make no small amount of mischief after Antoninus' passing. Kornemann's brief is that Antoninus might have waged preventive wars to head off these outsiders.

[edit] Sources[edit] Primary sourcesHistoria Augusta, The Life of Antoninus Pius, English version of Historia Augusta
Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 70, [1]
Aurelius Victor, "Epitome de Caesaribus", English version of Epitome de Caesaribus
[edit] Secondary sourcesWeigel, Richard D., "Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161)", De Imperatoribus Romanis
Bowman, Alan K. The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70-192. Cambridge University Press, 2000
Birley, Anthony, Marcus Aurelius, Routledge, 2000
Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1741965988
Bury, J. B. A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (1893)
Bossart-Mueller, Zur Geschichte des Kaisers A. (1868)
Bryant, The Reign of Antonine (Cambridge Historical Essays, 1895)
Hüttl, W. Antoninus Pius vol. I & II, Prag 1933 & 1936.
Lacour-Gayet, A. le Pieux et son Temps (1888)
Watson, P. B. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (London, 1884), chap. ii.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
[edit] References1.^ a b c d e f g Weigel, Antoninus Pius
2.^ a b c d Bowman, pg. 150
3.^ Birley, pg. 54; Dio, 70:1:2
4.^ Birley, pg. 55; Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 24.4
5.^ a b c Bury, pg. 523
6.^ Harvey, Paul B., Religion in republican Italy, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pg. 134; Canduci, pg. 39
7.^ Birley, pg. 242; Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Pius 1:6
8.^ Birley, pg. 34; Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Pius 1:7
9.^ a b Magie, David, Historia Augusta (1921), Life of Antoninus Pius, Note 6
10.^ Magie, David, Historia Augusta (1921), Life of Antoninus Pius, Note 7
11.^ Bury, pg. 528
12.^ Birley, pg. 77; Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Pius 6:7
13.^ Traver, Andrew G., From polis to empire, the ancient world, c. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500, (2002) pg. 33; Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Pius 2:9
14.^ a b Bowman, pg. 149
15.^ Bowman,pg. 148
16.^ Bury, pg. 517
17.^ a b c Bowman, pg. 151
18.^ Birley, pg. 55; Canduci, pg. 39
19.^ J. J. Wilkes, The Journal of Roman Studies, Volume LXXV 1985, ISSN 0075-4358, p. 242.
20.^ a b Bury, pg. 525
21.^ Bowman, pg. 152
22.^ a b c Bowman, pg. 155
23.^ Birley, pg. 113
24.^ Speidel, Michael P., Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards, Harvard University Press, 1997, pg. 50; Canduci, pg. 40
25.^ See Victor, 15:3
26.^ a b c d Bury, pg. 526
27.^ a b c Bury, pg. 527
28.^ Bowman, pg, 154
29.^ A. Mischcon, Abodah Zara, p.10a Soncino, 1988. Mischcon cites various sources, "SJ Rappaport... is of opinion that our Antoninus is Antoninus Pius." Other opinions cited suggest "Antoninus" was Caracalla, Lucius Verus or Alexander Severus.
30.^ Bowman, pg. 156; Victor, 15:7
31.^ Bowman, pg. 156
32.^ a b Bury, pg. 532
33.^ Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Pius 5:4
34.^ Bury, pg. 524
[edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Antoninus Pius
Antoninus Pius
Antonine dynasty
Cadet branch of the Nervan-Antonian Dynasty
Born: 19 September 86 Died: 7 March 161
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Hadrian Roman Emperor
138–161 Succeeded by
Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
Political offices
Preceded by
Hadrian and
Publius Dasumius Rusticus Consul of the Roman Empire
120 Succeeded by
Marcus Annius Verus and
Cnaeus Arrius Augur
Preceded by
Kanus Iunius Niger and
Gaius Pomponius Camerinus Consul of the Roman Empire
139–140 Succeeded by
Titus Hoenius Severus and
Marcus Peducaeus Stloga Priscinus
Preceded by
Lollianus and
Titus Statilius Maximus Consul of the Roman Empire
145 Succeeded by
Sextus Erucius Clarus and
Gnaeus Claudius Severus Arabianus
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Persondata
Name Pius, Antoninus
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth 86-9-19
Place of birth near Lanuvium
Date of death 7 March 0161
Place of death Lorium

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Antoninus Pius

Från Wikipedia, den fria encyklopedin

Antoninus Pius

Kejsaren av det romerska imperiet

Byst av Antoninus Pius , på Glyptothek , München

Reign 11 juli 138 ? 7 mars 161

Fullständigt namn Titus Aurelius fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (från födsel till antagande av Hadrian );

Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus ( från antagandet att anslutningen );

Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius ( som kejsare )

Född 19 September 86 ( 86-09-19 )

Birthplace nära Lanuvium

Död 7 mars 161 (i åldern 74 )

Dödsplats Lorium

Buried Hadrianus Mausoleum

Föregångare Hadrianus

Efterträdare Marcus Aurelius och Lucius Verus

Gemål till Faustina

Offspring Faustina den yngre, en annan dotter och två söner, alla dog före 138 ( naturliga ), Marcus Aurelius

och Lucius Verus ( adoptiv )

Royal House Antonine

Fader Titus Aurelius fulvus (naturliga );

Hadrianus ( adoptiv , från 25 februari 138)

Mor Arria Fadilla

Romerska kejserliga dynastierna

Antonine Dynasty Antoninus Pius

Barn

Naturligt - Faustina den yngre, också en annan dotter och två söner, alla dog före 138

Adoptiv - Marcus Aurelius och Lucius Verus

Marcus Aurelius med Lucius Verus

Marcus Aurelius ensam

Barn

Naturligt - 13 , inklusive Commodus och Lucilla

Commodus

Titus Aurelius fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (19 september 86 ? 7 mars 161 ) , allmänt känd på engelska som Antoninus Pius var femtonde romersk kejsare 138-161 . Han var den fjärde av de fem goda kejsarna och en medlem av Aurelii . Han ville inte ha den fick öknamnet " Pius " förrän efter hans trontillträde . Nästan säkert tog han namnet " Pius "eftersom han tvingade senaten att avguda sin adoptivfar Hadrianus , den Historia Augusta, dock tyder på att han kan ha tjänat namn genom att spara senatorer dömts till döden av Hadrian i hans senare år.

Uppväxt

Barndom och familj

Han var son och enda barn Titus Aurelius fulvus , konsul i 89 vars familj kom från Nemausus ( moderna Nîmes ) och föddes nära Lanuvium och hans mor var Arria Fadilla . Antoninus ? far och farfar dog när han var ung och han uppfostrades av Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus , sin morfar , en man med integritet och kultur och en vän till Plinius den yngre . Hans mor gifte sig Publius Julius Lupus ( en man med konsulär rang ) suffect konsuln i 98 , och födde honom två döttrar Arria Lupula och Julia Fadilla .

Äktenskap och barn

Som en privatperson mellan 110 och 115 gifte han Annia Galeria Faustina den äldre. De hade ett mycket lyckligt äktenskap. Hon var dotter till konsuln Marcus Annius Verus och Rupilia Faustina ( en halv - syster till romersk kejsarinna Vibia Sabina ). Faustina var en vacker kvinna, känd för sin visdom. Hon tillbringade hela sitt liv att ta hand om de fattiga och hjälpa de mest missgynnade romarna.

Faustina födde Antoninus fyra barn, två söner och två döttrar. De var :

Marcus Aurelius fulvus Antoninus (död före 138), hans GRAVLIK inskrift har hittats på mausoleum Hadrianus i Rom.

Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (död före 138), hans GRAVLIK inskrift har hittats på mausoleum Hadrianus i Rom. Hans namn finns med på en grekisk Imperial mynt.

Aurelia Fadilla (död 135) , hon gifte sig med Lucius Lamia Silvanus , konsul 145 . Hon verkade inte ha några barn med sin man och sin GRAVLIK inskrift har upptäckts i Italien.

Annia Galeria Faustina Mindre eller Faustina dy (mellan 125 ? 130 ? 175), en framtida romersk kejsarinna , gift med hennes mors kusin , framtida romerske kejsaren Marcus Aurelius.

När Faustina dog 141 , var han i full sorg och gjorde följande till minne av sin hustru :

Gudsförklarad henne som en gudinna.

Hade ett tempel byggdes på Forum Romanum i hennes namn , med prästinnor i templet.

Hade olika mynt med hennes porträtt slog till hennes ära. Dessa mynt var manus ? DIVAE Faustina ? och var omsorgsfullt inredda.

Han skapade en välgörenhetsorganisation som han grundade och kallade det Puellae Faustinianae eller Flickorna i Faustina , som bistod föräldralösa flickor.

Skapat ett nytt Alimenta (se Grain leverans till staden Rom ).

Förmån med Hadrian

Efter att ha fyllt med mer än vanligt framgång kontor kvestorn och praetor fick han konsulatet i 120 , han var nästa utses av kejsar Hadrianus som en av de fyra proconsuls att administrera Italia , då kraftigt ökade hans rykte genom sina handlingar som prokonsuln Asien. Han fick mycket positiv med kejsaren Hadrianus , som antog honom som hans son och efterträdare den 25 februari , 138 , efter att hans antogs första son Lucius Aelius , på villkor att Antoninus i sin tur skulle anta Marcus Annius Verus , son till sin hustrus bror , och Lucius , son till Aelius Verus , som senare blev kejsarna Marcus Aurelius och Lucius Verus .

Kejsare

På sin anslutning , blev Antoninus " namn " Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pontifex Maximus " . En av hans första åtgärder som kejsare var att övertyga senaten att ge gudomlig ära till Hadrianus , som de först hade vägrat , hans ansträngningar att övertyga senaten att bevilja dessa utmärkelser är den mest sannolika skäl till sin titel av Pius ( plikttrogen i kärlek , jämför pietas ). Två andra skäl för denna avdelning är att han skulle stödja hans åldriga svärfar med handen på senaten möten , och att han hade räddat de män som Hadrianus , under sin period av ohälsa, hade dömts till döden. Han byggde tempel, teatrar och mausoleer , främjas för konsten och vetenskapen , och gett utmärkelser och ekonomisk belöning på lärare i retorik och filosofi.

Det finns inga uppgifter om någon militär anknytning som uppträder i sin tid. En modern forskare har skrivit " Det är nästan säkert inte bara att vid något tillfälle i sitt liv fick han någonsin sett , än mindre kommando , en romersk armé , men att hela tjugotre år av sin regeringstid , han gick aldrig inom fem hundra miles av en legion " . Hans regeringstid var den lugnaste i hela historia principatet , medan det fanns flera militära oroligheter i hela riket i sin tid, i Mauretanien , Iudaea och bland de Brigantes i Britannia, ingen av dem anses allvarliga. Oroligheterna i Britannia tros ha lett till att byggandet av Antonine Wall från Firth of Forth till Firth of Clyde , även om det ganska snart. Han var nästan unik bland kejsare i att han behandlade dessa kriser utan att lämna Italien gång under sin regeringstid , men i stället behandlas regionala frågor om krig och fred genom deras guvernörer eller genom kejserliga brev till de städer som Efesos (varav några var offentligt visas). Denna stil av regeringen fick mycket beröm av sin samtid och av senare generationer.

Av det offentliga transaktioner av denna period har vi knapphändig information , men att döma av vad vi har, var de tjugotvå år inte påfallande händelserikt i förhållande till dem före och efter hans regering , den efterlevande bevis inte är komplett nog för att avgöra om vi skall tolka , med äldre forskare, att han förkortas klokt verksamhet av det romerska imperiet till en försiktig minimum, eller kanske att han var ointresserad av händelser från Rom och Italien och hans passivitet bidrog till att trycka på problem som möter inte bara Marcus Aurelius utan även kejsare av det tredje århundradet . Den tyske historikern Ernst Kornemann har haft det i sitt Römische Geschichte [ 2 vols. , ed. genom H. Bengtson, Stuttgart 1954 ] att regeringstid Antoninus bestod " en rad grovt slöseri med möjligheter ", med tanke på de omvälvningar som skulle komma. Det finns mer att detta argument , med tanke på att partherna i öster själva var snart att inte göra någon liten mängd rackartyg efter Antoninus " passerar. Kornemann korta är att Antoninus kan ha fört förebyggande krig för att avvärja dessa utomstående.

Forskare plats Antoninus Pius som ledande kandidat för att uppfylla rollen som en vän till Rabbi Juda Prince . Enligt Talmud ( Avodah Zarah 10a -b ), var rabbi Juda mycket rika och mycket vördade i Rom. Han hade en nära vänskap med " Antoninus " , möjligen Antoninus Pius , [ 4 ] som skulle samråda Rabbi Judah på olika världsliga och andliga frågor .

Efter den längsta regeringstid sedan Augustus ( överträffar Tiberius av ett par månader ), död Antoninus av feber vid Lorium i Etrurien , cirka tolv miles ( 19 km) från Rom, den 7 mars 161 , som ger grundtonen för sitt liv på sista ordet att han yttrade när tribunen i natten -watch kom för att be lösenordet ? aequanimitas " ( jämnmod ). Hans kropp var placerad i Hadrianus mausoleum , var en kolumn tillägnad honom på Marsfältet , och templet han hade byggt i forumet i 141 till sin gudsförklarad hustru Faustina omdedicerades till gudsförklarad Faustina och gudsförklarad Antoninus .

Historieskrivning

Den enda grund av hans liv som avkunnats för oss är att de Augustan historia, en opålitlig och oftast påhittade arbete. Antoninus är unik bland romerska kejsare i att han inte har några andra biografier . Historiker har därför vänt sig till offentliga register för vilka uppgifter som vi vet.

I senare stipendium

Antoninus på många sätt den ideala av godsägare berömde inte bara av gamla romarna , men också av senare forskare klassisk historia, såsom Edward Gibbon eller författaren av artikeln om Antoninus Pius i nionde upplagan av Encyclopedia Britannica :

Några månader därefter, den Hadrianus död var han entusiastiskt välkomnade till tronen av det romerska folket, som för en gångs skull inte var besvikna i sin väntan på en lycklig regeringstid. För Antoninus kom till sitt nya kontor med enkla smaker, vänligt sinnelag , lång erfarenhet , en välutbildad intelligens och den ärligaste vilja för välfärd för sina undersåtar . I stället för att plundra för att stödja hans slöseri , tömde han sin privata kassa för att bistå nödställda provinser och städer , och överallt utövas styv ekonomi (därav smeknamnet ????????????? " kummin -split "). I stället för att överdriva i förräderi oavsett var mottagliga för ogynnsam tolkning, föraktade han själva konspirationer som bildades mot honom till möjligheter att bevisa sina nåd. I stället för att väcka förföljelse mot de kristna , utökade han till dem en stark hand av hans skydd i hela riket . Hellre än att ge tillfälle till det förtryck som han anses vara omöjliga att en kejsare framsteg genom sitt rike , nöjde han sig att spendera alla de år av sin regeringstid i Rom, eller dess närhet.

Referenser

Bossart - Mueller, Zur Geschichte des Kaisers A. (1868)

Bryant, regeringstid Antonine (Cambridge historiska essäer , 1895)

Hüttl , W. Antoninus Pius vol. I & II , Prag 1933 och 1936 .

Lacour - Gayet , A. le Pieux et son Temps (1888)

Watson, PB Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (London, 1884) , kap. ii .

Denna artikel är helt text från Encyclopædia Britannica , elfte upplagan, en publikation nu i det offentliga rummet
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Consul de Rome -

Consul van Rome -

Consul of Rome

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Antoninus Pius
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Antoninus Pius
Emperor of the Roman Empire

Reign 11 July 138 – 7 March 161
Full name Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (from birth to adoption by Hadrian);
Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus (from adoption to accession); Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius
(as emperor)
Born 19 September 86(86-09-19)
Birthplace near Lanuvium
Died 7 March 161 (aged 74)
Place of death Lorium
Buried Hadrian's Mausoleum
Predecessor Hadrian
Successor Marcus Aurelius &
Lucius Verus
Wife Faustina
Offspring Faustina the Younger, one other daughter and two sons, all died before 138 (natural); Marcus Aurelius
and Lucius Verus (adoptive)
Dynasty Antonine
Father Titus Aurelius Fulvus (natural);
Hadrian (adoptive, from 25 February 138)
Mother Arria Fadilla
Roman imperial dynasties
Antonine Dynasty Antoninus Pius
Children
Natural - Faustina the Younger, also one other daughter and two sons, all died before 138
Adoptive - Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
Marcus Aurelius with Lucius Verus
Marcus Aurelius alone
Children
Natural - 13, including Commodus and Lucilla
Commodus

Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (19 September, 86–7 March 161), generally known in English as Antoninus Pius was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors and a member of the Aurelii. He did not possess the sobriquet "Pius" until after his accession to the throne. Almost certainly, he earned the name "Pius" because he compelled the Senate to deify Hadrian.

Contents [hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Childhood and family
1.2 Marriage and children
1.3 Favour with Hadrian
2 Emperor
3 Historiography
3.1 In later scholarship
4 References
5 Notes
6 External links

[edit] Early life

[edit] Childhood and family
He was the son and only child of Titus Aurelius Fulvus, consul in 89 whose family came from Nemausus (modern Nîmes) and was born near Lanuvium and his mother was Arria Fadilla. Antoninus’ father and paternal grandfather died when he was young and he was raised by Titus Arrius Antoninus, his maternal grandfather, a man of integrity and culture and a friend of Pliny the Younger. His mother married to Publius Julius Lupus (a man of consular rank), Suffect Consul in 98, and bore him a daughter called Julia Fadilla.

[edit] Marriage and children
As a private citizen between 110–115, he married Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder. They had a very happy marriage. She was the daughter of consul Marcus Annius Verus and Rupilia Faustina (a half-sister to Roman Empress Vibia Sabina). Faustina was a beautiful woman, renowned for her wisdom. She spent her whole life caring for the poor and assisting the most disadvantaged Romans.

Faustina bore Antoninus four children, two sons and two daughters. They were:

Marcus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.
Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. His name appears on a Greek Imperial coin.
Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135); she married Lucius Lamia Silvanus, consul 145. She appeared to have no children with her husband and her sepulchral inscription has been found in Italy.
Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger (between 125-130-175), a future Roman Empress, married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
When Faustina died in 141, he was in complete mourning and did the following in memory of his wife:

Deified her as a goddess.
Had a temple built in the Roman Forum in her name, with priestesses in the temple.
Had various coins with her portrait struck in her honor. These coins were scripted ‘DIVA FAUSTINA’ and were elaborately decorated.
He created a charity which he founded and called it Puellae Faustinianae or Girls of Faustina, which assisted orphaned girls.
Created a new alimenta (see Grain supply to the city of Rome).

[edit] Favour with Hadrian
Having filled with more than usual success the offices of quaestor and praetor, he obtained the consulship in 120; he was next appointed by the Emperor Hadrian as one of the four proconsuls to administer Italia, then greatly increased his reputation by his conduct as proconsul of Asia. He acquired much favor with the Emperor Hadrian, who adopted him as his son and successor on 25 February, 138, after the death of his first adopted son Lucius Aelius, on the condition that he himself would adopt Marcus Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and Lucius, son of Aelius Verus, who afterwards became the emperors

AKA: ANTONIUS ARRIUS PIUS

OR "ANTONINUS PIUS"; BORN 86 AD; ADOPTED BY THE EMPORER HADRIAN

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