Marco 'Boemondo' "Boamund" di Puglia principe d'Antiochia (± 1054-1111) » Stamboom Homs

Persoonlijke gegevens Marco 'Boemondo' "Boamund" di Puglia principe d'Antiochia

Roepnaam is Boamund.
Hij is geboren rond 1052 TO ABT 1054.
Hij werd gedoopt in Canosa.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Canosa.
Beroep: .
{geni:job_title} Comte, Duc, de Tarente, Prince, d'Antioche
Hij is overleden op 6 MAR 1111 TO ABT-03-1111 in Canosa di Puglia, BT, Apulia, ItalyCanosa di Puglia, Apulia.
Een kind van Robert 'le Guiscard' de Hauteville en Alberada di Buonalbergo
Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 4 februari 2012.

Gezin van Marco 'Boemondo' "Boamund" di Puglia principe d'Antiochia

Hij had een relatie met Constance Capet Capet.

Kind(eren):

Bohemond II d'Antioch ± 1109-± 1131

Notities over Marco 'Boemondo' "Boamund" di Puglia principe d'Antiochia

GIVN Boemond I Prince
SURN von Antioche
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: July 1, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #3804
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 18 Dez 1998
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: July 1, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #3804
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 18 Dez 1998
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: July 1, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #3804
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 18 Dez 1998
DATE 9 SEP 2000
TIME 13:17:36

Name Prefix: Prince Name Suffix: I, Of Antioch

One of the leaders of the First Crusade, who conquered Antioch on June 03,
1098. Ideally tall - a strong knight - he was "a wonderful spectacle," in the
words of a contemporary. For more than three decades he was rival to Alexius
I Comnenus, ruler of the Byzantine Empire who challenged the Normans.
Nicknamed for a giant, he had fought against gigantic odds, and at death
bequeathed one of the important crusader states, Antioch. History records him
as a handsome man, a warrior of Genius, and a gifted diplomat.

Bohemund I of Antioch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mausoleum of Bohemond in Canosa di Puglia.Bohemund I of Antioch (c. 1058 – March 3, 1111), prince of Taranto and afterwards prince of Antioch, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade.

Bohemund was the eldest son of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, by his first marriage (which was later annulled) to Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was christened "Mark" but came to be known as Bohemund, after a legendary giant of that name.

Contents [hide]
1 Greek wars
2 Apulian succession crisis
3 First Crusade
4 Wars between Antioch and Greece
5 Literature

[edit] Greek wars
Bohemund served under his father in the great attack on the Byzantine Empire (1080–1085) and commanded the Normans during Guiscard's absence (1082–1084), penetrating into Thessaly as far as Larissa, but being eventually repulsed by Alexius I Comnenus. This early hostility to Alexius had a great influence in determining the course and policy of the emperor's reign from time of Bohemund (whom his father had destined for the throne of Constantinople) to that of King Roger.

It seems that Guiscard left his son with orders to continue the advance into the Byzantine west and perhaps as far as possible, even to Constantinople. Accordingly, in Spring 1082, Bohemund left Kastoria and besieged Joannina. In the region around Joannina were settled Vlach foederati of the empire and Bohemund made peace with them, probably garnering their military support, for he left behind him many fortified places still in the hands of the Greeks. Alexius met Bohemund in battled in the environs of Joannina, which the Norman had been ravaging. Both generals altered there strategies in light of prior engagements, but Bohemund was victorious and again so near Arta a short while later. These defeats deeply hurt Byzantine prestige in the region and even Ochrid, seat of the Bulgarian archbishopric, submitted to the Normans. Bohemund staid at Ochrid, though he could not take the citadel, and from there began organising the defence of his conquests. Alexius responded to Bohemund's ascendance by sowing dissension among his top officers. Bohemund then advanced on Larissa, where he intended to winter. The siege lasted six months until Alexius forced the Normans to retreat in the spring. Bohemund returned to Kastoria and was there besieged until the city fell in October or November 1083. In 1084, Guiscard and his other sons, Roger Borsa and Guy, arrived with a new army in Greece. In winter, Bohemund was ill and returned to Italy.

[edit] Apulian succession crisis
When Robert Guiscard died on 17 July 1085, Bohemund inherited his father's Adriatic possessions, which were soon lost to the Greeks, while his younger half-brother Roger inherited Apulia and the Italian possessions. Happily for him, Bohemund was in Salerno at the time of the Guiscard's death while Roger was still in Greece. Roger and his mother Sichelgaita quickly returned to the peninsula. According to Orderic Vitalis, Bohemund fled to Capua in fear that Sichelgaita, who was rumoured to have poisoned Guiscard, would poison him. A better suggestion is that he wished to ally himself with Prince Jordan I of Capua in light of the alliance between Roger and his uncle, Count Roger I of Sicily, who had secured his nephew's recognition as duke in September. Bohemund, with Capuan support, rebelled against his brother and took Oria, Otranto, and Taranto. The brothers, however, made peace in March 1086 and acted as effective co-rulers. In late Summer 1087, Bohemond renewed the war with the support of some of his brother's vassals. He surprised and defeated Roger at Fragneto and retook Taranto.

The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope Urban II and the award of Taranto and other possessions to Bohemund. Though Bohemund received a small principality (an allodial possession) for himself in the heel of southern Italy, as compensation from Sichelgaita after renouncing his rights to the Duchy, he sought a greater status for himself. The chronicler Romoald of Salerno said of Bohemund that "he was always seeking the impossible."

[edit] First Crusade
In 1096, Bohemund, along with his uncle Roger I of Sicily the great count of Sicily, was attacking Amalfi, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass, on their way through Italy to Constantinople. The zeal of the crusader came upon Bohemund: it is possible however, that he saw in the First Crusade nothing more than a chance to carve for himself an eastern principality. Geoffrey Malaterra bluntly states that Bohemund took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Greek lands.

He gathered a fine Norman army (perhaps the finest division in the crusading host), at the head of which he crossed the Adriatic Sea, and penetrated to Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084. He was careful to observe a "correct" attitude towards Alexius, and when he arrived at Constantinople in April 1097 he did homage to the emperor. He may have negotiated with Alexius about a principality at Antioch; if he did so, he had little encouragement. From Constantinople to Antioch Bohemund was the real leader of the First Crusade; and it says much for his leadership that the First Crusade succeeded in crossing Asia Minor, which the Crusade of 1101, the Second Crusade in 1147, and the Third Crusade in 1189 failed to accomplish.

The Emperor's daughter, Anna Comnena, leaves a good portrait of him in her Alexiad; she met him for the first time when she was fourteen, and was quite fascinated by him. She left no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemund, she wrote:

Now [Bohemund] was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans, be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly -- he was so tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of Polycleitus... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature.

A politique, Bohemund was resolved to engineer the enthusiasm of the crusaders to his own ends; and when his nephew Tancred left the main army at Heraclea, and attempted to establish a footing in Cilicia, the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemund's eastern principality. Bohemund was the first to get into position before Antioch (October 1097), and he took a great part in the siege of the city, beating off the Muslim attempts at relief from the east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the port of St Simeon and the Genoese ships which lay there.

The capture of Antioch was due to his connection with Firuz, one of the commanders in the city; but he would not bring matters to an issue until the possession of the city was assured him (May 1098), under the terror of the approach of Kerbogha with a great army of relief, and with a reservation in favour of Alexius, if Alexius should fulfill his promise to aid the crusaders. But Bohemund was not secure in the possession of Antioch, even after its surrender and the defeat of Kerbogha; he had to make good his claims against Raymond of Toulouse, who championed the rights of Alexius. He obtained full possession in January 1099, and stayed in the neighbourhood of Antioch to secure his position, while the other crusaders moved southward to the capture of Jerusalem.

He came to Jerusalem at Christmas 1099, and had Dagobert of Pisa elected as Patriarch, perhaps in order to check the growth of a strong Lotharingian power in the city. It might seem that Bohemund was destined to found a great principality in Antioch, which would dwarf Jerusalem; he had a fine territory, a good strategic position and a strong army. But he had to face two great forces--the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories and was supported in its claim by Raymond of Toulouse, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of Syria. Against these two forces he failed.

[edit] Wars between Antioch and Greece
In 1100, he was captured by Danishmend of Sivas, and he languished in prison until 1103. Tancred took his place; but meanwhile Raymond established himself with the aid of Alexius in Tripoli, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south.

Ransomed in 1103 by Baldwin of Le Bourcq, Bohemund made it his first object to attack the neighbouring Muslim powers in order to gain supplies. But in heading an attack on Harran, in 1104, he was severely defeated at Balak, near Rakka on the Euphrates (see Battle of Harran). The defeat was decisive; it made impossible the great eastern principality which Bohemund had contemplated. It was followed by a Greek attack on Cilicia; and despairing of his own resources, Bohemund returned to Europe for reinforcements in order to defend his position. His attractive personality won him the hand of Constance, the daughter of the French king, Philip I, and he collected a large army. Of this marriage wrote Abbot Suger:

Bohemund came to France to seek by any means he could the hand of the Lord Louis' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding, elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed Hugh, count of Troyes, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince of Antioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fully deserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by the bishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, and many archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm.

Dazzled by his success, Bohemund resolved to use his army not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexius. He did so; but Alexius, aided by the Venetians, proved too strong, and Bohemund had to submit to a humiliating peace (the Treaty of Devol, 1108), by which he became the vassal of Alexius, consented to receive his pay, with the title of Sebastos, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth Bohemund was a broken man. He died without returning to the East, and was buried at Canosa in Apulia, in 1111.

[edit] Literature
The anonymous Gesta Francorum (edited by H Hagenmeyer) is written by one of Bohemund's followers; and The Alexiad of Anna Comnena is a primary authority for the whole of his life. His career is discussed by B von Kugler, Bohemund und Tancred (Tubingen, 1862); while L von Heinemann, Geschichte der Norniannen in Sicilien und Unteritalien (Leipzig, 1894), and R Rohricht, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (Innsbruck, 1901), and Geschichte das Königreichs Jerusalem (Innsbruck, 1898), may also be consulted for his history.

Count Bohemund (Alfred Duggan) is an historical novel concerning the life of Bohemund and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemund also appears in the fantastical novel Pilgermann by Russell Hoban and the historical novel Silver Leopard by F. Van Wyck Mason.

Preceded by:
New Creation Prince of Taranto
1088–1111 Succeeded by:
Bohemund II
Preceded by:
New Creation Prince of Antioch
1098–1111 Succeeded by:
Bohemund II

One of the leaders of the First Crusade, who conquered Antioch on June 03,
1098. Ideally tall - a strong knight - he was "a wonderful spectacle," in the
words of a contemporary. For more than three decades he was rival to Alexius
I Comnenus, ruler of the Byzantine Empire who challenged the Normans.
Nicknamed for a giant, he had fought against gigantic odds, and at death
bequeathed one of the important crusader states, Antioch. History records him
as a handsome man, a warrior of Genius, and a gifted diplomat.

[from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemund_I_of_Antioch]
Bohemund I of Antioch (c. 1058 - March 3, 1111), prince of Taranto and afterwards prince of Antioch, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade.

Bohemund was the eldest son of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, by his first marriage (which was later annulled) to Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was christened "Mark" but came to be known as Bohemund, after a legendary giant of that name.

He served under his father in the great attack on the Byzantine Empire (1080?1085), and commanded the Normans during Guiscard's absence (1082?1084), penetrating into Thessaly as far as Larissa, but being repulsed by Alexius I Comnenus. This early hostility to Alexius had a great influence in determining the course and policy of his reign from time of Bohemund (whom his father had destined for the throne of Constantinople) to King Roger.

When Robert Guiscard died in 1085, Bohemund inherited his father's Adriatic possessions, which were soon lost to the Greeks, while his younger half-brother Roger Borsa inherited Apulia and the Italian possessions. The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope Urban II and the award of Taranto and other possessions to Bohemund. Though Bohemund received a small principality (an allodial possession) for himself in the heel of southern Italy, as compensation from Sikelgaita after renouncing his rights to the Duchy, he sought a greater status for himself. The chronicler Romoald of Salerno said of Bohemund that "he was always seeking the impossible."

In 1096 Bohemund, along with his uncle Roger I of Sicily the great count of Sicily, was attacking Amalfi, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass, on their way through Italy to Constantinople. The zeal of the crusader came upon Bohemund: it is possible however, that he saw in the First Crusade nothing more than a chance to carve for himself an eastern principality. Geoffrey Malaterra bluntly states that Bohemund took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Greek lands.

He gathered a fine Norman army (perhaps the finest division in the crusading host), at the head of which he crossed the Adriatic Sea, and penetrated to Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082-1084. He was careful to observe a "correct" attitude towards Alexius, and when he arrived at Constantinople in April 1097 he did homage to the emperor. He may have negotiated with Alexius about a principality at Antioch; if he did so, he had little encouragement. From Constantinople to Antioch Bohemund was the real leader of the First Crusade; and it says much for his leadership that the First Crusade succeeded in crossing Asia Minor, which the Crusade of 1101, the Second Crusade in 1147, and the Third Crusade in 1189 failed to accomplish.

The Emperor's daughter, Anna Comnena, leaves a good portrait of him in her Alexiad; she met him for the first time when she was fourteen, and was quite fascinated by him. She left no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemund, she wrote:

"Now [Bohemund] was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans, be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly -- he was so tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of Polycleitus... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature."
A politique, Bohemund was resolved to engineer the enthusiasm of the crusaders to his own ends; and when his nephew Tancred left the main army at Heraclea, and attempted to establish a footing in Cilicia, the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemund's eastern principality. Bohemund was the first to get into position before Antioch (October 1097), and he took a great part in the siege of the city, beating off the Muslim attempts at relief from the east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the port of St Simeon and the Genoese ships which lay there.

The capture of Antioch was due to his connection with Firuz, one of the commanders in the city; but he would not bring matters to an issue until the possession of the city was assured him (May 1098), under the terror of the approach of Kerbogha with a great army of relief, and with a reservation in favour of Alexius, if Alexius should fulfill his promise to aid the crusaders. But Bohemund was not secure in the possession of Antioch, even after its surrender and the defeat of Kerbogha; he had to make good his claims against Raymond of Toulouse, who championed the rights of Alexius. He obtained full possession in January 1099, and stayed in the neighbourhood of Antioch to secure his position, while the other crusaders moved southward to the capture of Jerusalem.

He came to Jerusalem at Christmas 1099, and had Dagobert of Pisa elected as Patriarch, perhaps in order to check the growth of a strong Lotharingian power in the city. It might seem that Bohemund was destined to found a great principality in Antioch, which would dwarf Jerusalem; he had a fine territory, a good strategic position and a strong army. But he had to face two great forces--the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories and was supported in its claim by Raymond of Toulouse, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of Syria. Against these two forces he failed. In 1100 he was captured by Danishmend of Sivas, and he languished in prison until 1103. Tancred took his place; but meanwhile Raymond established himself with the aid of Alexius in Tripoli, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south.

Ransomed in 1103 by the generosity of the Armenian prince Kogh Vasil, Bohemund made it his first object to attack the neighbouring Muslim powers in order to gain supplies. But in heading an attack on Harran, in 1104, he was severely defeated at Balak, near Rakka on the Euphrates (see Battle of Harran). The defeat was decisive; it made impossible the great eastern principality which Bohemund had contemplated. It was followed by a Greek attack on Cilicia; and despairing of his own resources, Bohemund returned to Europe for reinforcements in order to defend his position. His attractive personality won him the hand of Constance, the daughter of the French king, Philip I, and he collected a large army. Of this marriage wrote Abbot Suger:

"Bohemund came to France to seek by any means he could the hand of the Lord Louis' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding, elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed Hugh, count of Troyes, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince of Antioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fully deserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by the bishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, and many archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm."
Dazzled by his success, Bohemund resolved to use his army not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexius. He did so; but Alexius, aided by the Venetians, proved too strong, and Bohemund had to submit to a humiliating peace (the Treaty of Devol, 1108), by which he became the vassal of Alexius, consented to receive his pay, with the title of Sebastos, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth Bohemund was a broken man. He died without returning to the East, and was buried at Canosa in Apulia, in 1111.

Literature
The anonymous Gesta Francorum (edited by H Hagenmeyer) is written by one of Bohemund's followers; and The Alexiad of Anna Comnena is a primary authority for the whole of his life. His career is discussed by B von Kugler, Bohemund und Tancred (Tubingen, 1862); while L von Heinemann, Geschichte der Norniannen in Sicilien und Unteritalien (Leipzig, 1894), and R Rohricht, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (Innsbruck, 1901), and Geschichte das Königreichs Jerusalem (Innsbruck, 1898), may also be consulted for his history.

Count Bohemund (Alfred Duggan) is an historical novel concerning the life of Bohemund and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemund also appears in the fantastical novel Pilgermann by Russell Hoban.

(also spelled Bohemund or Boamund; c. 1058–3 March 1111), Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch,[1] was one of the leaders of the First Crusade as he led the whole Crusader army until the conquest of Antioch.
Bohemond was born in San Marco Argentano, Calabria, as the eldest son of the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and his first wife Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was christened "Mark" at his baptism, but was nicknamed Bohemond (after the legendary giant Buamundus gigas), by his father due to his size as an infant. [2] Bohemond served under his father in the great attack on the Byzantine Empire (1080–1085) and commanded the Normans during Guiscard's absence (1082–1084), penetrating into Thessaly as far as Larissa, but being eventually repulsed by Alexius I Comnenus. This early hostility to Alexius had a great influence in determining the course and policy of the emperor's reign from time of Bohemond (whom his father had destined for the throne of Constantinople) to that of Roger II of Sicily.
When Robert Guiscard died on 17 July 1085, Bohemond inherited his father's Adriatic possessions, which were soon lost to the Byzantines, while his younger half-brother Roger inherited Apulia and the Italian possessions. Happily for him, Bohemond was in Salerno at the time of the Guiscard's death while Roger was still in Greece. Roger and his mother Sichelgaita quickly returned to the peninsula. According to Orderic Vitalis, Bohemond fled to Capua in fear that Sichelgaita, who was rumoured to have poisoned Guiscard, would poison him. A better suggestion is that he wished to ally himself with Prince Jordan I of Capua in light of the alliance between Roger and his uncle, Count Roger I of Sicily, who had secured his nephew's recognition as duke in September. Bohemond, with Capuan support, rebelled against his brother and took Oria, Otranto, and Taranto. The brothers, however, made peace in March 1086 and acted as effective co-rulers. In late Summer 1087, Bohemond renewed the war with the support of some of his brother's vassals. He surprised and defeated Roger at Fragneto and retook Taranto.
The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope Urban II and the award of Taranto and other possessions to Bohemond. Though Bohemond received a small principality (an allodial possession) for himself in the heel of southern Italy, as compensation from Sichelgaita after renouncing his rights to the Duchy, he sought a greater status for himself. The chronicler Romoald of Salerno said of Bohemond that "he was always seeking the impossible."
First Crusade
In 1096, Bohemond, along with his uncle Roger I of Sicily the great count of Sicily, was attacking Amalfi, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass, on their way through Italy to Constantinople. The zeal of the crusader came upon Bohemond: it is possible however, that he saw in the First Crusade nothing more than a chance to carve for himself an eastern principality. Geoffrey Malaterra bluntly states that Bohemond took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Greek lands.
He gathered a Norman army, perhaps one of the finest in the crusading host, at the head of which he crossed the Adriatic Sea, and penetrated to Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084. He was careful to observe a "correct" attitude towards Alexius, and when he arrived at Constantinople in April 1097 he did homage to the emperor.
The Emperor's daughter, Anna Comnena, leaves a good portrait of him in her Alexiad; she met him for the first time when she was fourteen, and was quite fascinated by him. She left no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemond, she wrote:
“ Now [Bohemond] was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans [that is, Greeks], be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly -- he was so tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of Polycleitus... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature. Dazzled by his success, Bohemond resolved to use his army not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexius. He did so; but Alexius, aided by the Venetians, proved too strong, and Bohemond had to submit to a humiliating peace (the Treaty of Devol, 1108), by which he became the vassal of Alexius, consented to receive his pay, with the title of Sebastos, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth Bohemond was a broken man. He died without returning to the East, and was buried at Canosa in Apulia, in 1111.
The Norman monarchy he founded in Antioch survived those in both England and Sicily.[2]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Bohemund I of Antioch (c. 1058-March 3, 1111), count of Taranto andafterwards prince of Antioch, was one of the leaders of the FirstCrusade.

Bohemund was the eldest son of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia andCalabria, by his first marriage to Alberada of Buonalbergo. He waschristened "Mark" but came to be known as Bohemund, after a legendarygiant of that name.

He served under his father in the great attack on the Byzantine Empire(1080-1085), and commanded the Normans during Guiscard's absence(1082-1084), penetrating into Thessaly as far as Larissa, but beingrepulsed by Alexius I Comnenus. This early hostility to Alexius had agreat influence in determining the course of his between Bohemund(whom his father had destined for the throne of Constantinople) andDuke Roger. The war was finally resolved by the mediation of PopeUrban II and the award of Taranto and other possessions to Bohemund.

In 1096 Bohemund, along with his uncle Roger I of Sicily the greatcount of Sicily, was attacking Amalfi, which had revolted against DukeRoger, when bands of crusaders began to pass, on their way throughItaly to Constantinople. The zeal of the crusader came upon Bohemund:it is possible, too, that he saw in the First Crusade a chance ofrealizing his father's policy (which was also an old Norse instinct)of the Drang nach Osten, and hoped from the first to carve for himselfan eastern principality.

He gathered a fine Norman army (perhaps the finest division in thecrusading host), at the head of which he crossed the Adriatic Sea, andpenetrated to Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in1082-1084. He was careful to observe a "correct" attitude towardsAlexius, and when he arrived at Constantinople in April 1097 he didhomage to the emperor. He may have negotiated with Alexius about aprincipality at Antioch; if he did so, he had little encouragement.From Constantinople to Antioch Bohemund was the real leader of theFirst Crusade; and it says much for his leading that the First Crusadesucceeded in crossing Asia Minor, which the Crusade of 1101, theSecond Crusade in 1147, and the Third Crusade in 1189 failed toaccomplish.

The Emperor's daughter, Anna Comnena, leaves a good portrait of him inher The Alexiad; she met him for the first time when she was fourteen,and was quite fascinated by him. She left no similar portrait of anyother Crusader prince. Of Bohemund, she wrote:

"Now [Bohemund] was such as, to put it briefly, had never before beenseen in the land of the Romans, be he either of the barbarians or ofthe Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and hisreputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearancemore particularly -- he was so tall in stature that he overtopped thetallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broadshoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole buildof the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh,but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformitywith the canon of Polycleitus... His skin all over his body was verywhite, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair wasyellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the otherbarbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but hadit cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any othercolour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely andleft a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both ahigh spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the airfreely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by hisnostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature hadgiven free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from hisheart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by ageneral air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body thatboth courage and passion reared their crests within him and bothinclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find away of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was wellinformed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man whowas of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperoralone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature."
A politique, Bohemund was resolved to engineer the enthusiasm of thecrusaders to his own ends; and when his nephew Tancred left the mainarmy at Heraclea, and attempted to establish a footing in Cilicia, themovement may have been already intended as a preparation forBohemund's eastern principality. Bohemund was the first to get intoposition before Antioch (October 1097), and he took a great part inthe siege of the city, beating off the Muslim attempts at relief fromthe east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the port of StSimeon and the Genoese ships which lay there.

The capture of Antioch was due to his connection with Firuz, one ofthe commanders in the city; but he would not bring matters to an issueuntil the possession of the city was assured him (May 1098), under theterror of the approach of Kerbogha with a great army of relief, andwith a reservation in favour of Alexius, if Alexius should fulfill hispromise to aid the crusaders. But Bohemund was not secure in thepossession of Antioch, even after its surrender and the defeat ofKerbogha; he had to make good his claims against Raymond of Toulouse,who championed the rights of Alexius. He obtained full possession inJanuary 1099, and stayed in the neighbourhood of Antioch to secure hisposition, while the other crusaders moved southward to the capture ofJerusalem.

He came to Jerusalem at Christmas 1099, and had Dagobert of Pisaelected as Patriarch, perhaps in order to check the growth of a strongLotharingian power in the city. It might seem that Bohemund wasdestined to found a great principality in Antioch, which would dwarfJerusalem; he had a fine territory, a good strategical position and astrong army. But he had to face two great forces--the ByzantineEmpire, which claimed the whole of his territories and was supportedin its claim by Raymond of Toulouse, and the strong Muslimprincipalities in the north-east of Syria. Against these two forces hefailed. In 1100 he was captured by Danishmend of Sivas, and helanguished in prison until 1103. Tancred took his place; but meanwhileRaymond established himself with the aid of Alexius in Tripoli, andwas able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south.

Ransomed in 1103 by the generosity of an Armenian prince, Bohemundmade it his first object to attack the neighbouring Muslim powers inorder to gain supplies. But in heading an attack on Harran, in 1104,he was severely defeated at Balak, near Rakka on the Euphrates (seeBattle of Harran). The defeat was decisive; it made impossible thegreat eastern principality which Bohemund had contemplated. It wasfollowed by a Greek attack on Cilicia; and despairing of his ownresources, Bohemund returned to Europe for reinforcements in order todefend his position. His attractive personality won him the hand ofConstance, the daughter of the French king, Philip I, and he collecteda large army. Of this marriage wrote Abbot Suger:

"Bohemund came to France to seek by any means he could the hand of theLord Louis' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding,elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation forvalour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even theSaracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was notengaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed Hugh, count ofTroyes, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince ofAntioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fullydeserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by thebishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, andmany archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm."
Dazzled by his success, Bohemund resolved to use his army not todefend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexius. He did so;but Alexius, aided by the Venetians, proved too strong, and Bohemundhad to submit to a humiliating peace (the Treaty of Devol, 1108), bywhich he became the vassal of Alexius, consented to receive his pay,with the title of Sebastos, and promised to cede disputed territoriesand to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth Bohemund was abroken man. He died without returning to the East, and was buried atCanosa in Apulia, in 1111.

Literature
The anonymous Gesta Francorum (edited by H Hagenmeyer) is written byone of Bohemund's followers; and The Alexiad of Anna Comnena is aprimary authority for the whole of his life. His career is discussedby B von Kugler, Bohemund und Tancred (Tubingen, 1862); while L vonHeinemann, Geschichte der Norniannen in Sicilien und Unteritalien(Leipzig, 1894), and R Rohricht, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges(Innsbruck, 1901), and Geschichte das Königreichs Jerusalem(Innsbruck, 1898), may also be consulted for his history. "CountBohemund" (Alfred Duggan) is an historical novel concerning the lifeof Bohemund and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to thecrusaders.

GIVN Boemond I Prince
SURN von Antioche
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: July 1, 1997
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Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
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DATA
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REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
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PUBL Release date: July 1, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #3804
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 18 Dez 1998
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 11, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: July 1, 1997
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Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #3804
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 18 Dez 1998
DATE 9 SEP 2000
TIME 13:17:36

{geni:occupation} Comte, Duc, de Tarente, Prince, d'Antioche, Prins i Taranto och prins i Antioch, Furste av Antiochia, PRINCE OF ANTIOCH

{geni:about_me} Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch

Bohemond I of Antioch

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Bohemond and his Frankish troops scale the walls at the Siege of Antioch.

Bohemond I, also spelled Bohemund or Boamund, (c. 1058 – 3 March 1111), Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch,[1] was one of the leaders of the First Crusade. The Crusade had no outright military leader, but instead was ruled by a committee of nobles. Bohemond was one of the most important of these leaders.[2]

Early life

Bohemond was born in San Marco Argentano, Calabria, as the eldest son of the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and his first wife Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was christened "Mark" at his baptism, but was nicknamed Bohemond (after the legendary giant Buamundus gigas), by his father due to his size as an infant.[3]

The Norman monarchy he founded in Antioch survived those in both England and Sicily.[3]

According the Breve Chronicon Northmannicum[4], Bohemond was in 1079 in command of a unit of his father’s army.

[edit] Byzantine wars

Bohemond served under his father in the great attack on the Byzantine Empire (1080–1085) and commanded the Normans during Guiscard's absence (1082–1084), penetrating into Thessaly as far as Larissa, but being eventually repulsed by Alexius I Comnenus. This early hostility to Alexius had a great influence in determining the course and policy of the emperor's reign from time of Bohemond (whom his father had destined for the throne of Constantinople) to that of Roger II of Sicily.

It seems that Guiscard left his son with orders to continue the advance into the Byzantine west and perhaps as far as possible, even to Constantinople. Accordingly, in Spring 1082, Bohemond left Kastoria and besieged Ioannina. In the region around Ioannina were settled Vlach foederati of the empire and Bohemond made peace with them, probably garnering their military support, for he left behind him many fortified places still in the hands of the Greeks. Alexius met Bohemond in battle in the environs of Ioannina, which the Norman had been ravaging. Both generals altered their strategies in light of prior engagements, but Bohemond was victorious and again near Arta a short while later. These defeats deeply hurt Byzantine prestige in the region and even Ochrid, seat of the Bulgarian archbishopric, submitted to the Normans. Bohemond stayed at Ochrid, though he could not take the citadel, and from there began organising the defence of his conquests. Alexius responded to Bohemond's ascendance by sowing dissension among his top officers. Bohemond then advanced on Larissa, where he intended to winter. The siege lasted six months until Alexius forced the Normans to retreat in the spring. Bohemond returned to Kastoria and was there besieged until the city fell in October or November 1083. In 1084, Guiscard and his other sons, Roger Borsa and Guy, arrived with a new army in Greece. In winter, Bohemond was ill and returned to Italy.

Apulian succession crisis

When Robert Guiscard died on 17 July 1085, Bohemond inherited his father's Adriatic possessions, which were soon lost to the Byzantines, while his younger half-brother Roger inherited Apulia and the Italian possessions. Happily for him, Bohemond was in Salerno at the time of the Guiscard's death while Roger was still in Greece. Roger and his mother Sichelgaita quickly returned to the peninsula. According to Orderic Vitalis, Bohemond fled to Capua in fear that Sichelgaita, who was rumoured to have poisoned Guiscard, would poison him. A better suggestion is that he wished to ally himself with Prince Jordan I of Capua in light of the alliance between Roger and his uncle, Count Roger I of Sicily, who had secured his nephew's recognition as duke in September. Bohemond, with Capuan support, rebelled against his brother and took Oria, Otranto, and Taranto. The brothers, however, made peace in March 1086 and acted as effective co-rulers. In late Summer 1087, Bohemond renewed the war with the support of some of his brother's vassals. He surprised and defeated Roger at Fragneto (Province of Benevento) and retook Taranto.

The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope Urban II and the award of Taranto and other possessions to Bohemond. Though Bohemond received a small principality (an allodial possession) for himself in the heel of southern Italy, as compensation from Sichelgaita after renouncing his rights to the Duchy, he sought a greater status for himself. The chronicler Romoald of Salerno said of Bohemond that "he was always seeking the impossible."

First Crusade

In 1096, Bohemond, along with his uncle Roger I of Sicily the great count of Sicily, was attacking Amalfi, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass, on their way through Italy to Constantinople. The zeal of the crusader came upon Bohemond: it is possible however, that he saw in the First Crusade nothing more than a chance to carve for himself an eastern principality. Geoffrey Malaterra bluntly states that Bohemond took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Greek lands.

He gathered a Norman army, perhaps one of the finest in the crusading host, at the head of which he crossed the Adriatic Sea, and penetrated to Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084. He was careful to observe a "correct" attitude towards Alexius, and when he arrived at Constantinople in April 1097 he did homage to the emperor. He may have negotiated with Alexius about a principality at Antioch; if he did so, he had little encouragement. From Constantinople to Antioch, Bohemond was the real leader of the First Crusade; and it says much for his leadership that the First Crusade succeeded in crossing Asia Minor, which the Crusade of 1101, the Second Crusade in 1147, and the Third Crusade in 1189 failed to accomplish.

The Emperor's daughter, Anna Comnena, leaves a good portrait of him in her Alexiad; she met him for the first time when she was fourteen, and was quite fascinated by him. She left no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemond, she wrote:

Now [Bohemond] was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans [that is, Greeks], be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly -- he was so tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of Polycleitus... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature.

A politique, Bohemond was resolved to engineer the enthusiasm of the crusaders to his own ends; and when his nephew Tancred left the main army at Heraclea Cybistra, and attempted to establish a footing in Cilicia, the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemond's eastern principality. Bohemond was the first to get into position before Antioch (October 1097), and he took a great part in the siege of the city, beating off the Muslim attempts at relief from the east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the port of St Simeon and the Genoese ships which lay there.

Capture of Antioch by Bohemond of Tarente in June 1098.

The capture of Antioch was due to his connection with Firouz, one of the commanders in the city; but he would not bring matters to an issue until the possession of the city was assured him (May 1098), under the terror of the approach of Kerbogha with a great army of relief, and with a reservation in favour of Alexius, if Alexius should fulfill his promise to aid the crusaders. But Bohemond was not secure in the possession of Antioch, even after its surrender and the defeat of Kerbogha; he had to make good his claims against Raymond of Toulouse, who championed the rights of Alexius. He obtained full possession in January 1099, and stayed in the neighbourhood of Antioch to secure his position, while the other crusaders moved southward to the capture of Jerusalem.

He came to Jerusalem at Christmas 1099, and had Dagobert of Pisa elected as Patriarch, perhaps in order to check the growth of a strong Lotharingian power in the city. It might seem that Bohemond was destined to found a great principality in Antioch, which would dwarf Jerusalem; he had a fine territory, a good strategic position and a strong army. But he had to face two great forces—the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories and was supported in its claim by Raymond of Toulouse, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of Syria. Against these two forces he failed.

[edit] Wars between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire

The town of Malatia, which guarded one of the Cilician Gates through the Taurus Mountains in the period after the First Crusade, had been by 1100 captured by an Armenian soldier of fortune. Reports were received that the Malik Ghazi Danishmend (Danishmend Emir), Ghazi Gümüştekin of Sivas, was preparing an expedition to capture Malatia, and the Armenians sought help from Bohemond.

Afraid to weaken his forces at Antioch, but not wishing to avoid the chance to extend his domain northwards, Bohemond in August 1100, marched north with only 300 knights and a small force of foot soldiers. Failing to send scouting parties they were ambushed by the Turks, and completely encircled at the Battle of Melitene. Bohemond managed to send one soldier to seek help from Baldwin of Edessa, but was captured and laden with chains, was confined in prison in Neo-Caesarea (modern Niksar). He languished in prison until 1103.

Hearing of Bohemond's capture, Alexius I, incensed that Bohemond had broken his sacred oath made in Constantinople and kept Antioch for himself, offered to redeem the Norman commander and ransom Bohemond for 260,000 dinars, if Ghazi Gumushtakin would hand the prisoner over to Byzantium. When Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuk overlord of the Emir, heard of the proposed payment, he demanded half, or threatened to attack. Bohemond proposed instead a ransom of 130,000 dinars paid just to the Emir. The bargain was concluded and Ghazi and Bohemond exchanged oaths of friendship. Ransomed in 1103 by Baldwin of Edessa, he returned in triumph to Antioch in August 1103.

His nephew Tancred, who for three years and taken his uncle's place, had during that time attacked the Byzantines and added Tarsus, Adana and Massissa in Cilicia, but was now deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return. Buoyed by Bohemond's return, the northern Franks over the summer of 1103 attacked Ridwan of Aleppo in order to gain supplies and compelled him to pay tribute. Meanwhile Raymond had established himself in Tripoli with the aid of Alexius, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south, and so early in 1104, Baldwin and Bohemond passed Aleppo to move eastward and attack Harran.

But in heading an attack on Harran he was severely defeated at Balak, near Rakka on the Euphrates (see Battle of Harran). The defeat was decisive; it made impossible the great eastern principality which Bohemond had contemplated. It was followed by a Greek attack on Cilicia; and despairing of his own resources, in late 1104 Bohemond returned to Europe for reinforcements in order to defend his position. It is a matter of historical debate how far his 'crusade' to be directed against the Byzantine empire was to gain the backing and indulgences of pope Paschal II. Either way he enthralled audiences across France with gifts of relics from the Holy Land and tales of heroism while fighting the infidel, gathering a large army in the process. Henry I of England famously prevented him from landing on English shores, so great was his pull expected to be on the English nobility. His new found status won him the hand of Constance, the daughter of the French king, Philip I. Of this marriage wrote Abbot Suger:

Bohemond came to France to seek by any means he could the hand of the Lord Louis' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding, elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed Hugh, count of Troyes, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince of Antioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fully deserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by the bishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, and many archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm.

Mausoleum of Bohemond in Canosa di Puglia.

Dazzled by his success, Bohemond resolved to use his army of 34,000 men, not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexius.[5] He did so; but Alexius, aided by the Venetians, proved too strong, and Bohemond had to submit to a humiliating peace (the Treaty of Devol, 1108), by which he became the vassal of Alexius, consented to receive his pay, with the title of sebastos, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth Bohemond was a broken man. He died without returning to the East[6], and was buried at Canosa in Apulia, in 1111.

Bohemond I in literature and media

The anonymous Gesta Francorum is written by one of Bohemond's followers; and The Alexiad of Anna Comnena is a primary authority for the whole of his life. A 1924 biography exists by Yewdale. See also the Gesta Tancredi by Ralph of Caen, which is a panegyric of Bohemond's second-in-command Tacred. His career is discussed by B von Kugler, Bohemund und Tancred (1862); while L von Heinemann, Geschichte der Norniannen in Sicilien und Unteritalien (1894), and R. Röhricht, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (1901), and Geschichte das Königreichs Jerusalem (1898), may also be consulted for his history. The only major biography that exists in English is "Tancred : a study of his career and work in their relation to the First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states in Syria and Palestine" by Robert Lawrence Nicholson. Details of his pre-crusade career can found in Geoffrey Malaterra's Deeds of Count Roger....

Count Bohemund by Alfred Duggan is an historical novel concerning the life of Bohemund and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemund also appears in the fantastical novel Pilgermann by Russell Hoban and the historical novel Silver Leopard by F. Van Wyck Mason.

He appears as the illegitimate son of Robert Guiscard in the 1066 scenario of the videogame Crusader Kings.

The historical fiction novel Wine of Satan (1949) written by Laverne Gay gives an embellished accounting of the life of Bohemond.

Notes

1. ^ Bohemond does not appear as Prince of Taranto in his own lifetime. That title was first used by Roger II of Sicily in 1132. It was applied retrospectively to Bohemond first in 1153 as Antiocenus et Tarentinus princeps in the Codice diplomatico Barese and commonly as princeps Tarentinus thereafter. In his own lifetime, he was signing documents simply as Roberti ducis filius as late as 1098. His son and successor referenced him simply as magnus Boamundus, which could mean "the great," "the greater", or "the elder." In light of his son's name, it is probably the last possibility. Finally, because of his dispute with his brother and the subsequent diminution of the Duchy of Apulia, he was referred to as dux Apuliae by some chroniclers. His most oft-employed title during his lifetime and afterwards was Antiocenus princeps.

2. ^ Thomas Asbridge, The First Crusade, A New History, pp57-59

3. ^ a b God's War - Christopher Tyerman

4. ^ (Italian) Breve Chronicon Northmannicum (latin)

5. ^ W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, 626

6. ^ Albert of Aix records his death at Bari (Albericus Aquensis II.XI, p. 177).

References

* This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

* Ghisalberti, Albert M. (ed) Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome.

Preceded by

new creations Prince of Taranto

1088 – 1111 Succeeded by

Bohemond II

Prince of Antioch

1098 – 1111

[hide]

v • d • e

Princes of the Principality of Antioch

Reigning Princes

(1098–1268)

Bohemond I · Tancred (regent) · Bohemond II · Roger (regent) · Baldwin (regent) · Constance · Fulk (regent) · Raymond I (by marriage) · Raynald (by marriage) · Bohemond III · Raymond II (regent) · Bohemond IV · Raymond-Roupen · Bohemond IV (restored) · Bohemond V · Bohemond VI

Armoiries Bohémond VI d'Antioche.svg

Titular Princes

(1268–1457)

Bohemond VI · Bohemond VII · Lucia · Philip · Marguerite · John I · John II · John III

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Bohemond I (also spelled Bohemund or Boamund; c. 1058–3 March 1111), Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade as he led the whole Crusader army until the conquest of Antioch.

Bohemond was born in San Marco Argentano, Calabria, as the eldest son of the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and his first wife Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was christened "Mark" at his baptism, but was nicknamed Bohemond (after the legendary giant Buamundus gigas), by his father due to his size as an infant.

The Norman monarchy he founded in Antioch survived those in both England and Sicily.

--------------------

Bohemond I (also spelled Bohemund or Boamund; c. 1058–3 March 1111), Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade as he led the whole Crusader army until the conquest of Antioch.

Bohemond was born in San Marco Argentano, Calabria, as the eldest son of the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and his first wife Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was christened "Mark" at his baptism, but was nicknamed Bohemond (after the legendary giant Buamundus gigas), by his father due to his size as an infant.

The Norman monarchy he founded in Antioch survived those in both England and Sicily.
--------------------
Bohemond I of Antioch

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bohemond I (also spelled Bohemund or Boamund; c. 1058–3 March 1111), Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch,[1] was one of the leaders of the First Crusade as he led the whole Crusader army until the conquest of Antioch.

Bohemond was born in San Marco Argentano, Calabria, as the eldest son of the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and his first wife Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was christened "Mark" at his baptism, but was nicknamed Bohemond (after the legendary giant Buamundus gigas), by his father due to his size as an infant. [2]

The Norman monarchy he founded in Antioch survived those in both England and Sicily.[2]

Byzantine wars

Bohemond served under his father in the great attack on the Byzantine Empire (1080–1085) and commanded the Normans during Guiscard's absence (1082–1084), penetrating into Thessaly as far as Larissa, but being eventually repulsed by Alexius I Comnenus. This early hostility to Alexius had a great influence in determining the course and policy of the emperor's reign from time of Bohemond (whom his father had destined for the throne of Constantinople) to that of Roger II of Sicily.

It seems that Guiscard left his son with orders to continue the advance into the Byzantine west and perhaps as far as possible, even to Constantinople. Accordingly, in Spring 1082, Bohemond left Kastoria and besieged Ioannina. In the region around Ioannina were settled Vlach foederati of the empire and Bohemond made peace with them, probably garnering their military support, for he left behind him many fortified places still in the hands of the Greeks. Alexius met Bohemond in battle in the environs of Ioannina, which the Norman had been ravaging. Both generals altered their strategies in light of prior engagements, but Bohemond was victorious and again near Arta a short while later. These defeats deeply hurt Byzantine prestige in the region and even Ochrid, seat of the Bulgarian archbishopric, submitted to the Normans. Bohemond stayed at Ochrid, though he could not take the citadel, and from there began organising the defence of his conquests. Alexius responded to Bohemond's ascendance by sowing dissension among his top officers. Bohemond then advanced on Larissa, where he intended to winter. The siege lasted six months until Alexius forced the Normans to retreat in the spring. Bohemond returned to Kastoria and was there besieged until the city fell in October or November 1083. In 1084, Guiscard and his other sons, Roger Borsa and Guy, arrived with a new army in Greece. In winter, Bohemond was ill and returned to Italy.

[edit]Apulian succession crisis

When Robert Guiscard died on 17 July 1085, Bohemond inherited his father's Adriatic possessions, which were soon lost to the Byzantines, while his younger half-brother Roger inherited Apulia and the Italian possessions. Happily for him, Bohemond was in Salerno at the time of the Guiscard's death while Roger was still in Greece. Roger and his mother Sichelgaita quickly returned to the peninsula. According to Orderic Vitalis, Bohemond fled to Capua in fear that Sichelgaita, who was rumoured to have poisoned Guiscard, would poison him. A better suggestion is that he wished to ally himself with Prince Jordan I of Capua in light of the alliance between Roger and his uncle, Count Roger I of Sicily, who had secured his nephew's recognition as duke in September. Bohemond, with Capuan support, rebelled against his brother and took Oria, Otranto, and Taranto. The brothers, however, made peace in March 1086 and acted as effective co-rulers. In late Summer 1087, Bohemond renewed the war with the support of some of his brother's vassals. He surprised and defeated Roger at Fragneto and retook Taranto.

The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope Urban II and the award of Taranto and other possessions to Bohemond. Though Bohemond received a small principality (an allodial possession) for himself in the heel of southern Italy, as compensation from Sichelgaita after renouncing his rights to the Duchy, he sought a greater status for himself. The chronicler Romoald of Salerno said of Bohemond that "he was always seeking the impossible."

[edit]First Crusade

In 1096, Bohemond, along with his uncle Roger I of Sicily the great count of Sicily, was attacking Amalfi, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass, on their way through Italy to Constantinople. The zeal of the crusader came upon Bohemond: it is possible however, that he saw in the First Crusade nothing more than a chance to carve for himself an eastern principality. Geoffrey Malaterra bluntly states that Bohemond took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Greek lands.

He gathered a Norman army, perhaps one of the finest in the crusading host, at the head of which he crossed the Adriatic Sea, and penetrated to Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084. He was careful to observe a "correct" attitude towards Alexius, and when he arrived at Constantinople in April 1097 he did homage to the emperor. He may have negotiated with Alexius about a principality at Antioch; if he did so, he had little encouragement. From Constantinople to Antioch, Bohemond was the real leader of the First Crusade; and it says much for his leadership that the First Crusade succeeded in crossing Asia Minor, which the Crusade of 1101, the Second Crusade in 1147, and the Third Crusade in 1189 failed to accomplish.

The Emperor's daughter, Anna Comnena, leaves a good portrait of him in her Alexiad; she met him for the first time when she was fourteen, and was quite fascinated by him. She left no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemond, she wrote:

“Now [Bohemond] was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans [that is, Greeks], be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly -- he was so tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of Polycleitus... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature.”

A politique, Bohemond was resolved to engineer the enthusiasm of the crusaders to his own ends; and when his nephew Tancred left the main army at Heraclea Cybistra, and attempted to establish a footing in Cilicia, the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemond's eastern principality. Bohemond was the first to get into position before Antioch (October 1097), and he took a great part in the siege of the city, beating off the Muslim attempts at relief from the east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the port of St Simeon and the Genoese ships which lay there.

The capture of Antioch was due to his connection with Firouz, one of the commanders in the city; but he would not bring matters to an issue until the possession of the city was assured him (May 1098), under the terror of the approach of Kerbogha with a great army of relief, and with a reservation in favour of Alexius, if Alexius should fulfill his promise to aid the crusaders. But Bohemond was not secure in the possession of Antioch, even after its surrender and the defeat of Kerbogha; he had to make good his claims against Raymond of Toulouse, who championed the rights of Alexius. He obtained full possession in January 1099, and stayed in the neighbourhood of Antioch to secure his position, while the other crusaders moved southward to the capture of Jerusalem.

He came to Jerusalem at Christmas 1099, and had Dagobert of Pisa elected as Patriarch, perhaps in order to check the growth of a strong Lotharingian power in the city. It might seem that Bohemond was destined to found a great principality in Antioch, which would dwarf Jerusalem; he had a fine territory, a good strategic position and a strong army. But he had to face two great forces--the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories and was supported in its claim by Raymond of Toulouse, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of Syria. Against these two forces he failed.

[edit]Wars between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire

The town of Malatia, which guarded one of the Cilician Gates through the Taurus Mountains in the period after the First Crusade, had been by 1100 captured by an Armenian soldier of fortune. Reports were received that the Malik Ghazi Danishmend (Danishmend Emir), Ghazi Gümüştekin of Sivas, was preparing an expedition to capture Malatia, and the Armenians sought help from Bohemond.

Afraid to weaken his forces at Antioch, but not wishing to avoid the chance to extend his domain northwards, Bohemond in August 1100, marched north with only 300 knights and a small force of foot soldiers. Failing to send scouting parties they were ambushed by the Turks, and completely encircled at the Battle of Melitene. Bohemond managed to send one soldier to seek help from Baldwin of Edessa, but was captured and laden with chains, was confined in prison in Neo-Caesarea (modern Niksar). He languished in prison until 1103.

Hearing of Bohemond's capture, Alexius I, incensed that Bohemond had broken his sacred oath made in Constantinople and kept Antioch for himself, offered to redeem the Norman commander and ransom Bohemond for 260,000 dinars, if Ghazi Gumushtakin would hand the prisoner over to Byzantium. When Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuk overlord of the Emir, heard of the proposed payment, he demanded half, or threatened to attack. Bohemond proposed instead a ransom of 130,000 dinars paid just to the Emir. The bargain was concluded and Ghazi and Bohemond exchanged oaths of friendship. Ransomed in 1103 by Baldwin of Edessa, he returned in triumph to Antioch in August 1103.

His nephew Tancred, who for three years and taken his uncle's place, had during that time attacked the Byzantines and added Tarsus, Adana and Massissa in Cilicia, but was now deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return. Buoyed by Bohemond's return, the northern Franks over the summer of 1103 attacked Ridwan of Aleppo in order to gain supplies and compelled him to pay tribute. Meanwhile Raymond had established himself in Tripoli with the aid of Alexius, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south, and so early in 1104, Baldwin and Bohemond passed Aleppo to move eastward and attack Harran.

But in heading an attack on Harran he was severely defeated at Balak, near Rakka on the Euphrates (see Battle of Harran). The defeat was decisive; it made impossible the great eastern principality which Bohemond had contemplated. It was followed by a Greek attack on Cilicia; and despairing of his own resources, in late 1104 Bohemond returned to Europe for reinforcements in order to defend his position. It is a matter of historical debate how far his 'crusade' to be directed against the Byzantine empire was to gain the backing and indulgences of pope Paschal II. Either way he enthralled audiences across France with gifts of relics from the Holy Land and tales of heroism while fighting the infidel, gathering a large army in the process. Henry I of England famously prevented him from landing on English shores, so great was his pull expected to be on the English nobility. His new found status won him the hand of Constance, the daughter of the French king, Philip I. Of this marriage wrote Abbot Suger:

“Bohemond came to France to seek by any means he could the hand of the Lord Louis' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding, elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed Hugh, count of Troyes, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince of Antioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fully deserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by the bishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, and many archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm.

Dazzled by his success, Bohemond resolved to use his army not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexius. He did so; but Alexius, aided by the Venetians, proved too strong, and Bohemond had to submit to a humiliating peace (the Treaty of Devol, 1108), by which he became the vassal of Alexius, consented to receive his pay, with the title of Sebastos, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth Bohemond was a broken man. He died without returning to the East, and was buried at Canosa in Apulia, in 1111.

Bohemond I in literature and media

The anonymous Gesta Francorum(translated by Rosalind Hill) is written by one of Bohemond's followers; and The Alexiad of Anna Comnena (translated by E.R.A. Sewter), a Byzantine princess, is a primary authority for the whole of his life. A 1924 biography exists by Yewdale. See also the Gesta Tancredi (edited by B.S. and D.S. Bachrach) by Ralph of Caen, which is a panegyric of Bohemond's second-in-command Tacred. His career is discussed by B von Kugler, Bohemund und Tancred (Tübingen, 1862); while L von Heinemann, Geschichte der Norniannen in Sicilien und Unteritalien (Leipzig, 1894), and R Rohricht, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (Innsbruck, 1901), and Geschichte das Königreichs Jerusalem (Innsbruck, 1898), may also be consulted for his history. The only major biography that exists in English is "Tancred : a study of his career and work in their relation to the First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states in Syria and Palestine" by Robert Lawrence Nicholson. Details of his pre-crusade career can found in Geoffrey Malaterra's 'Deeds of Count Roger...' (tr. K. B. Wolf)

Count Bohemund by Alfred Duggan is an historical novel concerning the life of Bohemund and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemund also appears in the fantastical novel Pilgermann by Russell Hoban and the historical novel Silver Leopard by F. Van Wyck Mason.

He appears as the illegitimate son of Robert Guiscard in the 1066 scenario of the game Crusader Kings.

[edit]Notes

^ Bohemond does not appear as Prince of Taranto in his own lifetime. That title was first used by Roger II of Sicily in 1132. It was applied retrospectively to Bohemond first in 1153 as Antiocenus et Tarentinus princeps in the Codice diplomatico Barese and commonly as princeps Tarentinus thereafter. In his own lifetime, he was signing documents simply as Roberti ducis filius as late as 1098. His son and successor referenced him simply as magnus Boamundus, which could mean "the great," "the greater", or "the elder." In light of his son's name, it is probably the last possibility. Finally, because of his dispute with his brother and the subsequent diminution of the Duchy of Apulia, he was referred to as dux Apuliae by some chroniclers. His most oft-employed title during his lifetime and afterwards was Antiocenus princeps.

^ a b God's War - Christopher Tyerman

[edit]References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Ghisalberti, Albert M. (ed) Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome.

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BIOGRAPHY: Prince of Taranto, Duke of Calabria. A leader of the 1st Crusade in 1098

History: Antioch, history of

The ancient city of Antioch was much larger than its modern counterpart. It was the capital of both the Seleucid dynasty in Syria and a province within the Roman Empire. The city was founded in 301 BC by Seleucus I , one of the generals and successors of Alexander the Great . Strategically located at the crossroads of important caravan routes, it soon became a center of commerce and a city of magnificent architecture rivaled only by Rome and Alexandria. When Syria was conquered by Rome in 64 BC, Antioch became the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. The Romans added to the architectural splendors of the city, building temples, palaces, and theaters, extending aqueducts, and paving main streets with marble.

Antioch was the center of Christendom outside Palestine. The apostles preached there before starting out on their missionary journeys, and in Antioch the term Christian, designating converts of Saint Paul, first came into use. In AD 260 the city fell to the Persians. Over the next 13 centuries it was conquered by Arabs, Byzantines, Seljuk Turks, Frankish Crusaders, and Egyptians. The devastations of war and persistent earthquakes, including one in 526 that reportedly killed 250,000 people, reduced the once great city to relative unimportance.

Antioch, known as Antakya in modern history, was captured by the Turks in 1516, and it remained a part of the Ottoman Empire until shortly after World War I (1914-1918), when it was granted to Syria under a French mandate. The province of Hatay, of which Antakya is the capital, became autonomous in 1938, and the following year it was ceded to Turkey.

Although little of the ancient city remains, portions of the high walls that girded the city and of catacombs and aqueducts still stand. An archaeological museum houses a superbly preserved collection of mosaics dating from the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Nearby is Saint Peter's Grotto, in which the apostle preached; a church was built within the grotto by Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch

=Bohemond I of Antioch=

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bohemond I (also spelled Bohemund or Boamund) (c. 1058 – 3 March 1111), Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch,[1] was one of the leaders of the First Crusade. The Crusade had no outright military leader, but instead was ruled by a committee of nobles. Bohemond was one of the most important of these leaders.[2]

Contents [hide]
* 1 Early life
* 2 Byzantine wars
* 3 Apulian succession crisis
* 4 First Crusade
* 5 Wars between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire
* 6 Bohemond I in literature and media
* 7 Notes
* 8 References

Early life

Bohemond was born in San Marco Argentano, Calabria, as the eldest son of the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and his first wife Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was christened "Mark" at his baptism, but was nicknamed Bohemond (after the legendary giant Buamundus gigas), by his father due to his size as an infant.[3]

The Norman monarchy he founded in Antioch survived those in both England and Sicily.[3]

According to the Breve Chronicon Northmannicum,[4] Bohemond was in 1079 in command of a unit of his father’s army

...

Bohemond I, Crusader Prince of Antioch
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Bohemond The Mighty of Taranto
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20 Betrayal of Antioch to Bohemond
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1st Crusade_Leaders Bohemond of Tarentum
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ou Bohémond de Hauteville ou encore Bohémond di Taranto.
Participe avec son père aux deux premières croisades.
Normand, il s’empare par ruse d’Antioche le 3 juin 1098 et conserve la ville, malgré les véhémentes protestations de Raymond IV, comte de Toulouse. Il fait de la ville le centre d’une principauté où ses descendants indirects gouverneront tant bien que mal durant plus de deux siècles.

?? Line 7822: (New PAF RIN=10670)
1 NAME Boemond I Prince Of /ANTIOCHE/

ES 11:205;PED OF AUGUSTINE H. AYERS

Bohemond I (også stavet Bohemund eller Boamund; ca 1058-3. mars 1111), prins av Taranto og prins av Antiokia,[1] var en av lederne i det første korstog siden han ledet hele korsfarerhæren frem til erobringen av Antiokia.

Tidlig liv
Bohemond var født i San Marco Argentano i Calabria som den eldste sønnen av den normanniske adelsmannen Robert Guiscard, hertug av Apulia og Calabria, og hans første kone, Alberada av Buonalbergo. Han fikk navnet ?Markus? i dåpen, men fikk kallenavnet Bohemond (etter den legendariske kjempen Buamundus gigas) av sin far på grunn av hans størrelse som spedbarn[2].

Det normanniske klosteret han grunnla i Antiokia eksisterte lenger enn normannernes klostre i England og på Sicilia[2].

Krigene mot Østromerriket
Bohemond tjente under sin far i det store angrepet på Østromerriket (1080-1085) og ledet normannerne under Guiscards fravær (1082-1084), trengte dypt inn i Thessalia så langt som Larissa, men ble til slutt slått tilbake av Alexios I Komnenos. Denne tidlige fiendtligheten mot Alexios hadde stor innflytelse i å bestemme retningen og politikken til keiserens styre fra tiden til Bohemond (som hans far hadde tiltenkt Konstantinopels trone) til Roger I av Sicilia.

Det ser ut til at Guiscard forlot sin sønn med ordrer om å fortsette fremrykningen inn i det vestre Østromerriket og kanskje så langt som mulig, til og med til Konstantinopel. I henhold til dette forlot Bohemond Kastoria våren 1082 og beleiret Ioannina. I regionen rundt Ioannina var det bosatt valakiske foederati som tilhørte riket, og Bohemond sluttet fred med dem, samlet antagelig deres militære støtte, for han etterlot seg mange befestede steder som fremdeles var i grekernes hender. Alexios møtte Bohemond på slagmarken i området rundt Ioannina som normannerne hadde plyndret. Begge generalene forandret sine strategier på bakgrunn av tidligere trefninger, men Bohemond seiret og igjen nær Arta en kort tid senere.

Disse nederlagene skadet den bysantinske prestisjen i regionen, og til og med Ohrid, setet til den bulgarske erkebiskopen, underla seg normannerne. Bohemond oppholdt seg i Ohrid, men han kunne ikke ta festningen, og derfra begynte han å organisere forsvaret av sine erobringer. Alexios svarte på Bohemonds dominans ved å så misnøye blant hans fremste offiserer. Bohemond rykket så frem mot Larissa hvor han hadde til intensjon å overvintre. Beleiringen varte i seks måneder til Alexios' styrker tvang normannerne til å trekke seg tilbake om våren. Bohemond dro tilbake til Kastoria og ble beleiret til byen falt i oktober eller november 1083. Guiscard og hans andre sønner, Roger Borsa og Guy, ankom med en ny hær i Hellas. Den vinteren ble Bohemond syk og dro tilbake til Italia.

Tronarvingskrisen i Apulia
Robert Guiscard døde 17. juli 1085, og Bohemond arvet sin fars adriatiske territorier som snart gikk tapt til bysantinerne, mens hans yngre halvbror Roger arvet Apulia og de italienske territoriene. Heldigvis for ham var Bohemond i Salerno da Guiscard døde, mens Roger fremdeles var i Hellas. Roger og hans mor, Sichelgaita, dro raskt tilbake til halvøya. Ifølge Orderic Vitalis flyktet Bohemond til Capua av frykt for at Sichelgaita som ryktene sa hadde forgiftet Guiscard, skulle forgifte ham også. En bedre forklaring er at han ønsket å alliere seg med prins Jordan I av Capua på grunn av alliansen mellom Roger og hans onkel, grev Roger I av Sicilia som sikret sin nevøs anerkjennelse som hertug i september. Bohemond gikk til opprør mot sin bror med støtte fra Capua og tok Oria, Otranto og Taranto. Brødrene sluttet fred i mars 1086 og fungerte som medherskere. Bohemond fornyet krigen sent på sommeren 1087 med støtte fra noen av hans brors vasaller. Han overrasket og beseiret Roger ved Fragneto og tok tilbake Taranto.

Krigen ble til slutt løst ved mekling fra pave Urban II. Bohemond fikk Taranto og andre territorier. Selv om Bohemond fikk et lite fyrstedømme på hælen av det sørlige Italia som kompensasjon fra Sichelgaita for å ha frafalt sine rettigheter til hertugdømmet, søkte han større status for seg selv. Krønikeforfatteren Romoald av Salerno sa om Bohemond at ?han søkte alltid det umulige?.

Det første korstog
Bohemond og hans onkel Roger I av Sicilia angrep i 1096 Amalfi som hadde gjort opprør mot hertug Roger da grupper av korsfarere begynte å passere på vei gjennom Italia på vei til Konstantinopel. Korsfarernes intensitet smittet over på Bohemond. Men det er også mulig at han i det første korstog ikke så annet enn en mulighet til å skaffe seg et østlig fyrstedømme. Geoffrey Malaterra sier rett ut at Bohemond tok opp korset med intensjon om å plyndre og erobre greske landområder.

Han samlet en normannisk hær, kanskje den beste blant korsfarerne, krysset Adriaterhavet og trengte inn til Konstantinopel langs ruten han forsøkte å følge i 1082-1084. Han var nøye med å vise ?korrekt? holdning ovenfor Alexios, og da han ankom Konstantinopel i april 1097, gjorde han ære på keiseren. Han kan ha forhandlet om et fyrstedømme i Antiokia med Alexios. Dersom han gjorde det, fikk han få oppmuntringer. Fra Konstantinopel til Antiokia var Bohemond den reelle lederen i korstoget, og det sier mye om hans lederskap at det første korstoget lyktes i å krysse Lilleasia, noe som korstoget i 1101, det andre korstoget i 1147 og det tredje korstoget i 1189 ikke lyktes i.

Keiserens datter, Anna Komnena, gir et godt portrett av ham i hennes Alexiade. Hun møtte ham for første gang da hun var fjorten, og hun var ganske fascinert av ham. Hun etterlot seg ingen lignende portrett av noen av de andre korsfarerprinsene. Om Bohemond skrev hun:

[Bohemond] var nå slik at, for å si det kort, han aldri før var blitt sett i landet til romerne [dvs grekerne], han var enten fra barbarene eller grekerne (for han var et syn for øye og hans rykte var fryktinngytende). La meg beskrive barbarens fremtoning mer nøye. Han var så høy at han tårnet over de høyeste med nesten en alen, smal om midjen med brede skuldre og et dypt bryst og kraftfulle armer. Og i hele hans kropp var han hverken for tynn eller overvektig, men perfekt proporsjonert, og en kan si at han var bygget i formen til Polykleitos... Huden over hele hans kropp var svært hvit, og i ansiktet hans var det hvite balansert med rødt. Hans hår var nesten gult, men hang ikke ned til midjen slik som hos andre barbarer, for mannen forsømte ikke sitt hår, men hadde klippet det kort til ørene. Om hans skjegg var rødlig, eller hvilken som helst annen farge, er jeg ikke sikker på, for han hadde hadde barbert seg nøye slik at ansiktet hans var jevnere enn kritt... Hans blå øyne indikerte en sterk ånd og verdig holdning, og hans nese og nesebor pustet fritt i luften. Brystkassen korresponderte med neseborene og gjennom neseborene... bredden av brystkassen hans. For gjennom neseborene hans hadde naturen gitt fritt leide for den høye ånden som boblet fra hans hjerte. En viss sjarm hang over denne mannen, men var delvis ødelagt av en generell følelse av det forferdelige... Han var laget slik i sinn og kropp som om både mot og lidenskap skjulte sine våpenskjold i ham og begge krevde krig. Hans forstand var variert og handlekraftig og i stand til å finne en måte å unnslippe på i alle nødssituasjoner. I samtaler var han godt informert, og svarene han gav kunne en ikke trekke i tvil. Denne mannen var av en slik størrelse og slik karakter at bare keiseren var ham overlegen i formue og taleføre og i andre av naturens gaver.

Som politiker var Bohemond fast besluttet på å påvirke entusiasmen til korsfarerne til sitt eget mål. Da hans nevø Tancred forlot hovedarméen ved Heraclea Cybistra og forsøkte å etablere fotfeste i Kilikia, kan handlingen allerede ha vært ment som en forberedelse for Bohemonds østlige fyrstedømme. Bohemond var den første til å komme seg i posisjon foran Antiokia (oktober 1097), og han bidro sterkt i beleiringen av byen, slo tilbake muslimske forsøk på å komme til unnsetning fra øst og forbandt beleirerne i vest med havnet til St Simeon og de genovanske skipene som lå der.

Erobringen av Antiokia av Bohemond av Taranto i juni 1098.Erobringen av Antiokia skyldtes hans forbindelse med Firouz, en av kommandantene i byen. Men han ville ikke skaffe en avgjørelse før han var sikret å skaffe seg byen (mai 1098), under frykten for ankomsten til Kerboga med en stor unnsetningsarmé og med reservasjoner til fordel for Alexios, dersom Alexios ville holde sitt løfte om å hjelpe korsfarerne. Men Bohemond var ikke sikret å skaffe seg Antiokia, selv etter at den overgav seg og Kerboga var beseiret. Han måtte seire i sitt krav mot Raimond av Toulouse som forfektet Alexios sine rettigheter. Han skaffet seg full kontroll i januar 1099 og ble værende i nærheten av Antiokia for å sikre sin stilling, mens de andre korsfarerne beveget seg sørover mot erobringen av Jerusalem.

Han kom til Jerusalem i julen 1099 og fikk Dagobert av Pisa valgt som patriark, kanskje for å balansere den sterke fremveksten til den lorrainske makten i byen. Det kan se ut som at Bohemond var bestemt å grunnlegge et sterkt fyrstedømme i Antiokia som ville overskygge Jerusalem. Han hadde et godt territorium, en god strategisk posisjon og en sterk hær. Men han måtte møte to sterke krefter, Østromerriket som krevde hele hans territorium og var støttet i sitt krav av Raimond av Toulouse, og de sterke muslimske fyrstedømmene nordøst i Syria. Mot disse to kreftene mislyktes han.

Kriger mellom Antiokia og Østromerriket
Byen Malatia som voktet en av de de kilikiske portene gjennom Taurus-fjellene i perioden etter det første korstoget, ble i 1100 erobret av en armensk soldat som forsøkte lykken. Rapporter ble mottatt om at Malik Ghazi Danishmend, Ghazi Gümüstekin av Sivas, forberedte en ekspedisjon for å erobre Malatia, og armenerne ba om hjelp fra Bohemond.

Bohemond var redd for å svekke styrkene sine ved Antiokia, men ønsket ikke å unngå muligheten for å utvide sitt rike nordover. Derfor marsjerte han nordover med bare 300 riddere og en liten styrke fotsoldater. De klarte ikke å sende speiderpatruljer og ble utsatt for et bakholdsangrep av tyrkerne og ble fullstendig omringet i slaget ved Melitene. Bohemond klarte kun å sende en soldat for å skaffe hjelp fra Baldwin av Edessa, men ble tatt til fange og lagt i lenker og ført i fengsel i Neo-Caesarea. Han ble værende i fengsel til 1103.

Alexios I hørte om at Bohemond var tatt til fange. Han var rasende på Bohemond for at han hadde brutt sin hellige ed som han avla i Konstantinopel og beholdt Antiokia for seg selv. Alexios tilbød å løse ut den normanniske kommandanten for 260 000 dinarer dersom Ghazi Gumushtakin ville overlevere fangen til ham. Da Kilij Arslan I, den seldsjukkiske overherren til emiren, hørte om den foreslåtte handelen, krevde han halvparten og truet med å angripe dersom dette ikke ble innfridd. Bohemond forslo istedet en løsepenge på 130 000 dinarer betalt rett til emiren. Handelen ble inngått, og Ghazi og Bohemond utvekslet vennskapseder. Han returnerte i triumf til Antiokia i august 1103 etter at Baldwin av Edessa betalte løsepengene.

Hans nevø Tancred som i tre år hadde tatt sin onkels plass, hadde i løpet av denne tiden angrepet bysantinerne og lagt Tarsus, Adana og Massissa i Kilikia til riket. Han ble nå fratatt sitt herredømme siden Bohemond kom tilbake. Støttet av Bohemonds ankomst, angrep de nordlige frankerne Ridwan av Aleppo sommeren 1103 for å skaffe seg forsyninger og tvinge ham til å betale skatt. Imens reetablerte Raimond seg i Tripoli med hjelp fra Alexios, og han var nå i stand til å stagge Antiokias ekspansjon sørover. Så tidlig som i 1104 passerte Baldwin og Bohemond Aleppo for å bevege seg østover og angripe Harran.

Men ved å fremskynde et angrep på Harran, ble han kraftig beseiret ved Balak, nær Rakka ved Eufrat i slaget ved Harran. Nederlaget var avgjørende. Det umuliggjorde det store østlige fyrstedømmet som Bohemond hadde drømt om. Nederlaget ble fulgt av et gresk angrep på Kilikia. Bohemond dro tilbake til Europa sent i 1104 for å skaffe forsterkninger til å forsvare sin posisjon. Det har blitt diskutert hvordan hans ?korstog? mot Østromerriket skulle skaffe støtte og innflytelse hos pave Paschalis II. Uansett forbløffet han sitt publikum rundt omkring i Frankrike med relikviegaver fra det hellige land og fortellinger om heltedåder i kamper mot hedninger og samlet en stor hær i prosessen. Henrik I av England forhindret ham på berømt vis i å gå i land på den engelske kysten, så stor var hans tiltrekningskraft forventet å være på den engelske adelen. Hans nye status vant ham hånden til Konstanse, datteren til den franske kongen, Filip I. Om hans ekteskap skrev Abbot Suger:

Bohemond kom til Frankrike for å skaffe seg ved alle midler hånden til herre Ludvigs søster Konstanse, en ung kvinne av utmerket bakgrunn, elegant fremtoning og nydelig ansikt. Så stort var ryktet om verdien til det franske kongedømmet og herre Ludvig at selv sarasenerne var skrekkslagne av muligheten for dette ekteskapet. Hun var ikke forlovet siden hun brøt sin avtale om å gifte seg med Hugh, greve av Troyes, og ønsket å unngå nok et upassende valg. Prinsen av Antiokia var erfaren og rik både i gaver og løfter. Han fortjente ekteskapet fullt ut og det ble feiret med stor pomp og prakt av erkebiskopen i Chartres i nærvær av kongen, herre Ludvig og mange erkebiskoper, biskoper og adelsmenn i riket.

Omtåket av sin suksess var Bohemond fast bestemt på å bruke sin hær på 34 000 menn, ikke til å forsvare Antiokia mot grekerne, men å angripe Alexios[3]. Han angrep, men Alexios, hjulpet av venezere, viste seg å være for sterk, og Bohemond måtte bøye seg for en ydmykende fred (Devolavtalen i 1108) hvor han ble Alexios' vasall. Han var begrenset til å motta betaling med tittelen sebastos. Han lovet å avgi de omstridte territoriene og måtte motta en gresk patriark i Antiokia. Etter dette var Bohemond en nedbrutt mann. Han døde uten å dra tilbake til Antiokia og ble gravlagt ved Canosa i Apulia i 1111.

Referanser
^ Bohemond dukker ikke opp som prins av Taranto i sin egen levetid. Den tittelen ble først brukt av Roger I av Sicilia i 1132. Den ble brukt retrospektivt om Bohemond først i 1153 som Antiocenus et Tarentinus princeps i Codice diplomatico Barese og vanligvis som princeps Tarentinus deretter. I sin egen levetid signerte han dokumenter som Roberti ducis filius så sent som i 1098. Hans sønn og etterfølger refererte til ham som magnus Boamundus, som kunne bety ?den store?, ?den større? eller ?den eldre?. Med tanke på hans sønns navn er det mulig at det siste er mest sannsynlig. På grunn av hans krangel med sin bror og den etterfølgende svekkelsen av hertugdømmet Apulia, ble han henvist til som dux Apuliae av noen krønikeforfattere. Hans mest brukte tittel i hans levetid og etterpå var Antiocenus princeps.
^ a b God's War, Christopher Tyerman
^ W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, 626

[rediger] Litteratur
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
Ghisalberti, Albert M. (red) Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Roma.

"DE GUISCARD"; KING OF ANTIOCH

He was named Prince of Antioch in 1099.

Bohemond I (circa 1057-1111), prince of Antioch, leader of the First
Crusade, and founder of a Crusader dynasty in Syria. The eldest son of
Robert Guiscard, Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria in southern Italy,
Bohemond distinguished himself in a war (1081-85) against the Byzantine
Empire. After Robert Guiscard's death (1085), the Norman domain was
divided between Bohemond and his brother. Bohemond joined the First
Crusade to try to extend his possessions. As long as he remained with the
Crusaders, Bohemond was their leader, although he was not officially
recognized as such. Antioch was captured in June 1098, and Bohemond
received it as a principality. He was captured by the Muslims in 1100 and
held prisoner until 1103. After suffering a great defeat the following
year, he returned to western Europe to seek help. During his stay in
France, he married the daughter of King Philip I of France. By 1107 he was
head of a large army of adventurers who had been attracted by his military
renown, but instead of returning to Antioch, he led his forces against the
Byzantine Empire, which had restricted the expansion of his principality
after 1098. His attack was unsuccessful, and Bohemond was forced to accept
a peace that made him a vassal of the Byzantine emperor.

Bohemond's descendants ruled Antioch until 1268 and Tripoli from 1187 to
1289.

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Voorouders (en nakomelingen) van Marco 'Boemondo' di Puglia

Tancred Guiscard de Hauteville
± 1015-± 1041

Frédésende de Normandie
± 995-± 1058

Robert 'le Guiscard' de Hauteville
± 1020-1085

Alberada di Buonalbergo
± 1033-± 1122

Marco 'Boemondo' di Puglia
± 1054-1111

Constance Capet Capet
± 1078-± 1126



					Bohemond II d'Antioch ± 1109-± 1131

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