Philippe II 'Auguste' "Auguste" de France roi de France (1180-1162) » Stamboom Homs

Persoonlijke gegevens Philippe II 'Auguste' "Auguste" de France roi de France

Bronnen 1, 2, 3, 4

Alternatieve namen: Philippe II, Philippe
Roepnaam is Auguste.
Hij is geboren op 21 AUG 1165 TO ABT 1180 in Château de GonesseGonesse, Île-de-France, France.
Hij werd gedoopt in Paris,Seine,France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Ile-de-France, France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Seine, France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris,Isle de France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle De France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle DE France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle De France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Ile-de-France, France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Ile-de-France, France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle DE France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris (Seine) France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Seine, France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle De France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle DE France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle DE France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle De France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris (Seine) France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Isle De France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in Paris, Ile-de-France, France.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt rond augustus 1165 in Paris, Seine, France.
Hij is gedoopt.
Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 18 juli 1916.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 13 september 1991.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 1 september 1992 in LVEGA.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 10 augustus 1994.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 7 januari 1995.
Beroepen:

rond 1180 in King of France.
{geni:current} 0
rond 1180 TO ABT 1223 in France.
{geni:current} 0
{geni:job_title} Roi de France

Woonachtig: Saint Denis Basilica, FranceSaint Denis Basilica.
Hij is overleden op 14 JUL 1223 TO ABT 1162 in Mantes, Yvelines, Île-de-France, FranceMantes, Île-de-France.
Hij is begraven op 14 juli 1223 in Abbaye royale de Saint-DenisSaint-Denis, Île-de-France, France.
Een kind van Louis VII 'le Jeune' de France en Adèle de Champagne
Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 14 februari 2012.

Gezin van Philippe II 'Auguste' "Auguste" de France roi de France

(1) Hij is getrouwd met Agnès d'Andechs de Méranie.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 1 juni 1196.

Kind(eren):

Marie Capet de France ± 1198-1224

(2) Hij is getrouwd met Isabel de Hainaut.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 28 april 1180 te Bapaume, Pas de Calais, Nord Pas de Calais, FranceBapaume, Nord Pas de Calais.

Kind(eren):

Louis VIII 'le Lion' de France 1187-1190

Notities over Philippe II 'Auguste' "Auguste" de France roi de France

GIVN Phillip II Augustus Koenig
SURN von Frankreich
NSFX King of France
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: March 31, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #0120
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 16 Dez 1998
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: March 31, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #0120
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 16 Dez 1998
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: March 31, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #0120
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 16 Dez 1998
DATE 9 SEP 2000
TIME 13:17:29

(Research):Philip II Encyclopædia Britannica Article Early life and kingship Philip was the son of Louis VII of France and Adela of Champagne. In order to be associated as king with his father, who had fallen mortally ill, he was crowned at Reims on Nov. 1, 1179. His uncles of the House of Champagne_Henry I, count of Champagne; Guillaume, archbishop of Reims; and Thibaut V, count of Blois and Chartres_hoped to use the youthful king to control France. To escape from their tutelage, Philip, on April 28, 1180, married Isabella, the daughter of Baldwin V of Hainaut and the niece (through her mother) of Philip of Alsace, the count of Flanders, who promised to give the King the territory of Artois as her dowry. When Henry II of England arrived in Normandy, perhaps with the intention of responding to an appeal by the House of Champagne, Philip II entered into negotiations with him and, at Gisors on June 28, 1180, renewed an understanding that Louis VII had reached with him in 1177. As a result, the House of Champagne was politically isolated, and Philip II was making all decisions for himself and acting as he saw fit when his father died, on Sept. 18, 1180, leaving him sole king in name as well as in fact. When the Count of Flanders allied himself with the Champagne faction, there followed a serious revolt against the King. In the Peace of Boves, in July 1185 (confirmed by the Treaty of Gisors in May 1186), the King and the Count of Flanders composed their differences (which had been chiefly over possession of Vermandois, in Picardy), so that the disputed territory was partitioned, Amiens and numerous other places passing to the King and the remainder, with the county of Vermandois proper, being left provisionally to Philip of Alsace. Thenceforward the King was free to run against Henry II of England. Territorial expansion Henry's French possessions_the so-called Angevin Empire, consisting of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Touraine, with Aquitaine in the hands of his son, the future Richard I the Lion-Heart of England, and Brittany ruled by another son, Geoffrey (died 1186)_all were a constant menace to the French royal domain. Furthermore, there were long-standing disputes over the Vexin (between Normandy and the Ile-de-France), Berry, and Auvergne. Philip II launched an attack on Berry in the summer of 1187 but then in June made a truce with Henry, which left Issoudun in his hands and also granted him Fréteval, in Vendômois. Though the truce was for two years, Philip found grounds for resuming hostilities in the summer of 1188. He skillfully exploited the estrangement between Henry and Richard, and Richard did homage to him voluntarily at Bonmoulins in November 1188. Finally, by the Treaty of Azay-le-Rideau, or of Colombières (July 4, 1189), Henry was forced to renew his own homage, to confirm the cession of Issoudun, with Graçay also, to Philip, and to renounce his claim to suzerainty over Auvergne. Henry died two days later. Richard, who succeeded Henry as king of England, had already undertaken to go on crusade (the Third Crusade) against Saladin in the Holy Land, and Philip now did likewise. Before his departure, he made the so-called Testament of 1190 to provide for the government of his kingdom in his absence. On his way to Palestine, he met Richard in Sicily, where they promptly found themselves at variance, though they made a treaty at Messina in March 1191. Arriving in Palestine, they cooperated against the Muslims at Acre, until Philip fell ill and made his illness a pretext for returning to France, quite determined to settle the succession to Flanders (Philip of Alsace had just died on the crusade) while Richard was still absent. Thus, by the end of 1191, Philip II was back in France. In spite of promises he had made in the Holy Land, Philip at once prepared to attack the Plantagenet possessions in France. Informed of this, Richard also left the crusade but was taken prisoner while on his way back by the duke of Austria, Leopold V of Babenberg. Philip did everything he could to prolong his rival's captivity, but Richard was at last set free (1194) and went to war against Philip. The French king suffered a number of defeats (from that at Fréteval in July 1194 to that at Courcelles in September 1198) in a series of campaigns that were occasionally punctuated by negotiations. It was fortuitous for Philip, however, when Richard was killed in April 1199. Richard's brother John was by no means as formidable a fighter. Moreover, his right to Richard's succession could be contested by Arthur of Brittany, whose father had been senior to John. To secure the succession, therefore, John came to terms with Philip: by the Treaty of Le Goulet (May 22, 1200), in return for Philip's recognition of him as Richard's heir, he ceded Évreux and the Norman Vexin to Philip; agreed that Issoudun and Graçay should be the dowry of his niece Blanche of Castile, who was to marry the future Louis VIII (Philip's son by Isabella of Hainaut); and renounced any claim to suzerainty over Berry and Auvergne. Shortly afterward, however, John entered into conflict with the Lusignan family of Poitou (in Aquitaine), who appealed to Philip as overlord. When he was summoned to appear before the royal court as a vassal of the French crown, John did not present himself, and Philip, in April 1202, pronounced John's French fiefs forfeit and undertook to carry out the sentence himself. He invaded Normandy, overran the northeast, and laid siege to Arques, while Arthur of Brittany, the son of Geoffrey, who died some years before, campaigned against John's supporters in Poitou; but John, marching south from Maine, captured Arthur at Mirebeau (August 1). In fury, Philip abandoned the siege of Arques and marched southwestward to Tours, ravaging John's territory on his way before returning to Paris. Guillaume des Roches, the powerful seneschal of Anjou, who had taken John's side, came to terms with Philip in March 1203. Resuming operations against Normandy, Philip occupied the towns around the great fortress of Château-Gaillard, to which he laid siege in September 1203, having overruled Pope Innocent III's attempts to mediate. John, who is reported to have murdered Arthur of Brittany in April, retired to England in December, and Château-Gaillard fell to Philip in March 1204. Rouen, the Norman capital, surrendered in June, after 40 days' resistance. After his conquest of Normandy, Philip subdued Maine, Touraine, Anjou, and most of Poitou with less difficulty (1204-05), though the castles of Loches and Chinon held out for a year. He sought to secure his conquests by lavishing privileges on the towns and on the religious houses but otherwise left the local barons in power. Unrest, however, was endemic in Poitou, and in June 1206 John landed at La Rochelle. After a campaign in the south, he turned north toward the Loire. At Thouars in October 1206, he and Philip made a two-year truce, leaving John in possession of the reconquered Poitevin lands. In the following year, however, Philip invaded Poitou again; and, after a further campaign in 1208, only the south and part of the west of Poitou remained loyal to John (with Saintonge, Guyenne, and Gascony). Philip next hoped to exploit the dispute between John and Pope Innocent III. While Innocent was threatening to declare John unfit to reign (1212), plans were being made for a French landing in England and for the accession of Philip's son Louis to the English throne. The plans had to be dropped when John made his submission to the Pope (1213). Throwing himself into schemes for revenge, John formed a coalition against France: the Holy Roman emperor Otto IV, the Count of Flanders (Ferrand, or Ferdinand, of Portugal), and the Count of Boulogne (Raynald, or Renaud, of Dammartin) were to invade the Capetian territory from the northeast while John attacked from the west, with the help of his Poitevin barons. John landed at La Rochelle in February 1214 and advanced into Anjou but was put to flight by Louis at La Roche-aux-Moines on July 2; his confederates were completely defeated by Philip in the decisive Battle of Bouvines on July 27. The Anglo-Angevin power in France and the coalition had both been broken in one month. Thus Philip, who, in 1213, had transferred Brittany to his cousin Peter of Dreux, was left without any significant opposition to his rule in France. It was not only at the Plantagenets' expense that Philip enlarged the royal domain. His claim to Artois through his first marriage and his gains by the settlement of 1185-86 have been mentioned above, and he subsequently proceeded, step by step, to acquire the rest of Vermandois and Valois. His insistence on his suzerainty over vacant fiefs and on his tutelage over minors and heiresses was particularly effective with regard to Flanders, where two successive Flemish counts, Philip of Alsace (died 1191) and Baldwin IX (died c. 1205) had left no male issue. Though he did not personally take part in the crusade proclaimed by Pope Innocent III against a Cathari religious sect in Languedoc, Philip allowed his vassals and knights to carry it out. Simon de Montfort's capture of Béziers and Carcassonne (1209) and his victory at Muret over Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon (1213) prepared the way for the eventual annexation of eastern Languedoc to the royal domain six years after Philip's death and for the union of northern and southern France under Capetian rule. continued Philip II Encyclopædia Britannica Article Internal affairs Several years before he tried to take advantage of the papacy's quarrel with John of England, Philip had himself been in dispute with Rome. After the death (1190) of Isabella of Hainaut, he had married Ingeborg, sister of the Danish king Canute IV, on Aug. 14, 1193, and on the next day, for a private reason, had resolved to separate from her. Having procured the annulment of his marriage by an assembly of bishops in November 1193, he took a Tirolese lady, Agnes, daughter of Bertold IV of Meran, as his wife in June 1196. Denmark, meanwhile, had complained to Rome about the repudiation of Ingeborg, and Pope Celestine III had countermanded it in 1195; but Celestine died (1198) before he could resort to coercion against Philip. The next pope, Innocent III, was sterner: in January 1200 he imposed an interdict on France. Philip, therefore, in September 1200, had to submit, pretending to be reconciled with Ingeborg. In fact, he refused to cohabit with her and kept her in semicaptivity until 1213, when he accepted her beside him_not as his wife but at least as his queen. Agnes had died in 1201, after bearing two children to Philip: Marie, countess of Namur (1211) and duchess of Brabant (1213), by successive marriages; and Philip, called Hurepel, count of Clermont. Throughout his reign, Philip kept a close watch over the French nobility, which he brought effectively to heel. He maintained excellent relations with the French clergy, leaving the canons of the cathedral chapters free to elect their bishops and favouring the monastic orders. He knew, too, how to win the support of the towns, granting privileges and liberties to merchants and frequently aiding their struggles to free themselves from the seignorial authority of the nobles. In return, the communes helped financially and militarily. Most of all, Philip gave his attention to Paris, not only fortifying it with a great rampart but also having its streets and thoroughfares put in order. For the countryside, he multiplied the number of villes neuves ("new towns"), or enfranchised communities. The Capetian monarchy's hold on the huge royal domain as well as on the kingdom as a whole was considerably strengthened by Philip's institution of a new class of administrative officers, the royal baillis and the seneschals for the provinces, who were appointed by the king to supervise the conduct of the local prévôts ("provosts"), to give justice in his name, to collect the revenues of the domain for him, and to call up the armed forces, in addition to other duties. Conclusion. Philip II died on July 14, 1223. Knowing his own strength, he was the first of the Capetians not to have his eldest son crowned and associated with him during his lifetime; in fact, his conquests and strong government made him the richest and most powerful king in Europe and prepared the way for France's greatness in the 13th century. Philippe II August, King of France 1180-1223, (1165-1223) Born 22 August 1165 Gonesse Died 14 July 1223 Mantes Married (1) 28 April 1180 Bapaume Isabelle of Flanders, Countess of Artois, daughter of Baudouin V-VIII, Count of Flanders & Hainault and Margarethe of Flanders Born April 1170 Valenciennes Died 15 March 1190 Paris Married (2) 15 August 1193 Amiens (Div.5-11-1193) Ingeborg (Isambour) of Denmark, daughter of Valdemar I den Store, King of Denmark 1157-1182 and Sofie of Polock Born 1175 Died 29 July 1236 Corbeil Buried Corbeil Married (3) June 1196 (forced to divorce in 1200) Agnes de Meran, daughter of Berthold VI von Andechs, Duke of Meran and Dalmatia and Agnes von Nieder-Lausitz Born 1180 Died 29 July 1201 Chateau Poissy After having lost his child-wife, Isabelle of Flanders, he went on crusade, then hurried back to marry again for the sake of his dynasty as his son, Louis, was a sickly child. What he needed was the daughter of a king and, on 14 August 1193, he married Ingeborg (Isambour), daughter of King Valdemar of Denmark. Arrangements had been made for her to be crowned queen the day after the nuptials but, during the wedding night, Philippe's feelings changed to repulsion. In Compiegne, before an assembly, fifteen duly sworn witnesses, twelve of them from the king's family, solemnly calculated the degrees of consanguinity and showed that Philippe and Ingeborg were fourth cousins, a prohibiting degree for marriage. However, this solution was not accepted by Ingeborg's brother, the Danish king, who appealed to Pope Celestine III, claiming the genealogies to be wrong, but the pope gave Philippe no more than a warning. In June 1196, Philippe III married the beautiful Agnes de Meran. With Ingeborg still alive, this was bigamy. The new pope, Innocent III, ordered Philippe to part from Agnes and, laying France under an interdict, wanted to suspend all religious services. Negotiations were to last fifteen years and, because of the Cathar upsurge, the interdict was not applied. In 1201 in Soissons, the church confronted Philippe but, after a fortnight's arguing, he departed, taking Ingeborg with him. On 29 July 1201 Agnes de Meran died and Philippe could no longer be regarded as a bigamist; and so, in November of that year, the pope legitimised the two children of Philippe and Agnes. In 1205 a 'damsel from Arras' bore him a bastard son and, as Philippe would have nothing to do with Ingeborg, she was spared the perils of childbearing. As it had not been consummated, the pope was willing to declare the marriage with Ingeborg void. However, they had not counted on Ingeborg who maintained that she and Philippe had slept together. To satisfy pope, king and queen, the only solution seemed to be that the queen should take the veil and enter a convent; but then, in April 1213, Philippe announced he was taking back his wife. Source: Leo van de Pas

Name Prefix: King Name Suffix: Ii, Of France

[v37t1235.ftw]

Facts about this person:

Acceded1180

Interred
St. Denis, France

Basic Life Information

Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné - the God-given - as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class

Crusade

Philip went on the Third Crusade (1189-1192) with Richard I of England (1189-99) and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa (1155-90). His army left Vézelay on July 1, 1190. At first the French and English crusaders traveled together, but the armies split at Lyons, as Richard decided to go by sea, and Philip took the overland route through the Alps to Genoa. The French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together. On March 30, 1191 the French set sail for the Holy Land and Philip arrived on May 20. He then marched up to Acre which was already besieged by a lesser contingent of crusaders and started to construct large siege equipments before Richard arrived in June 8 (see Siege of Acre). By the time Acre surrendered on July 12, Philip was severely ill with dysentery which reduced his crusading zeal. Ties with Richard were further strained after the latter acted in a haughty manner after Acre had fallen. More importantly, the siege resulted in the death of Philip of Alsace, who held the county of Vermandois proper; an event that threatened to derail the Treaty of Gisors which Philip had orchestrated to isolate the powerful Blois-Champagne faction. Philip decided to return to France to settle the issue of succession in Flanders, a decision that displeased Richard, who said, "It is a shame and a disgrace on my lord if he goes away without having finished the business that brought him hither. But still, if he finds himself in bad health, or is afraid lest he should die here, his will be done." So on July 31, 1191 the French army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks to pay the soldiers) remained in Outremer under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Philip and his cousin Peter of Courtenay, count of Nevers, made their way to Genoa and from there returned to France. This decision to return was also fuelled by the realization that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English possessions in northern France (Normandy) would be open for attack. After Richard's delayed return home after the Third Crusade, war between England and France would ensue over possession of English-controlled territories in modern-day France.

Marriages and Children

King Philip II married Isabelle of Hainaut, daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut and Countess Margaret I of Flanders on 28 April 1180 at Bapaume. She brought as her dowry the county of Artois. The marriage was arranged by her maternal uncle Count Philip of Alsace who was advisor to the King. They had one surviving child:

Louis VIII

After Isabelle's early death in childbirth, in 1190, Philip decided to marry again. On August 15, 1193 he married Ingeborg (1175-1236), daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark (1157-82). She was renamed Isambour, and Stephan of Dornik described her as "very kind, young of age but old of wisdom." For some unknown reason, Philip was repelled by her, and he refused to allow her to be crowned Queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful Queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.

In the meantime Philip had sought a new bride. Initially agreement had been reached for him to marry Marguerite of Geneva, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage. Philip finally achieved a third marriage, on May 7, 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia (c. 1180 - July 29, 1201). Their children were:

Marie (1198 - October 15, 1224)
Philippe Hurepel (1200-1234), Count of Clermont and eventually, by marriage, Count of Boulogne

Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) declared Philip Augustus's marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the King to part from Agnès; when he did not, the Pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until September 7, 1200. Due to pressure from the Pope and from Ingeborg's brother, King Valdemar II of Denmark (1202-41), Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his Queen in 1213.

Death

Philip II Augustus died July 14, 1223 at Mantes and was interred in Saint Denis Basilica. Philip's son by Isabelle de Hainaut, Louis VIII, was his successor.

First of the great Capetian kings of medeval France, he gradually reconquered
the French territories held by the kings of England, extending royal domains
northward. He was a major figure in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land in
1191. He was the first of the Capetians not to have his eldest son crowned
and associated with him during his lifetime. His conquests and strong
government made him the richest and most powerful king in Europe and prepared
the way for France's greatness in the 13th century.

Philip II or Philip Augustus,1165–1223, king of France (1180–1223), son of Louis VII. During his reign the royal domains were more than doubled, and the royal power was consolidated at the expense of the feudal lords. Philip defeated a coalition of Flanders, Burgundy, and Champagne (1181–86), securing Amiens, Artois, and part of Vermandois from the count of Flanders. He then attacked (1187) the English territories in France. Allied (Nov., 1188) with Richard, the rebellious son of King Henry II of England, Philip compelled Henry to cede several territories to him. After Henry's death (1189), Philip and Richard, now king of England (see Richard I), left (1190) on the Third Crusade (see Crusades). They soon quarreled, and after the capture of Acre (see Akko) Philip returned (1191) to France. Richard also left the crusade but was captured on his way home by Leopold V of Austria. During Richard's captivity (1192–94), Philip conspired against him with Richard's brother John. After his release Richard made war (1194–99) on Philip, compelling him to surrender most of his annexations. When John acceded to the English throne on Richard's death (1199), Philip espoused the cause of Arthur I of Brittany and invaded John's French domains, forcing him to surrender (1204) Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. Philip later conquered Poitou. In 1214, at Bouvines, the French defeated the allied forces of John, Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, and the count of Flanders; it was a victory that established France as a leading European power. When the English barons revolted against John (1215), they invited Philip's son Louis (later Louis VIII of France) to invade England and take the English throne; the venture failed.
During Philip's reign the pope proclaimed the Crusade against the Albigenses. Although Philip did not participate directly in the crusade, he allowed his vassals to do so. Their victories prepared the ground for the annexation of S France by King Louis IX. In internal affairs Philip's most important reform was the creation of a class of salaried administrative officers, the baillis [bailiffs], to supervise local administration of the domain. Philip also systematized the collection of customs, tolls, fines, and fees due to the crown. He supported the towns of France against the royal barons, thereby increasing their power and prosperity. In Paris, he continued the construction of Notre-Dame de Paris, built the first Louvre, paved the main streets, and walled the city.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Philip II (French: Philippe II), called Philip Augustus (French:Philippe Auguste) (August 21, 1165 - July 14, 1223), was King ofFrance from 1180 to 1223.

A member of the Capetian dynasty, Philip Augustus was born August 21,1165 at Gonesse, Val-d'Oise, France, the son of Louis VII of Franceand his third wife, Adèle of Champagne. In declining health, hisfather had him crowned at Reims in 1179.

He was married on April 28, 1180 to Isabelle of Hainaut and they hadone son, Louis (later King Louis VIII), seven years later. A few yearsafter Isabelle's passing, on August 15, 1193 he married Ingeborg ofDenmark (1175-1236). The marriage produced no children and ended indivorce. Philip Augustus married for a third time on May 7, 1196 toPrincess Agnès of Méranie (c.1180 - July 29, 1201). Their childrenwere:

1) Philippe Hurepel (1200 - 1234)
2) Marie (1198 - October 15, 1224)
As king, he would become one of the most successful in consolidatingFrance into one royal domain. He seized the territories of Maine,Touraine, Anjou, Brittany, and all of Normandy from King John ofEngland. His decisive victory at the Battle of Bouvines over King Johnand a coalition of forces that included Otto IV of Germany ended theimmediate threat of challenges to this expansion (1214) and leftPhilip Augustus as the most powerful monarch in all of Europe.

He reorganized the government, bringing to the country a financialstability which permitted a sharp increase in prosperity. His reignwas popular with ordinary people when he checked the power the noblesand passed some of it on to the growing middle class his reign hadcreated.

He went on the Third Crusade with Richard the Lionhearted and the HolyRoman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa (1189-1192).

Philip Augustus would play a significant role in one of the greatestcenturies of innovation in construction and in education. With Parisas his capital, he had the main thoroughfares paved, built a centralmarket, Les Halles, continued the construction begun in 1163 of theGothic Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, constructed the Louvre as afortress and gave a charter to the University of Paris (the Sorbonne)in 1200. Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachersthe medieval world had known.

Philip Augustus died July 14, 1223 at Mantes and was interred in SaintDenis Basilica. He was succeeded by his son by Isabelle of Hainaut,Louis VIII.

At least one souce indicates that Philllippe was born in Paris, rathe r than at Gonesse. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné 'God-given' . It is reported that he gained the name 'Augustus' for his capacity to enlarge and augment the size of his realm. As a youth, he was corp ulant, with vitality and very combative. At the time he came to the t hrone, he is described as 'short in stature, stocky, with a red face , unkept hair and primitive notions of personal hygiene' with little t ime for education and no knowledge of Latin. He proved to be no matc h for either Henry II or his son Richard when it came to military know ledge or as a warrior. By tempermant and choice he was a diplomat. H e is described as a hypochondriac with little or no sense of humor, h aving 'a fastidious fear of injury and disease'. He also possessed a burning sense of ambition. As a youth, he tried to free himself of th e tutlage of his mothers brothers. He was a political realist and pra gmatist, much more astute than his father, and is written of as the gr eat king of the Capetian dynasty. He came to the throne as a minor, a nd after a reign of forty-three years he left the house of Capet the r ichest in Europe. Phillippe is also styled as Count of Artois. He wa s the first of the Capetian Kings not to involve his wife in the gover nment of the realm. Starting during the reign of Phillippe, the roya l archives were deposited in Paris, and the royal treasury was thereaf ter kept at the Paris Temple under the guard of the Knights Templars.

In 1179, Louis VII, in the tradition of his forefathers going back to Hugh Capet, had his son Phillippe crowned king to assure his smooth su ccession. Phillippe ordered new city walls for the city of Paris and stone pavements. He was shrewd and eager for power and an unscrupulou s politician. On 1 November, Guillaume aux Blanches Mains, Archbisho p of Rheims, crowned and anointed the fourteen year-old prince in the cathedral there. His father died on 18 September 1180. While the roya l power had been increased under Philip I and Louis VI, under Louis VI I it had diminished slightly. The first few years of his reign were m arked by bitter disputes with the Lords of Champagne, Blois and Flande rs and as such, he was happy to have Henry II as an ally during these years. In 1180, Phillippe's uncle Henry de Champagne took up arms in an attempt to gain control of the French realm during Phillippes youth . In June of 1180, Phillippe met with Henry II of England, joined for ces against Henry de Champagne and renewed the peace of 1177. As such , Phillippe's uncle Henry de Champagne quickly withdrew his forces. The first great fief that was brought to heel was Flanders at the ver y start of the reign of Phillippe. Another implementation of Phillipp e's early reign was that he created a new class of royal administrato r strictly responsible to him alone. He also would during his reign p ay a great deal of attentipon to his capital city Paris. He built ne w walls, began to pave the streets and began the structure that eventu ally became the Louvere and continued construction of a cathedral - No tre Dame the cornerstone having been laid by his father Louis VII.

Phillippes major ambition was however the destruction of the Angevin e mpire, and as such he continued to support the son's of Henry II again st their father. From the beginning of his reign, Phillippe began th e harassment of the Jews, and in April 1182, expelled Jews from Franc e and confiscated their goods. The reasons given were, of course, a me re pretense to allow the crown to aggrandise itself at the expense of an unpopular sect of the population. Since 1181, conflict had been on going with the count of Flanders, Philippe of Alsace. Philip managed t o counter the ambitions of the count by breaking his alliances with He nry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philipp von Heinsberg, Archbishop of Colog ne. In 1183, Henry II of England and Phillippe met and discussed a re alignment of the Angevin territories. In July 1185, the Treaty of Bov esconfirmed to the king the possession of the Vermandois, Artois, and Amiénois. Philip also began to war with the Henry II of England, who was also count of Anjou and duke of Aquitaine in France; two years of combat (1186-1188) followed, but the situation remained unchanged. Phi lip initially allied and worked with the young sons of Henry, Richard and John, who were in rebellion against their father. The death of Hen ry and the fall of Jerusalem in 1187 diverted attention from the Franc o-English war.

During his reign the royal domains were more than doubled, and the roy al power was consolidated at the expense of the feudal lords. In 1181 , Phillippe was supported by Henry, Richard and Geoffrey (sons of Henr y II) in a war against Philip de Alsace - count of Flanders. After He nry, 'the young King', had his requests turned down by his father in 1 182, Henry made his way to Paris and the court of Phillippe of France . There, Phillippe lent a sympathetic ear to young Henry's requests . Philip defeated a coalition of Flanders, Burgundy, and Champagne (1 181-86), securing Amiens, Artois, and part of Vermandois from the coun t of Flanders. He then attacked (1187) the English territories in Fran ce. Specifically, Phillippe concentrated his efforts in the area of B erry where he beseiged both Richard and John at Chateurox. By the tim e that Henry, 'the young King' died in 1183, the Norman Vexin passed t o Phillippe's half sister Alice who was then still betrothed to Richar d, then Prince of England. As Richard showed no interest in the marri age, Phillippe demanded that Alice and her dowry be returned to the co urt of France. Henry II however was loath to part with Alice.

In 1186, Phillippe gained the Vermandois, the county of Montdidier, To urette and Choisy and Amiens, augmented by Roye. The rest of Vermando is went by arrangement to Eleanor de Vermandois. In 1186, at the tim e of Geoffrey (son of Henry II), Phillippe took the side of Constance of Brittany and her son Arthur against henry II of England. Initiall y he supported Arthurs claim to the English throne, but later abandone d Arthur at teh Peace of Le Goulet on 22 May 1200. In 1187, Phillipp e marched into Berry and took Chateauraux. Richard and Henry II joine d forces to resist Phillip. On 23 June 1187 Henry II and Phillippe re ached a truce at Chateauraux (ref 'Ralph of Diceto'). However Richar d soon deserted his father again and marched to Paris and allied himse lf with Phillip. In June of 1188, Phillippe again attacked Richard th e Lionheart's border strongholds in Touraine and near Berry. He also captured Chateaurous on 16 June 1188. In Nov 1188, he allied with Ric hard, the rebellious son of King Henry II of England, Philip compelle d Henry to cede several territories to him. After 1188, there was a g rowing sense of distrust between Henry II and Phillippe. At La Ferte- Bernard in June 1189, Phillippe demanded again that Henry II give up A lice, so that she and Richard could be married. After the death of He nry II, Phillippe soon developed almost a savage hatred of Richard.

Phillippe soon abandoned the policies previously so successful for th e Capetian dynasty. He ceased to put himself forward as a champion o f the law. He ignored solemn promises he made to Henry II and to Rich ard. He violated feudal and canon law. After Henry's death (1189), P hilip and Richard, now king of England met at Vezelay on 1 April 1190 so as to arrange the logistics for traveling to the Holy Land on crusa de together. Phillippe, rather half-heartedly and reluctantly, joine d Richard in the fervor to make a crusade. As such Phillippe laid a n ew tax on his people - the 'Saladin tithe', which in time became the f orerunner of modern French taxatiation policy. During his absence, Ph illippe appointed a Council of Regency that included six burghers to r ule the realm in his absence. Together, Richard and Phillippe set ou t for the Holy Land from the area of Tours on 4 July 1190. Richard an d Phillippe followed different routes towards the Mediterranean. Phil lippe made his way to Genoa and contracted with the Genoese republic t o move his army across the Mediterranean. He arrived in Sicily in th e middle of September 1190.

Phillippe had arrived at Sicily prior to Richard, and in conjunction w ith Tancred prevented Eleanor d'Aquitaine and Berengaria from landing at Sicily and forced them to land instead at Brendisi. While in Sicil y, Phillippe and Richard quarreled endlessly. Phillippe set sail fro m Sicily on 30 March 1191 for Palestine. Phillippe landed with his tr oops in the environs of Acre on about 20 April 1191 at which time he t ook control of the army and began to reorganize the faltering seige o f Leopold. He was followed at the beginning of June 1191 by Richard t he Lionheart. Phillippe, against Richards advice, put forward an atta ck on Acre which proved to be a failure and with that disasterous even t, he lost any effective chance he had to resume a leadership role fo r the crusade. After the defenders of Acre were defeated, the city wa s partitioned between Richard and Phillippe. Phillippe took possessio n of the former palace of the Knights Templar. On 22 July 1191, afte r quarrelling with Richard, Phillippe announced that due to malaria h e was too ill to continue on with the crusade and would return to Fran ce. At the time, Phillippe had lent his support to Conrad de Montferr at as King of Jerusalem. He soon developed into a cynical and distrus tful man. On 31 July 1191, with Conrad of Montferrat Phillippe saile d first for Tyre and subsequently embarked for Brindisi. He made his way to Otranto and made the rest of the trip by land. In Rome, the Po pe released Phillippe from his oath as a crusader. He did leave his a rmy under the command of Hugh of Burgundy. Richard didn't what him to leave with the fear that Phillippe would take advantage of him not bei ng in France to protect his holdings. Philip was a great administrato r as he had been King of France for 8 years before he went to the crus ade. On his way home, Phillippe met with Henry VI - Holy Roman Empero r and discussed what to do about Richard once he returned from the cru sade.

Richard also left the crusade but was captured on his way home by Leop old V of Austria. Phillippe was notified of Richards capture by Henr y VI - Holy Roman Emperor. Phillippe quickly urged Henry to keep Rich ard in close confinement. During Richard's captivity (1192-94), Philli ppe initially tried to buy the person of Richard, failing in that ambi tion he sought to pay Leopold to have Richard released into his hand . He continued to conspire against Richard with Richard's brother Joh n. In March of 1193, Phillippe urgently requested Henry VI - Holy Rom an Emperor not to release Richard after his trial at Speyer. On 12 Ap ril 1193, after invading Normandie with great success, Phillippe took Gisors and overran the Vixen. Having siezed Neaufles, he marched on R ouen on 23 April 1193 where he joined Flemish forces led by Baldwin VI I of Flanders (Baldwin de Hainault II) and demanded its surrender as w ell as the return of his sister Alice, held there in confinement by El eanor - dowager Queen of England. Phillippe also sought to have John marry the Princess Alice still at Winchester. At Rouen, Robert de Bea umont -3rd Earl Leicester refused to surrender Rouen to Phillippe and he subsequently marched back to Paris. Some of his forces did advanc e as far as Dippe, on the channel.

Philip married on August 15, 1193 (2) Ingeborg (Ingeburge or Isambour) ) of Denmark, sister of King Chanute VI. of Denmark. She was born in 1 175, died in 1236, but that marriage lasted but one day. For some unkn own reason, Philip totally rejected her after the first night together , and he had her shut up in a nunnery and later put in prison, attempt ing to obtain a divorced decree, in order to remarry. There were no ch ildren. On about 8 January 1193, Phillippe was notified of Richard's capture by envoys from Henry VI - Holy Roman Emperor. Between his sep aration from Ingebourg and his relationship with Agnes de Meran, Phill ippe set his eyes on Constance of Hohenstaufen, a cousin of Henry VI - Holy Roman Emperor. To his rage, he discovered that she had marrie d Henry of Brunswick, son and heir of Henry - the Lion of Saxony.

In about January of 1194, it is reported that Phillippe of France and John Lackland outbid Eleanor d'Aquitaine for the person of Richard I, so as to continue his confinement. Phillippe was still intent on th e capture of Roeun and the liberation of Alice (Alys) of France. Some time after May of 1194, he laid siege to Verneuil, but quickly abandon ed the siege in the face of the threat posed by Richards return to th e area of Bayeux and Caen. Richard I made war on Phillippe, compellin g him to surrender most of his annexations. In June of 1194, Phillipp e lost a decisive battle to Richard I at the battle of Freteval and ca me close to being captured. On 23 July 1194, the church negotiated a truce between Phillippe and Richard until November of 1195. By the su mmer of 1195, Phillippe violated the truce and again invaded Normandie . By the end of 1195, both sides sought a more lastin peace and the T reaty of Louviers ceded Norman Vexin to Phillippe. By 1197, Phillipp e and Richard I were again at war over Normandie. Even though Phillip pe was able to take Aumale, Richard was able to regain much of the ter ritory that Phillippe had take during Richard's captivity. After Joh n Lackland was able to take Philip of Dreux captive, Phillippe was aga in forced to sue for peace.

In 1196, Phillippe quickly married his third wife Agnes of Meran, daug hter of the German Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, who ruled Merano, even though she was so closely related to Phillippe that their union w as automatically forbidden by canon law. Philip found some obliging ch urchmen to annul the first marriage and solemnize the second, on May 7 , 1196. The Pope Celestine III did not take action except to issue ap peals and warnings. In September of 1198, Baldwin of Flanders (de Hai nault) laid siege and captured the castle at Saint-Omer. Phillippe re tailiated by invading Normandie, burning towns and terriorizing the lo cal population. On 27 September 1198, Richard retailiated and invade d French territory. In 1198, Phillippe was pursued to the area of Gis ors by Richard's mercenary Captain Mercadier. When Innocent III. beca me Pope in 1198 the affair had been dragging on for two years. When P hilip refused to yield, Pope Innocent III. placed an interdict agains t all of France. Pope Innocent III also called for force and even a c rusade against Toulouse, but Phillippe declined the invitation and dee med it unjustified unless Raymond VI of Toulouse was first declared a heretic. The Popes interdict deprived the entire population of the sa craments of the Church. Phillippe finally in desperation agreed to a s eparation from Agnes, and the Pope lifted the ban. But not before sh e bore him a son, Philip Hurepel of Boulogne who died in 1234, and a d aughter, Mary (Marie), who died in 1224, married first Philip I of Nam ur, who died in 1212, and second Henry I, Duke of Brabant, who died i n 1235. There was issue by this second marriage. Another son (illegit imate) was born to Philip and "a maiden of Arras," Pierre Charlot, Bis hop of Noyon.

Phillippe, upon hearing of Richards death, proclaimed Arthur the right ful heir to England and the Angevin empire. Phillippe marched west an d advanced on the area of Anjou and Maine. Arthur of Brittany and hi s mother had marched on Anjou and eventually made there way to LeMans . By June of 1199, now King John had crossed the channel and landed i n the area of Dieppe. Almost immediately there was a test of strengt h between Phillippe and John when John besieged a castle in the area, but was quickly driven off. By late 1199, a rift had developed betwee n Phillippe and Arthur of Brittany. In late 1199, Phillippe and John - King of England concluded a five year truce by whcih Phillippe's so n Louis would marry one of John's Castillian's nieces. John at the ti me had to return to England, so his then 71 year old mother Eleanor wa s sent to select the niece. In mid January 1200, Phillippe was impose d with an interdict on his kingdom by the vatican to punish him fro hi s marital discrepancies. On 22 May 1200, Phillippe and John of Englan d concluded the Treaty of Le Goulet which enshrined the terms of the p revious truce. By it, Arthur was to hold Brittany as a vassel of John . By it, Phillippes son Louis was to marry John's niece Blanche. By it, also, Phillippe invested John with the Angevin domains that includ ed Brittany and Arthur was produced to do homage to his uncle John fo r the duchy of Brittany. In 1201, Phillippe ordered Hugh and his brot her Raoul (Ralph) de Lusignan to cease their harrying of King John's l ands in Normandie. They ignored his command. Phillippe subsequently offered to act as a mediator between the warring parities.

In 1202, the Pope legitimized the children of Agnes and Phillippe. B y 1202, Phillippe was less than inclined to bow to the imperial preten sions of the Otto IV Holy Roman Emperor and was supported in his attit ude by the Papal Bull 'Per venerabilem' issued by Pope Innocent III. The Bull declared that he King of France recognised no temporal superi or. On 28 April 1202 Phillippe issued a final summons to John to pres ent himself at the French court and offer homage for his lands on the continent. When John refused to appear, Phillippe declared the truce of 1199 broken and marched on the frontier defenses of Normandie. By 8 July 1202, Phillippe had captured the stronghold at Gournay. He adv anced on Radepont, where he was met by John and chose to retire. Afte r Arthur was captured along with Hugh and Geoffrey de Lusignan at Mira beau in August of 1202, Phillippe then involved in a siege of Arques, broke off the siege and withdrew his forces from Normandie. He moved his army to the area of Tours, but when faced with the approach of Joh n, Phillippe withdrew. After news of Arthurs death reached him, and J ohn's allies quickly began to desert him, Phillippe advanced along th e Loire and took the fortress of Saumur, southwest of Fontevrault in A njou. Chinon held out against Phillippe at which time he swung north and marched unoppossed into Normandie. He took Domfront, Coutances, F alaise, Bayeux, Lisieux, Caen and Avranches. In 1203 Phillipps force s had moved against Castle Gaillard above Les Andelys on the great loo p of the Seine. Phillippe's army employed catapults, battering rams a nd south to undermine the walls by burning the support timbers. Phill ippe also sent troops into the drain pipes in hope of penetrating the interior of the castle By August of 1203, most of Normandie was in Ph illipps hands.

On 6 March 1204, Chateau Gaillard fell into French hands. His soldier s were able to crawl in through the lavatory extension that King John had installed. Between late March and April of 1204, William 'the Pro tector' Marshall, Hubert Walter - Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert de Beaumont - Earl Leicester and the Bishops of Norwich and Ely were sen t by King John as a delegation to Phillippe. Phillippe was intereste d in nothing more than the complete surrender of John's French fiefs . He demanded that, if still alive, Arthur be returned and that his s ister Eleanor be turned over, and the complete surrender of the entir e continental aspect of the Angevin empire. After taking Chateau Gail lard, Phillippe avoided Rouen and swung southwest into the hills of so uthern Normandie and took Argentan, then veered north into the plains advancing boldly on Falaise and Caen. Cane surrendered without any re sistance. He detailed forces to Bayeux, Coutances and the Cherbourg p eninsula. In the early summer of 1204, Phillippe finally turned on Ro uen by way of Lisieux. On 1 June 1204, Peter of Preaux, maded terms with Phillippe. Phillippe entered Rouen which capitulated on 24 June 1204. by the end of 1204, Phllippe was in control of Normandie. In ab out May of 1205, instead of proceeding with plans for an invasion of E ngland, Phillippe turned his attention south and directed an offensiv e against Poitou and Touraine. By mid-summer of 1205, Phillippe had t aken Loches and Chinon. He subsequently possessed direct control of N ormandie, Maine, Anjou and Touraine. His allies additionally controle d Brittany, La Marche and most of Poitou. However, by August of 1206 with John making progress in the south, Phillippe became quite disquit ed and moved south, but stopped short of the southern border of Anjou . In October 1206, a truce that was to last two years was reached wit h John of England.

In about 1209 Phillippe confiscated the estates and lands of Renaud - Count of Boulogne, when he switched his alligence to John - King of En gland. Phillippe was joined by Theobald - count of Bar and Ferrand - Count of Flanders. In 1212, Phillippe becan to consider an invasion o f England with the intent of raising his son Louis to the English thro ne. In 1213, at the time of the death of Eleanor de Vermandois, she l eft no collateral heirs and Phillippe moved and took Valois and Verman dois into his hands. In April 1213 at Soissons, Phillippe announced h is decision to invade England and his army was to assemble at Rouen b y 21 April 1213. Phillippe attempted to invade England, then ruled b y King John who had recently been excommunicated. But in May, John me t with the Papal legate at Dovert and immediately accepted the Popes t erms and the French invasion collapsed. Phillippe was furious and tur ned his wrath upon Ferrand of Flanders who had refused to join forces with the French against John. He ordered his fleet to the Swine estua ry on the northern seaway to Flanders. Phillippe crossed the border f rom the south and laid siege to Ghent. Ferrand appealed to John for h elp who sent 500 ships into the Swine estuary with some 700 knights an d a strong force of mercenaries commanded by William of Salisbury. Ph illippes fleet consisted of some 1700 vessels and the guards had gone ashore to loot the area of Damme, Salisbury sailed straight into the harbor, cutting 300 of Phillippes vessels adrift and burning at least 100 more. Salisbury, with Ferrand landed his army and mounted an atta ck on Damme which was unsuccessful as Phillippe had learned of the Eng lish presence and withdrew from Ghent. As such William was forced bac k to his vessels and then by necessity withdrew from the harbor. In f ear of another raid, Phillippe ordered many of his remaining vessels b urned.

In 1214, Phillippe faced the most critical period of his reign when hi s many enemies, fearing his growing power, united against him in war . It was during this crisis that he displayed his marital ability an d foresight as a statesman. He favored the towns against his recalcit rant barons, and because of this, has been called the friend of the bo urgeoisie. In 1214 he moved his army to the area of Peronne on the S omme River. There he marched, advancing through Cambrai and Douai int o Flanders. By 27 July 1214, he realized that he had advanced to far a nd retraced his route to the area of the village of Bouvines. At Bouv ines, the French defeated the allied forces of John, Holy Roman Empero r Otto IV, and the count of Flanders; it was a victory that establishe d France as a leading European power. At Bouvines, Philippe was dragg ed from his horse by a German halbert. He was subsequently rescued b y his standard bearer Galon of Montigny. At Bouvines, Phillippe was a ble to capture 131 'men of importance' and five counts. He soon retur ned to Paris in a triumphal procession. In 1216, Phillippe accepted t he action of the Latern Council of 1216 that deprived Raymond VI of To ulouse of his lands and subsequently worked to turn them over to Simo n de Montfort.

When the English barons revolted against John (1215), Phillippe offere d his help to the rebels. He supplied them with funds and ordinance . They, in turn, invited Philip's son Louis (later Louis VIII of Fran ce) to invade England and take the English throne; but the venture fai led. During Philip's reign the pope proclaimed the Crusade against th e Albigenses. Although Philip did not participate directly in the crus ade, he allowed his vassals to do so. Their victories prepared the gro und for the annexation of Southern France by King Louis IX. In interna l affairs Philip's most important reform was the creation of a class o f salaried administrative officers, the baillis [bailiffs], to supervi se local administration of the domain. Philip also systematized the co llection of customs, tolls, fines, and fees due to the crown. He suppo rted the towns of France againstthe royal barons, thereby increasing t heir power and prosperity. In Paris, he continued the construction of Notre-Dame de Paris, built the first Louvre, paved the main streets, a nd walled the city. An additional referenced includes: W. H. Hutton ( 1896, repr. 1970); J. W. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus (1 986).

Phillippe II was a younger half-brother of Marie, countess palatine o f Champagne, Alix, countess of Blois, Marguerite, queen of Hungary an d Alys, Countess of the Vexin. He was an older full brother of Agnes o f France, Empress of Constantinople. In declining health, his father had him crowned at Reims in 1179. He was married on April 28, 1180 to Isabelle of Hainaut, who brought the County of Artois as her dowry. Hi s father and co-ruler had died on September 18, 1180. Philip's eldest son Louis (later King Louis VIII), was born on September 5, 1187 and b ecame Count of Artois in 1190, when Isabelle, his mother, died.

As King, Phillippe II would become one of the most successful in conso lidating northern France into one royal domain, but he never had more than limited influence in southern France. In 1221, Phillippe confisc ated Ponthieu, after Simon de Dammartin the husband of the heiress of the county, had joined the bouvines coalition. Phillippe made a conso lidated effort early in his reign to cury the favor of the three Engli sh princes, Richard, Geoffrey and John. He seized the territories of Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Brittany and all of Normandy from King John of England (1199-1216). His decisive victory at the Battle of Bouvines ov er King John and a coalition of forces that included Otto IV of German y ended the immediate threat of challenges to this expansion (1214) an d left Philip II Augustus as the most powerful monarch in all of Europ e. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to thec ountry and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His re ign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power ofth e nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class that hi s reign had created.

Philip II Augustus would play a significant role in one of the greates t centuries of innovation in construction and in education. With Pari s as his capital, he had the main thoroughfares paved, built a centra l market, Les Halles, continued the construction begun in 1163 of theG othic Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, constructed the Louvre as a fortr ess and gave a charter to the University of Paris in 1200. Under hisgu idance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world ha d known. In 1224, the French poet Henry d'Andeli wrote of the great wi ne tasting competition that Philip II Augustus commissioned The Battl e of the Wines. Philip II Augustus died July 14, 1223 at Mantes and wa s interred in Saint Denis Basilica. He was succeeded by his son by Isa belle of Hainaut, Louis VIII (1223-26). At the time of Phllippes' dea th, his kingdom was twice the size of what it had been when he came t o power forty-three years earlier. He also left a substantial surplu s in the treasury.

GIVN Phillip II Augustus Koenig
SURN von Frankreich
NSFX King of France
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: March 31, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #0120
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 16 Dez 1998
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: March 31, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #0120
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 16 Dez 1998
REPO @REPO80@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
AUTH Brøderbund Software, Inc.
PUBL Release date: March 31, 1997
ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 9, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
PAGE Tree #0120
DATA
TEXT Date of Import: 16 Dez 1998
DATE 9 SEP 2000
TIME 13:17:29

Filip II August, fr. Philippe II Auguste, född 21 augusti 1165 i Gonesse, död 14 juli 1223 i Mantes, begravd i klosterkyrkan Saint-Denis, son till Ludvig VII av Frankrike och Alix av Champagne.Gift:1180 med Isabella av Hainaut, (1170–1190). 1193 med Ingeborg av Danmark, fransk drottning, 1175/1176–1236. 1196 med Agnes av Meran, (?–1201). Barn i första äktenskapet:1. Ludvig VIII av Frankrike, gift med Blanka av Kastilien. Barn i andra äktenskapet: Möjligen född i tredje äktenskapet.1. Philip Hurepel. Dessutom finns en dotter, Marie.

Person Source
DATE Date Unknown QUAY 0 DATE Date Unknown QUAY 0
[The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe] Kings of France:
Capetian and Valois. Philip II Augustus (1180-1223).

[Jeremiah Brown.FTW]

[from Rootsweb geneal database]
Philip II Augustus, King of France 1180-1223 became co-regent with his father Louis VII in 1179. From 1181 to 1186 Philip combated a coalition of barons in Flanders, Bourgogne, and Champagne and at their expense increased the royal domain. Philip allied himself with Richard, Duke of Aquitaine, who in 1189 became Richard I of England, and in 1190 the two kings embarked on the Third Crusade. The kings quarreled, however, and Philip returned to France in 1191. Allied with Holy Roman Emperor Nenry VI and Richard's brother, John, later king of England, Philip attached Richard's territories in France. Richard returned in 1194 and went to war against Philip. By the time of Richard's death in 1199, Philip had been forced to surrender most of the territory he had annexed. Philip subsequently warred against John, who became King of England in 1199; between 1202 and 1205 Philip more than doubled his territory by annexing Normandy, Maine, Bretagne, Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou.
A coalition of European powers, including England, challenged the growing power of France in 1214. Philip's forces, however, decisively defeated the coalition at the Battle of Bouvines, establishing France as a leading country of Europe.
Philip increased the royal power not only by extending the royal domain but also by reducing the power of the feudal lords. He replaced the noble officers at court with an advisory council appointed from the middle class and supported the communes against the nobles. France prospered from his judicial, financial and administrative reorganization of the government; serfdom declined, towns grew, and commence flourished. Philip established Paris as the fixed capital of France, paved the streets, and had many new buildings constructed in the city.

{geni:occupation} King of France, Rey de Francia (1180-1223), REY DE FRANCIA

{geni:about_me} PHILIP II OF FRANCE

From Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Auguste

And in French: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_II_de_France

Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné — the God-given — as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.

In declining health, Louis VII had him crowned and anointed at Rheims by the Archbishop William Whitehands on 1 November 1179. He was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabelle of Hainaut, who brought the County of Artois as her dowry. His father died on 18 September.

While the royal demesne had increased under Philip I and Louis VI, under Louis VII it had diminished slightly. In April 1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the demesne and confiscated their goods.

Philip's eldest son, Louis, was born on 5 September 1187 and inherited Artois in 1190, when Isabelle, his mother, died.

In 1181, Philip began a war with the Count of Flanders, Philip of Alsace. Philip managed to counter the ambitions of the count by breaking his alliances with Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philip of Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne. In July 1185, the Treaty of Boves confirmed to the king the possession of the Vermandois, Artois, and Amiénois.

In 1184, Stephen I of Sancerre and his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged the Orléanais. Philip defeated him with the aid of the Confrères de la Paix.

Philip also began to war with the Henry II of England, who was also Count of Anjou and Duke of Aquitaine in France. Two years of combat (1186–1188) followed, but the situation remained unchanged. Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons, Richard and John, who were in rebellion against their father. However, news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin, followed quickly by the death of Henry, diverted attention from the Franco-English war.

Philip was close friends with all of Henry's sons and he used them to foment rebellion against their father, but turned against both Richard and John after their respective accessions to the throne. With Henry the Young King and Geoffrey of Brittany he maintained friendship until their deaths. Indeed, at the funeral of Geoffrey, he was so overcome with grief that he had to be forcibly restrained from casting himself into the grave.

In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor John. The treaty was meant to bring peace to Normandy by settling the issue of the boundaries of the duchy and the terms of John's vassalage for it and Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. John agreed to heavy terms, but Philip in turn recognised John as king, formally abandoning Arthur I of Brittany, whom he had thitherto supported, and recognised John's suzerainty over the Duchy of Brittany. To seal the treaty, a marriage between Blanche of Castile, John's niece, and Louis the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

This did not stop the war, however. In 1202, disaffected barons petitioned the French king to summon John to answer their charges and, when the English king refused, Philip dispossessed him of his French lands. Within two years, most of Normandy and the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine, had been conquered. The war, called the "War of Bouvines," continued for the next decade until Philip won a decisive victory at Bouvines (1214) over a coalition of forces that included the Emperor Otto IV and Ferdinand, Count of Flanders.

Philip went on the Third Crusade with Richard I of England (1189–99) and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa (1189–1192). His army left Vézelay on July 1, 1190. At first the French and English crusaders traveled together, but the armies split at Lyons, as King Richard I decided to go by sea, and Philip took the overland route through the Alps to Genoa. The French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together. On March 30, 1191 the French set sail for the Holy Land, where they launched several assaults on Acre before King Richard I arrived. By the time Acre surrendered on July 12, Philip was severely ill with dysentery and had little more interest in further crusading. He decided to return to France, a decision that displeased King Richard I, who said, "It is a shame and a disgrace on my lord if he goes away without having finished the business that brought him hither. But still, if he finds himself in bad health, or is afraid lest he should die here, his will be done." So on July 31, 1191 the French army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks to pay the soldiers) remained in Outremer under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Philip and his cousin Peter of Courtenay, count of Nevers, made their way to Genoa and from there returned to France. This decision to return was also fuelled by the realization that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English possessions in northern France (Normandy) would be open for attack. After Richard's delayed return home after the Third Crusade, war between England and France would ensue over possession of English-controlled territories in modern-day France.

After Isabelle's early death in childbirth, in 1190, Philip decided to marry again. On August 15, 1193 he married Ingeborg (1175–1236), daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark (1157–82). She was renamed Isambour, and Stephan of Dornik described her as "very kind, young of age but old of wisdom." For some unknown reason, Philip was repelled by her, and he refused to allow her to be crowned Queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful Queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.

In the meantime Philip had sought a new bride. Initially agreement had been reached for him to marry Marguerite, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage Philip finally achieved a third marriage, on May 7, 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia (c. 1180 – July 29, 1201). Their children were:

#Marie (1198 – October 15, 1224)

#Philippe Hurepel (1200–1234), Count of Clermont and eventually, by marriage, Count of Boulogne

#Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) declared Philip #Augustus's marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the King to part from Agnès; when he did not, the Pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until September 7, 1200. Due to pressure from the Pope and from Ingeborg's brother, King Valdemar II of Denmark (1202–41), Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his Queen in 1213.

Understandably, he turned a deaf ear when the Pope asked him to do something about the heretics in the Languedoc. When Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians or Cathars, in 1208, Philip did nothing to support it, but neither did he hinder it. The war against the Cathars [in which more than a million people were killed] did not end until 1244, when finally their last strongholds were captured. The fruits of it, namely the submission of the south of France to the crown, were to be reaped by Philip's son, Louis VIII, and grandson, Louis IX.

Philip II Augustus would play a significant role in one of the greatest centuries of innovation in construction and in education. With Paris as his capital, he had the main thoroughfares paved, built a central market, Les Halles, continued the construction begun in 1163 of the Gothic Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, constructed the Louvre as a fortress and gave a charter to the University of Paris in 1200. Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world had known. In 1224, the French poet Henry d'Andeli wrote of the great wine tasting competition that Philip II Augustus commissioned The Battle of the Wines.

Philip II Augustus died July 14, 1223 at Mantes and was interred in Saint Denis Basilica. Philip's son by Isabelle de Hainaut, Louis VIII, was his successor.

Philip is a character in James Goldman's historical play The Lion in Winter. The play maintains the historical theory that he and Richard the Lionhearted had previously had a homosexual relationship In the 1968 film of The Lion in Winter, which downplayed the homosexual aspect present in the stage play, Philip was played by Timothy Dalton. Jonathan Rhys Meyers played Philip in a 2003 television version which somewhat resurrected the matter.

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King Philippe II AUGUSTE de France was born on AUG 21 1165 in Gonesse, Kingdom of France. He was a King of France from SEP 18 1180 to JUL 14 1223. From father King Louis VII's death. His reign was characterized by a gigantic advance of the French monarchy. Before his time the King of France reigned only over the Ile de France and Berri, and had no communication with the sea. To this patrimony Philip II added Artois, Amienois, Valois, Vernandois, a large portion of Beauvaisis, Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and a part of Poitou and Saintonge. His bailiffs and seneschals established the royal power firmly in those countries. Paris became a fortified city and attracted to its university students from different countries. Thanks to the possession of Dieppe, Rouen, and certain parts of Saintonge, the French monarchy became a maritime and commercial power, and Philip invited foreign merchants to France. Flanders, Ponthieu, and Auvergne became subject fiefs, supervised by agents of the king. He exercised a sort of protectorate over Champagne and Burgundy. Brittany was in the hands of Pierre de Dreux, a Capetian of the younger branch. "History", writes M. Luchaire, "does not present so many, such rapid, and such complete changes in the fortune of a State". Philip Augustus did not interfere in episcopal elections. In Normandy, where the Plantagenets had assumed the custom of directly nominating the bishops, he did not follow their example. Guillaume Le Breton, in his poem the "Philippide", makes him say: "I leave to the men of God the things that pertain to the service of God." He favoured the emancipation of communes, desiring to be liked by the middle classes of the districts he annexed. He often exacted a tax in exchange for the communal charter. But he did not allow the communes to infringe on the property of clerics or the episcopal right of jurisdiction. At Noyen he intervened formally in behalf of the bishop, who was threatened by the commune. He undertook a campaign in defence of the bishops and abbots against certain feudal lords whom he himself desired to humiliate or weaken. In 1180, before he was king, he undertook an expedition into Berri to punish the Lord of Charenton, the enemy of the monks, and into Burgundy where the Count of Chalon and the Lord of Beaujeu were persecuting the Church. In 1186, on the complaint of the monks, he took possession of Chatillon-sur-Seine, in the Duchy of Burgundy, and forced the duke to repair the wrongs he had committed against the Church. In 1210 he sent troops to protect the Bishop of Clermont, who was threatened by the Count of Auvergne. But on the other hand, in virtue of the preponderance which he wished royalty to have over feudalism, he exacted of the bishops and abbots the performance of all their feudal duties, including military service; although for certain territories he was the vassal of the bishops of Picardy, he refused to pay them homage. Moreover, he declared with regard to Manasses, bishop of Orléans, that the royal court was entitled to judge at the trials of bishops, and he made common cause with lay feudalism in the endless discussions regarding the province of ecclesiastical tribunals, which at the beginning of the thirteenth century were disposed to extend their jurisdiction. An ordinance issued about 1205 at the instance of the king, executed in Normandy and perhaps elsewhere, stipulated that in certain cases lay judges might arrest and try guilty clerics, that the right of asylum of religious buildings should be limited, that the Church might not excommunicate those who did business on Sunday or held intercourse with Jews, and that a citizen having several children should not give more than half of his estate to that one of his sons who was a cleric. Finally he imposed on the clergy heavy financial exactions. He was the first king who endeavoured to compel clerics to pay the king a tenth of their income. In 1188 the archdeacon Peter of Blois defeated this claim, but in 1215 and 1218 Philip renewed it, and by degrees the resistance of the clergy gave way. Philip, however, was pious in his own way, and in the advice which St. Louis gave to his son he said that Philip, because of "God's goodness and mercy would rather lose his throne than dispute with the servants of Holy Church". Thus the reputation left by Philip II was quite different from that of Philip IV, or Frederick II of Germany. He never carried out towards the Church a policy of trickery or petty vexations, on the contrary he regarded it as his collaborator in the foundation of French unity. He died on JUL 14 1223 in Mantes, Kingdom of France. (643) He has Ancestral File number 94480798. Was saved from a serious illness after a pilgrimage made by his father to the tomb of Thomas à Becket. His strife with Henry II of England in concert with the sons of that monarch, Henry, Richard, and John, resulted in 1189 in the Treaty of Azay-sur-Cher, which enhanced the royal power in the centre of France. The struggle with the Plantagenets was the ruling idea of Philip II's whole policy. Richard Coeur de Lion having become King of England, 6 July 1189, was at first on amicable terms with Philip. Together they undertook the Third Crusade, but quarreled in Palestine, and on his return Philip II accused Richard of having attempted to poison him. As Richard had supported in Sicily the claims of Tancred of Lecce against those of the Emperor Henry VI, the latter resolved to be avenged. Richard, having been taken captive on his return from the Crusade by the Duke of Austria, was delivered to Henry VI, who held him prisoner. Philip II sent William, Archbishop of Reims, to Henry VI to request that Richard should remain the captive of Germany or that he should be delivered to Philip as his prisoner. Without loss of time Philip reached an agreement with John Lackland, Richard's brother. Normandy was delivered up by a secret treaty and John acknowledged himself Philip's vassal. But, when in February 1194, Richard was set free by Henry VI, John Lackland became reconciled with him and endless conflict followed between Richard and Philip. On 13 January 1199, Pope Innocent III imposed on them a truce of five years. Shortly after this Richard died. Subsequently Philip defended against John, Richard's successor, the claims of the young Arthur of Brittany, and then those of Hugh de Lusignan, Count of La Marche, whose betrothed had been abducted by John. The war between Philip and John, interrupted by the truces imposed by the papal legates, became a national war; and in 1206 John lost his possessions in central France. Philip was sometimes displeased with the pontifical intervention between France and the Plantagenets, but the prestige of Innocent III forced him to accept it. Protracted difficulties took place between him and the pope owing to the tenacity with which Innocent III compelled respect for the indissolubility of even royal marriages. Another question which at first caused discord between Philip II and Innocent III, and regarding which they had later a common policy, was the question of Germany. Otto of Brunswick, who was Innocent III's candidate for the dignity of emperor, was the nephew of Richard and John Lackland. This was sufficient to cause Philip to interfere in favour of Philip of Suabia. They formed an alliance in June, 1198, and when Philip of Suabia was assassinated in 1208 Philip put forward the candidacy of Henry of Brabant. However, the whole of Germany rallied to Otto of Brunswick, who became emperor as Otto IV, and in 1209 Philip feared that the new emperor would invade France. But Otto IV quarrelled with Innocent III and was excommunicated and the pope by an unexpected move called upon Philip for subsidies and troops to aid him against Otto. They agreed to proclaim as emperor Frederick of Hohenstaufen, the future Frederick II, Philip giving Frederick 20,000 "marcs" to defray the cost of his election (November 1212). Thus was inaugurated the policy by which France meddled in the affairs of Germany and for the first time the French king claimed, like the pope, to have a voice in the imperial election. The accord established between Innocent and Philip with regard to the affairs of Germany subsequently extended to those of England. Throughout his reign Philip dreamed of a landing in England. As early as 1209 he had negotiated with the English barons who were hostile to John Lackland, and in 1212 with the Irish and the Welsh. When John lackland subjected to cruel persecution the English bishops who, in spite of him, recognized Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. Innocent III in 1212 placed England under interdict, and the legate, Pandulphus, declared that John Lackland had forfeited his throne. Then Philip, who received at his court all the exiles from England, consented to go to England in the name of Innocent III to take away the crown from John Lackland. It was to be given to his son, the future Louis VIII. On 22 May, 1213, the French expedition was to embark at Gravelines, when it was learned that John Lackland had become reconciled with Rome, and some months later he became a vassal of the pope. Thus failed, on the eve of its realization, the project of the French invasion of England. But the legate of Innocent III induced Philip to punish Ferrand, Count of Flanders, who was the ally of all the enemies of the king. At the battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) Ferrand, who supported Otto IV, was taken prisoner. This battle is regarded as the first French national victory. Philip II, asserting that he had on both sides two great and terrible lions, Otto and John, excused himself from taking part in the Crusade against the Albigenses. He permitted his son Louis to make two expeditions into Languedoc to support Simon de Montfort in 1215, and Amaury de Montfort in 1219, and again in 1222 he sent Amaury de Montfort two hundred knights and ten thousand foot soldiers under the Archbishop of Bourges and the Count of La Marche. He foresaw that the French monarchy would profit by the defeat of the Albigenses. Parents: King Louis VII CAPET de France, the Young and Adèle DE BLOIS de Champagne.

He was married to Queen Isabelle de Hainaut in 1180 in The Kingdom of France. (64) His marriage with her, the niece of the Count of Flanders, the conflicts which he afterwards sustained against the latter, and the deaths of the Countess (1182) and Count of Flanders (1185), increased the royal power in the north of France. He married her in order to inherit Artois. Children were: King Louis CAPET VIII le Lion.

He was married to Queen Ingeburga in 1193. (248) She was the sister of Canute VI, King of Denmark. As he immediately desired to repudiate her, an assembly of complaisant barons and bishops pronounced the divorce, but Ingeburga appealed to Rome. Even after the death of his wife Agnes, Philip persisted that Rome should pronounce his divorce from Ingeburga, whom he held prisoner at Etampes. Rome refused and Philip dismissed the papal legate (1209). In 1210 he thought of marrying a princess of Thuringia, and in 1212 renewed his importunities for the divorce with the legate, Robert de Courçon. Then, in 1213, having need of the aid of the pope and the King of Denmark, he suddenly restored Ingeburga to her station as queen.

He was married to Queen Agnès D'ANDECHS de Méranie in JUN 1196 in The Kingdom of France.(243) He married her despite the remonstrances of Pope Celestine III, and having imprisoned Ingeburga. She was the daughter of a Bavarian nobleman. Pope Innocent III, recently elected, called upon him to repudiate Agnes and take back Ingeburga, and on the king's refusal the legate, Peter of Capua, placed the kingdom under an interdict (1198). Most of the bishops refused to publish the sentence. The Bishops of Paris and Senlis, who published it, were punished by having their goods confiscated. At the end of nine months Philip appeared to yield; he feigned reconciliation with Ingeburga, first before the legate, Octavian, and then before the Council of Soissons (May 1201), but he did not dismiss Agnes de Méran. She died in August 1201, and Innocent III consented to legitimize the two children she had borne the king. Children were: Marie DE FRANCE , Count Philip AUGUSTE of Boulogne.

info taken from:

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chatweb/d38.htm#P16096

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Philip II (Augustus)

King of France, born 22 or 25 August, 1165; died at Mantes, 14 July, 1223, son of Louis VII and Alix de Champagne.

He was saved from a serious illness after a pilgrimage made by his father to the tomb of Thomas à Becket; he succeeded to the throne 18 September, 1180. His marriage with Isabella of Hainault, niece of the Count of Flanders, the conflicts which he afterwards sustained against the latter, and the deaths of the Countess (1182) and Count of Flanders (1185), increased the royal power in the north of France. His strife with Henry II of England in concert with the sons of that monarch, Henry, Richard, and John, resulted in 1189 in the Treaty of Azay-sur-Cher, which enhanced the royal power in the centre of France. The struggle with the Plantagenets was the ruling idea of Philip II's whole policy. Richard Cæur de Lion having become King of England, 6 July, 1189, was at first on amicable terms with Philip. Together they undertook the Third Crusade, but quarreled in Palestine, and on his return Philip II accused Richard of having attempted to poison him. As Richard had supported in Sicily the claims of Tancred of Lecce against those of the Emperor Henry VI, the latter resolved to be avenged. Richard, having been taken captive on his return from the Crusade by the Duke of Austria, was delivered to Henry VI, who held him prisoner. Philip II sent William, Archbishop of Reims, to Henry VI to request that Richard should remain the captive of Germany or that he should be delivered to Philip as his prisoner. Without loss of time Philip reached an agreement with John Lackland, Richard's brother. Normandy was delivered up by a secret treaty and John acknowledged himself Philip's vassal. But, when in February, 1194, Richard was set free by Henry VI, John Lackland became reconciled with him and endless conflict followed between Richard and Philip. On 13 January, 1199, Innocent III imposed on them a truce of five years. Shortly after this Richard died. Subsequently Philip defended against John, Richard's successor, the claims of the young Arthur of Brittany, and then those of Hugh de Lusignan, Count of La Marche, whose betrothed had been abducted by John. The war between Philip and John, interrupted by the truces imposed by the papal legates, became a national war; and in 1206 John lost his possessions in central France. Philip was sometimes displeased with the pontifical intervention between France and the Plantagenets, but the prestige of Innocent III forced him to accept it. Protracted difficulties took place between him and the pope owing to the tenacity with which Innocent III compelled respect for the indissolubility of even royal marriages.

In 1190 Philip lost his wife, Isabella of Hainault, whom he had married in order to inherit Artois, and in 1193 he married Ingeburga, sister of Canute VI, King of Denmark. As he immediately desired to repudiate her, an assembly of complaisant barons and bishops pronounced the divorce, but Ingeburga appealed to Rome. Despite the remonstrances of Celestine III, Philip, having imprisoned Ingeburga, married Agnes de Méran, daughter of a Bavarian nobleman. Innocent III, recently elected, called upon him to repudiate Agnes and take back Ingeburga, and on the king's refusal the legate, Peter of Capua, placed the kingdom under an interdict (1198). Most of the bishops refused to publish the sentence. The Bishops of Paris and Senlis, who published it, were punished by having their goods confiscated. At the end of nine months Philip appeared to yield; he feigned reconciliation with Ingeburga, first before the legate, Octavian, and then before the Council of Soissons (May, 1201), but he did not dismiss Agnes de Méran. She died in August, 1201, and Innocent III consented to legitimize the two children she had borne the king, but Philip persisted that Rome should pronounce his divorce from Ingeburga, whom he held prisoner at Etampes. Rome refused and Philip dismissed the papal legate (1209). In 1210 he thought of marrying a princess of Thuringia, and in 1212 renewed his importunities for the divorce with the legate, Robert de Courçon. Then, in 1213, having need of the aid of the pope and the King of Denmark, he suddenly restored Ingeburga to her station as queen.

Another question which at first caused discord between Philip II and Innocent III, and regarding which they had later a common policy, was the question of Germany. Otto of Brunswick, who was Innocent III's candidate for the dignity of emperor, was the nephew of Richard and John Lackland. This was sufficient to cause Philip to interfere in favour of Philip of Suabia. They formed an alliance in June, 1198, and when Philip of Suabia was assassinated in 1208 Philip put forward the candidacy of Henry of Brabant. However, the whole of Germany rallied to Otto of Brunswick, who became emperor as Otto IV, and in 1209 Philip feared that the new emperor would invade France. But Otto IV quarrelled with Innocent III and was excommunicated and the pope by an unexpected move called upon Philip for subsidies and troops to aid him against Otto. They agreed to proclaim as emperor Frederick of Hohenstaufen, the future Frederick II, Philip giving Frederick 20,000 "marcs" to defray the cost of his election (November, 1212). Thus was inaugurated the policy by which France meddled in the affairs of Germany and for the first time the French king claimed, like the pope, to have a voice in the imperial election.

The accord established between Innocent and Philip with regard to the affairs of Germany subsequently extended to those of England. Throughout his reign Philip dreamed of a landing in England. As early as 1209 he had negotiated with the English barons who were hostile to John Lackland, and in 1212 with the Irish and the Welsh. When John lackland subjected to cruel persecution the English bishops who, in spite of him, recognized Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. Innocent III in 1212 placed England under interdict, and the legate, Pandulphus, declared that John Lackland had forfeited his throne. Then Philip, who received at his court all the exiles from England, consented to go to England in the name of Innocent III to take away the crown from John Lackland. It was to be given to his son, the future Louis VIII. On 22 May, 1213, the French expedition was to embark at Gravelines, when it was learned that John Lackland had become reconciled with Rome, and some months later he became a vassal of the pope. Thus failed, on the eve of its realization, the project of the French invasion of England. But the legate of Innocent III induced Philip to punish Ferrand, Count of Flanders, who was the ally of all the enemies of the king. At the battle of Bouvines (27 July, 1214) Ferrand, who supported Otto IV, was taken prisoner. This battle is regarded as the first French national victory. Philip II, asserting that he had on both sides two great and terrible lions, Otto and John, excused himself from taking part in the Crusade against the Albigenses. He permitted his son Louis to make two expeditions into Languedoc to support Simon de Montfort in 1215, and Amaury de Montfort in 1219, and again in 1222 he sent Amaury de Montfort two hundred knights and ten thousand foot soldiers under the Archbishop of Bourges and the Count of La Marche. He foresaw that the French monarchy would profit by the defeat of the Albigenses.

Philip's reign was characterized by a gigantic advance of the French monarchy. Before his time the King of France reigned only over the Ile de France and Berri, and had no communication with the sea. To this patrimony Philip II added Artois, Amienois, Valois, Vernandois, a large portion of Beauvaisis, Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and a part of Poitou and Saintonge. His bailiffs and seneschals established the royal power firmly in those countries. Paris became a fortified city and attracted to its university students from different countries. Thanks to the possession of Dieppe, Rouen, and certain parts of Saintonge, the French monarchy became a maritime and commercial power, and Philip invited foreign merchants to France. Flanders, Ponthieu, and Auvergne became subject fiefs, supervised by agents of the king. He exercised a sort of protectorate over Champagne and Burgundy. Brittany was in the hands of Pierre de Dreux, a Capetian of the younger branch. "History", writes M. Luchaire, "does not present so many, such rapid, and such complete changes in the fortune of a State".

Philip Augustus did not interfere in episcopal elections. In Normandy, where the Plantagenets had assumed the custom of directly nominating the bishops, he did not follow their example. Guillaume Le Breton, in his poem the "Philippide", makes him say: "I leave to the men of God the things that pertain to the service of God." He favoured the emancipation of communes, desiring to be liked by the middle classes of the districts he annexed. He often exacted a tax in exchange for the communal charter. But he did not allow the communes to infringe on the property of clerics or the episcopal right of jurisdiction. At Noyen he intervened formally in behalf of the bishop, who was threatened by the commune. He undertook a campaign in defence of the bishops and abbots against certain feudal lords whom he himself desired to humiliate or weaken. In 1180, before he was king, he undertook an expedition into Berri to punish the Lord of Charenton, the enemy of the monks, and into Burgundy where the Count of Chalon and the Lord of Beaujeu were persecuting the Church. In 1186, on the complaint of the monks, he took possession of Chatillon-sur-Seine, in the Duchy of Burgundy, and forced the duke to repair the wrongs he had committed against the Church. In 1210 he sent troops to protect the Bishop of Clermont, who was threatened by the Count of Auvergne.

But on the other hand, in virtue of the preponderance which he wished royalty to have over feudalism, he exacted of the bishops and abbots the performance of all their feudal duties, including military service; although for certain territories he was the vassal of the bishops of Picardy, he refused to pay them homage. Moreover, he declared with regard to Manasses, bishop of Orléans, that the royal court was entitled to judge at the trials of bishops, and he made common cause with lay feudalism in the endless discussions regarding the province of ecclesiastical tribunals, which at the beginning of the thirteenth century were disposed to extend their jurisdiction. An ordinance issued about 1205 at the instance of the king, executed in Normandy and perhaps elsewhere, stipulated that in certain cases lay judges might arrest and try guilty clerics, that the right of asylum of religious buildings should be limited, that the Church might not excommunicate those who did business on Sunday or held intercourse with Jews, and that a citizen having several children should not give more than half of his estate to that one of his sons who was a cleric. Finally he imposed on the clergy heavy financial exactions. He was the first king who endeavoured to compel clerics to pay the king a tenth of their income. In 1188 the archdeacon Peter of Blois defeated this claim, but in 1215 and 1218 Philip renewed it, and by degrees the resistance of the clergy gave way. Philip, however, was pious in his own way, and in the advice which St. Louis gave to his son he said that Philip, because of "God's goodness and mercy would rather lose his throne than dispute with the servants of Holy Church". Thus the reputation left by Philip II was quite different from that of Philip IV, or Frederick II of Germany. He never carried out towards the Church a policy of trickery or petty vexations, on the contrary he regarded it as his collaborator in the foundation of French unity.

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Philip II of France

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné — the God-given — as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.

Early years

In declining health, Louis VII had him crowned and anointed at Rheims by the Archbishop William Whitehands on 1 November 1179. He was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabelle of Hainaut, who brought the County of Artois as her dowry. His father died on 18 September.

Consolidation of royal demesne

While the royal demesne had increased under Philip I and Louis VI, under Louis VII it had diminished slightly. In April 1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the demesne and confiscated their goods.

Philip's eldest son, Louis, was born on 5 September 1187 and inherited Artois in 1190, when Isabelle, his mother, died.

Wars with his vassals

In 1181, Philip began a war with the Count of Flanders, Philip of Alsace. Philip managed to counter the ambitions of the count by breaking his alliances with Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philip of Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne. In July 1185, the Treaty of Boves confirmed to the king the possession of the Vermandois, Artois, and Amiénois.

In 1184, Stephen I of Sancerre and his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged the Orléanais. Philip defeated him with the aid of the Confrères de la Paix.

War with Henry II

Philip also began to war with the Henry II of England, who was also Count of Anjou and Duke of Aquitaine in France. Two years of combat (1186–1188) followed, but the situation remained unchanged. Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons, Richard and John, who were in rebellion against their father. However, news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin, followed quickly by the death of Henry, diverted attention from the Franco-English war.

Philip was close friends with all of Henry's sons and he used them to foment rebellion against their father, but turned against both Richard and John after their respective accessions to the throne. With Henry the Young King and Geoffrey of Brittany he maintained friendship until their deaths. Indeed, at the funeral of Geoffrey, he was so overcome with grief that he had to be forcibly restrained from casting himself into the grave.

War with John Lackland

In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor John. The treaty was meant to bring peace to Normandy by settling the issue of the boundaries of the duchy and the terms of John's vassalage for it and Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. John agreed to heavy terms, but Philip in turn recognised John as king, formally abandoning Arthur I of Brittany, whom he had thitherto supported, and recognised John's suzerainty over the Duchy of Brittany. To seal the treaty, a marriage between Blanche of Castile, John's niece, and Louis the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

This did not stop the war, however. In 1202, disaffected barons petitioned the French king to summon John to answer their charges and, when the English king refused, Philip dispossessed him of his French lands. Within two years, most of Normandy and the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine, had been conquered. The war, called the "War of Bouvines," continued for the next decade until Philip won a decisive victory at Bouvines (1214) over a coalition of forces that included the Emperor Otto IV and Ferdinand, Count of Flanders.

Third Crusade

Philip went on the Third Crusade with Richard I of England (1189–99) and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa (1189–1192). His army left Vézelay on July 1, 1190. At first the French and English crusaders traveled together, but the armies split at Lyons, as King Richard I decided to go by sea, and Philip took the overland route through the Alps to Genoa. The French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together. On March 30, 1191 the French set sail for the Holy Land, where they launched several assaults on Acre before King Richard I arrived (see Siege of Acre). By the time Acre surrendered on July 12, Philip was severely ill with dysentery and had little more interest in further crusading. He decided to return to France, a decision that displeased King Richard I, who said, "It is a shame and a disgrace on my lord if he goes away without having finished the business that brought him hither. But still, if he finds himself in bad health, or is afraid lest he should die here, his will be done." So on July 31, 1191 the French army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks to pay the soldiers) remained in Outremer under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Philip and his cousin Peter of Courtenay, count of Nevers, made their way to Genoa and from there returned to France. This decision to return was also fuelled by the realization that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English possessions in northern France (Normandy) would be open for attack. After Richard's delayed return home after the Third Crusade, war between England and France would ensue over possession of English-controlled territories in modern-day France.

Marital problems

After Isabelle's early death in childbirth, in 1190, Philip decided to marry again. On August 15, 1193 he married Ingeborg (1175–1236), daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark (1157–82). She was renamed Isambour, and Stephan of Dornik described her as "very kind, young of age but old of wisdom." For some unknown reason, Philip was repelled by her, and he refused to allow her to be crowned Queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful Queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.

In the meantime Philip had sought a new bride. Initially agreement had been reached for him to marry Marguerite, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage. Philip finally achieved a third marriage, on May 7, 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia (c. 1180 – July 29, 1201). Their children were:

Marie (1198 – October 15, 1224)

Philippe Hurepel (1200–1234), Count of Clermont and eventually, by marriage, Count of Boulogne

Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) declared Philip Augustus's marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the King to part from Agnès; when he did not, the Pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until September 7, 1200. Due to pressure from the Pope and from Ingeborg's brother, King Valdemar II of Denmark (1202–41), Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his Queen in 1213.

Last years

Understandably, he turned a deaf ear when the Pope asked him to do something about the heretics in the Languedoc. When Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians or Cathars, in 1208, Philip did nothing to support it, but neither did he hinder it. The war against the Cathars did not end until 1244, when finally their last strongholds were captured. The fruits of it, namely the submission of the south of France to the crown, were to be reaped by Philip's son, Louis VIII, and grandson, Louis IX.

Philip II Augustus would play a significant role in one of the greatest centuries of innovation in construction and in education. With Paris as his capital, he had the main thoroughfares paved, built a central market, Les Halles, continued the construction begun in 1163 of the Gothic Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, constructed the Louvre as a fortress and gave a charter to the University of Paris in 1200. Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world had known. In 1224, the French poet Henry d'Andeli wrote of the great wine tasting competition that Philip II Augustus commissioned The Battle of the Wines.

Philip II Augustus died July 14, 1223 at Mantes and was interred in Saint Denis Basilica. Philip's son by Isabelle de Hainaut, Louis VIII, was his successor.

Portrayal in fiction

Philip is a character in James Goldman's historical play The Lion in Winter. The play maintains the historical theory that he and Richard the Lionhearted had previously had a homosexual relationship. In the 1968 film of The Lion in Winter, which downplayed the homosexual aspect present in the stage play, Philip was played by Timothy Dalton. Jonathan Rhys Meyers played Philip in a 2003 television version which somewhat resurrected the matter.

Sources

Payne, Robert. The Dream and the Tomb. 1984.

Baldwin, John W. The Government of Philip Augustus. 1991.

Meade, Marion. Eleanor of Aquitaine.

"Philip II (Augustus)". Catholic Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.

--------------------

Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné — the God-given — as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.

In declining health, Louis VII had him crowned and anointed at Rheims by the Archbishop William Whitehands on 1 November 1179. He was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabelle of Hainaut, who brought the County of Artois as her dowry. His father died on 20 September.

While the royal demesne had increased under Philip I and Louis VI, under Louis VII it had diminished slightly. In April 1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the demesne and confiscated their goods.

Philip's eldest son, Louis, was born on 5 September 1187 and inherited Artois in 1190, when Isabelle, his mother, died.

In 1181, Philip began a war with the Count of Flanders, Philip of Alsace. Philip managed to counter the ambitions of the count by breaking his alliances with Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philip of Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne. In July 1185, the Treaty of Boves confirmed to the king the possession of the Vermandois, Artois, and Amiénois.

In 1184, Stephen I of Sancerre and his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged the Orléanais. Philip defeated him with the aid of the Confrères de la Paix.

Philip also began to war with the Henry II of England, who was also Count of Anjou and Duke of Aquitaine in France. Two years of combat (1186–1188) followed, but the situation remained unchanged. Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons, Richard and John, who were in rebellion against their father. However, news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin, followed quickly by the death of Henry, diverted attention from the Franco-English war.

Philip was close friends with all of Henry's sons and he used them to foment rebellion against their father, but turned against both Richard and John after their respective accessions to the throne. With Henry the Young King and Geoffrey of Brittany he maintained friendship until their deaths. Indeed, at the funeral of Geoffrey, he was so overcome with grief that he had to be forcibly restrained from casting himself into the grave.

In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor John. The treaty was meant to bring peace to Normandy by settling the issue of the boundaries of the duchy and the terms of John's vassalage for it and Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. John agreed to heavy terms, but Philip in turn recognised John as king, formally abandoning Arthur I of Brittany, whom he had thitherto supported, and recognised John's suzerainty over the Duchy of Brittany. To seal the treaty, a marriage between Blanche of Castile, John's niece, and Louis the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

This did not stop the war, however. In 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to summon John to answer their charges and, when the English king refused, Philip dispossessed him of his French lands. Within two years, most of Normandy and the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine, had been conquered. The war, called the "War of Bouvines," continued for the next decade until Philip won a decisive victory at Bouvines (1214) over a coalition of forces that included the Emperor Otto IV and Ferdinand, Count of Flanders.

Philip went on the Third Crusade (1189–1192) with Richard I of England (1189–99) and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa (1155–90). His army left Vézelay on July 1, 1190. At first the French and English crusaders traveled together, but the armies split at Lyons, as Richard decided to go by sea, and Philip took the overland route through the Alps to Genoa. The French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together. On March 30, 1191 the French set sail for the Holy Land and Philip arrived on May 20. He then marched up to Acre which was already besieged by a lesser contingent of crusaders and started to construct large siege equipments before Richard arrived in June 8 (see Siege of Acre). By the time Acre surrendered on July 12, Philip was severely ill with dysentery which reduced his crusading zeal. Ties with Richard were further strained after the latter acted in a haughty manner after Acre had fallen. More importantly, the siege resulted in the death of Philip of Alsace, who held the county of Vermandois proper; an event that threatened to derail the Treaty of Gisors which Philip had orchestrated to isolate the powerful Blois-Champagne faction. Philip decided to return to France to settle the issue of succession in Flanders, a decision that displeased Richard, who said, "It is a shame and a disgrace on my lord if he goes away without having finished the business that brought him hither. But still, if he finds himself in bad health, or is afraid lest he should die here, his will be done." So on July 31, 1191 the French army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks to pay the soldiers) remained in Outremer under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Philip and his cousin Peter of Courtenay, count of Nevers, made their way to Genoa and from there returned to France. This decision to return was also fuelled by the realization that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English possessions in northern France (Normandy) would be open for attack. After Richard's delayed return home after the Third Crusade, war between England and France would ensue over possession of English-controlled territories in modern-day France.

After Isabelle's early death in childbirth, in 1190, Philip decided to marry again. On August 15, 1193 he married Ingeborg (1175–1236), daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark (1157–82). She was renamed Isambour, and Stephan of Dornik described her as "very kind, young of age but old of wisdom." For some unknown reason, Philip was repelled by her, and he refused to allow her to be crowned Queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful Queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.

In the meantime Philip had sought a new bride. Initially agreement had been reached for him to marry Marguerite of Geneva, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage. Philip finally achieved a third marriage, on May 7, 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia (c. 1180 – July 29, 1201).

Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) declared Philip Augustus's marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the King to part from Agnès; when he did not, the Pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until September 7, 1200. Due to pressure from the Pope and from Ingeborg's brother, King Valdemar II of Denmark (1202–41), Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his Queen in 1213.

Understandably, he turned a deaf ear when the Pope asked him to do something about the heretics in the Languedoc. When Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians or Cathars, in 1208, Philip did nothing to support it, but neither did he hinder it. The war against the Cathars did not end until 1244, when finally their last strongholds were captured. The fruits of it, namely the submission of the south of France to the crown, were to be reaped by Philip's son, Louis VIII, and grandson, Louis IX.

Philip II Augustus would play a significant role in one of the greatest centuries of innovation in construction and in education. With Paris as his capital, he had the main thoroughfares paved, built a central market, Les Halles, continued the construction begun in 1163 of the Gothic Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, constructed the Louvre as a fortress and gave a charter to the University of Paris in 1200. Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world had known. In 1224, the French poet Henry d'Andeli wrote of the great wine tasting competition that Philip II Augustus commissioned The Battle of the Wines.

Philip II Augustus died July 14, 1223 at Mantes and was interred in Saint Denis Basilica. Philip's son by Isabelle de Hainaut, Louis VIII, was his successor.

--------------------

Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste; 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné—the God-given—as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.

Contents

[hide]

* 1 Early years

o 1.1 Consolidation of royal demesne

o 1.2 Wars with his vassals

o 1.3 War with Henry II

* 2 Third Crusade

* 3 Conflict with England, Flanders and the Holy Roman Empire

o 3.1 Conflict with King Richard 1192-1199

o 3.2 Conflict with King John 1200-1206

o 3.3 Alliances against Philip 1208-1213

o 3.4 War of Bouvines 1213-1214

* 4 Marital problems

* 5 Last years

* 6 Portrayal in fiction

* 7 Ancestry

* 8 References

* 9 Notes

[edit] Early years

Isabelle, Philip's first wife.

Philip, born in Gonesse on August 21, 1165, was surnamed Augustus in honor of the month he was born.[1] As soon as he was able, Louis planned to associate Philip with him on the throne, but it was delayed when Philip, at the age of thirteen, was separated from his companions during a royal hunt and became lost in the Forest of Compiegne. He spent much of the following night attempting to find his way out, but to no avail. Exhausted by cold, hunger and fatigue, he was eventually discovered by a peasant carrying a charcoal burner, but his exposure to the elements meant he soon succumbed to a dangerously high fever.[2] His father went on pilgrimage to the Shrine of Thomas Becket to pray for Philip’s recovery, and was told that his son had indeed recovered. However, on his way back to Paris, he suffered a stroke.

In declining health, Louis VII had him crowned and anointed at Rheims by the Archbishop William Whitehands on 1st of November in 1179. He was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabelle of Hainaut, who brought the County of Artois as her dowry. From his inauguration, all real power was transferred to Philip, as his father slowly descended into senility.[2] The great nobles were discontented with Philip’s advantageous marriage, while his mother and four uncles, all of whom exercised enormous influence over Louis, were extremely unhappy with his association to the throne, causing a diminishment in their power.[3] Eventually, Louis died on 18 September 1180.

[edit] Consolidation of royal demesne

While the royal demesne had increased under Philip I and Louis VI, under Louis VII it had diminished slightly. In April 1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the demesne and confiscated their goods.

Philip's eldest son, Louis, was born on the 5th of September in 1187 and inherited Artois in 1190, when Isabelle, his mother, died.

Remains of the wall of Philippe Auguste built around Paris before going to the Crusades. Today in rue des Jardins-Saint-Paul, Paris

[edit] Wars with his vassals

In 1181, Philip began a war with Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders over the Vermandois, which King Philip claimed as his Queen’s dowry, which the Count was unwilling to give up. Finally the Count of Flanders invaded France, ravaging the whole district between the Somme and the Oise, before penetrating as far as Dammartin.[4] Notified of Philip’s impending approach, he turned around and headed back to Flanders. Philip chased him, and the two armies confronted each other near Amiens. By this stage, Philip had managed to counter the ambitions of the count by breaking his alliances with Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philip of Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne. This together with an uncertain outcome were he to engage the French in battle forced the Count to conclude a peace.[4] In July 1185, the Treaty of Boves left the disputed territory partitioned, with Amiénois, Artois and numerous other places passing to the King and the remainder, with the county of Vermandois proper, being left provisionally to Philip of Alsace.[5]

Meanwhile in 1184, Stephen I of Sancerre and his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged the Orléanais. Philip defeated him with the aid of the Confrères de la Paix.

[edit] War with Henry II

Philip also began to wage war with Henry II of England, who was also Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine in France. The death of Henry’s eldest son, Henry the Young King in June of 1183 began a dispute over the dower of the widowed Margaret, who was Philip’s sister, who insisted that it should be returned to France as the marriage did not produce any children, as per the betrothal agreement.[6] The two kings would hold conferences at the foot of an elm tree near Gisors, which was so positioned that it would overshadow each monarch’s territory, but to no avail. Philip pushed the case further when King Béla III of Hungary asked for the widow’s hand in marriage, and thus her dowry had to be returned, to which Henry finally agreed.

The death of Henry’s fourth son, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany in 1186 the began a new round of disputes, as Henry insisted that he retain the guardianship of the duchy for his unborn grandson Arthur I, Duke of Brittany.[6] Philip, as Henry’s liege lord, objected, stating that he should be the rightful guardian until the birth of the child. Philip then raised the issue of his other sister, Alys, Countess of the Vexin, and her delayed betrothal to Richard the Lionheart.

With these grievances, two years of combat (1186–1188) followed, but the situation remained unchanged. Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons, Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland, who were in rebellion against their father. Philip II launched an attack on Berry in the summer of 1187 but then in June made a truce with Henry, which left Issoudun in his hands and also granted him Fréteval, in Vendômois.[5] Though the truce was for two years, Philip found grounds for resuming hostilities in the summer of 1188. He skillfully exploited the estrangement between Henry and Richard, and Richard did homage to him voluntarily at Bonmoulins in November 1188.[5]

Then in 1189 Richard openly joined forces with Philip to drive Henry into abject submission. They chased him from Le Mans to Saumur, losing Tours in the process,[6] before forcing him to acknowledge Richard as his heir. Finally, by the Treaty of Azay-le-Rideau (July 4, 1189), Henry was forced to renew his own homage, to confirm the cession of Issoudun, with Graçay also, to Philip, and to renounce his claim to suzerainty over Auvergne.[5] Henry died two days later. His death, and the news of the of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin, diverted attention from the Franco-English war.

Philip was close friends with all of Henry's sons and he used them to foment rebellion against their father, but turned against both Richard and John after their respective accessions to the throne. With Henry the Young King and Geoffrey of Brittany he maintained friendship until their deaths. Indeed, at the funeral of Geoffrey, he was so overcome with grief that he had to be forcibly restrained from casting himself into the grave.

Philip (right) and Richard accepting the keys to Acre; from the Grandes Chroniques de France.

[edit] Third Crusade

Philip went on the Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) with Richard I of England and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa. His army left Vézelay on 1 July 1190. At first the French and English crusaders traveled together, but the armies split at Lyon, as Richard decided to go by sea, and Philip took the overland route through the Alps to Genoa. The French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together. On 30 March 1191 the French set sail for the Holy Land and Philip arrived on 20 May. He then marched up to Acre which was already besieged by a lesser contingent of crusaders and started to construct large siege equipments before Richard arrived in 8 June (see Siege of Acre). By the time Acre surrendered on 12 July, Philip was severely ill with dysentery which reduced his crusading zeal. Ties with Richard were further strained after the latter acted in a haughty manner after Acre had fallen.

Ptolemais (Acre) given to Philip Augustus 1191

More importantly, the siege resulted in the death of Philip of Alsace, who held the county of Vermandois proper; an event that threatened to derail the Treaty of Gisors which Philip had orchestrated to isolate the powerful Blois-Champagne faction. Philip decided to return to France to settle the issue of succession in Flanders, a decision that displeased Richard, who said, "It is a shame and a disgrace on my lord if he goes away without having finished the business that brought him hither. But still, if he finds himself in bad health, or is afraid lest he should die here, his will be done." So on 31 July 1191 the French army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks to pay the soldiers) remained in Outremer under the command of Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy. Philip and his cousin Peter of Courtenay, count of Nevers, made their way to Genoa and from there returned to France. This decision to return was also fuelled by the realization that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English possessions in northern France (Normandy) would be open for attack. After Richard's delayed return home after the Third Crusade, war between England and France would ensue over possession of English-controlled territories in modern-day France.

[edit] Conflict with England, Flanders and the Holy Roman Empire

[edit] Conflict with King Richard 1192-1199

The immediate cause of the conflict with Richard stemmed from Richard’s decision to break his betrothal with Philip’s sister Alice at Messina in 1191.[7] Part of Alice’s dowry that had been given over to Richard during their engagement was the territory of the Vexin which included the strategic fortress of Gisors. This should have reverted to Philip upon the end of the betrothal, but Philip, to prevent the collapse of the Crusade, agreed that this territory was to remain in Richard’s hands, and would be inherited by his male descendents. Should Richard die without an heir, the territory would return to Philip, and if Philip died without an heir, those lands would be considered a part of Normandy.[7]

Returning to France in late 1191, he began plotting to find a way to have those territories restored to him. He was in a difficult situation, as he had taken an oath to Richard not to attack his lands while he was away,[8] and as Richard was still on Crusade, his territory was under the protection of the Church in any event. He had unsuccessfully asked Pope Celestine III to release him from his oath,[9] and so Philip was forced to build a causus belli from scratch.

On January 20, 1192, Philip met with William of FitzRalph, Richard’s seneschal of Normandy. Presenting some documents purporting to be from Richard, Philip claimed that Richard had agreed at Messina to hand back the disputed lands to Philip. Not having heard anything directly from their sovereign, FitzRalph and the Norman barons rejected Philip’s claim to the Vexin.[7] Philip at this time also began spreading rumors about Richard’s action in the east to discredit the English king in the eyes of his subjects. Among the stories Philip invented included Richard was involved in treacherous communication with Saladin, that he had conspired to cause the fall of Gaza, Jaffa and Ashkelon, and that he had participated in the murder of Conrad of Montferrat.[9] Finally, Philip made contact with Prince John, Richard’s brother, whom he convinced to join him and overthrow his brother.[9]

At the start of 1193, John paid a visit to Philip in Paris where he paid homage for Richard’s French lands. When word reached Philip that Richard had finished crusading and had been captured on his way back from Holy Land, he promptly invaded the Vexin. His first target was the fortress of Gisors, commanded by Gilbert de Vascoeuil, which surrendered without putting up a struggle.[10] Philip then penetrated deep into Normandy, reaching as far as Dieppe. To keep the duplicitous John on side, Philip entrusted the defense of the town of Evreux over to him.[11] Meanwhile, Philip was joined by Count Baldwin of Flanders, and together they laid siege to the ducal capital of Normandy, Rouen. Here, Philip’s advance was halted by a defense led by Earl Robert of Leicester.[10] Unable to penetrate their defenses, Philip moved on.

At Mantes on July 9, 1193, Philip came to terms with Richard’s ministers who agreed that Philip could keep his gains and would be given some extra territories if he ceased all further aggressive actions in Normandy, along with the condition that Philip would hand back the captured territory if Richard would pay homage to Philip.[10] To prevent Richard from spoiling their plans, Philip and John attempted to bribe the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI to keep the English king captive for a little while longer. He refused, and Richard was released from captivity on February 4, 1194. By March 13, Richard had returned to England, and by May 12, he had set sail for Normandy with some 300 ships, eager to take the war to Philip.[10]

Philip had spent this time consolidating his territorial gains, and by now was controlling much of Normandy east of the Seine, and remaining within striking distance of Rouen. His next objective was the castle of Verneuil,[12], which had withstood an earlier siege. Once Richard arrived had at Barfleur, he was soon marching towards Verneuil. As his forces neared the castle, Philip, who had been unable to break through, decided to strike camp. Leaving a large force behind to prosecute the siege, he moved off towards Evreux, which Prince John had handed over to his brother to prove his loyalty.[12] Philip retook the town and sacked it, but during this time, his forces besieging Verneuil abandoned the siege, and Richard entered the castle unopposed on May 30. Throughout June, while Philip’s campaign ground to a halt in the north, Richard was taking a number of important fortresses to the south. Philip, eager to relieve the pressure off his allies in the south, marched to confront Richard’s forces at Vendôme. Refusing to risk everything in a major battle, Philip retreated, only to have his rear guard caught at Fréteval on July 4, which turned into a general encounter during which Philip only managed to avoid capture, as his army was put to flight.[12] Fleeing back to Normandy, Philip revenged himself on the English by attacking the forces of Prince John and the Earl of Arundel, seizing their baggage train.[12] By now both sides were tiring, and they agreed to the temporary Truce of Tillières.

War continued in 1195 with Philip once again besieging Verneuil. Richard arrived to discuss the situation face to face. During negotiations, Philip secretly continued his operations against Verneuil, and when Richard discovered it, he left, swearing revenge.[12] Philip now pressed his advantage in northeastern Normandy, where he conducted a raid at Dieppe, during which he burnt the English ships in the harbor, repulsing an attack by Richard at the same time. Philip now marched southward into the Berry region, and his primary objective was the fortress of Issoudun, which had just been captured by Richard’s mercenary commander, Mercadier. The French king took the town and was besieging the castle when Richard stormed through French lines and made his way in to reinforce the garrison, while at the same time another army was approaching Philip’s supply lines. Philip called off his attack, and another truce was agreed to.[12]

The war slowly turned against Philip over the course of the next three years. Though things looked promising at the start of 1196 when Arthur of Brittany ended up in Philip’s hands, and he won the Siege of Aumale, it would not last. Richard won over a key ally, Baldwin of Flanders in 1197. Then in 1198, Henry the Holy Roman Emperor died, and his successor was to be Otto IV, Richard’s nephew, who in turn put additional pressure on Philip.[13] Finally, many Norman lords were switching sides, and returning to Richard’s camp. This was the state of affairs when Philip launched his 1198 campaign with an attack on the Vexin. He was pushed back before then having to deal with the Flemish invasion of Artois.

On September 27, Richard entered the Vexin, taking Courcelles-Chaussy and Boury-en-Vexin before returning to Dangu. Philip, believing that Courcelles-Chaussy was still holding out, went to its relief. Discovering what was happening, Richard decided to attack the French king’s forces, catching Philip by surprise.[13] Philip’s forces fled and attempted to reach the fortress of Gisors. Bunched together, the French knights and Philip attempted to cross the Epte River on a bridge that promptly collapsed under their weight, almost drowning Philip in the process. He was dragged out of the river and shut himself up in Gisors.[13]

Philip soon began a new offensive, launching raids into Normandy and again targeting Evreux. Richard countered Philip’s offensive with a counterattack in the Vexin, while Mercadier led a raid on Abbeville. The upshot was that by the fall of 1198, Richard had regained almost all that had been lost in 1193.[13] Philip, now in desperate circumstances, offered a truce so that discussions could begin towards a more permanent peace, with the offer that he would return all of the territories except for Gisors.

In mid-January 1199, the two kings met for a final meeting, Richard, standing on the deck of a boat, Philip, standing on the banks of the Seine River.[14] Shouting terms at each other, they could not reach agreement on the terms of a permanent truce, but did agree to further mediation, which resulted in a five year truce. The truce held and later that year, Richard was killed during a siege involving one of Richard’s vassals.

[edit] Conflict with King John 1200-1206

In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor king John of England, as youngest son of Henry called the Lackland, now also Duke of Normandy. The treaty was meant to bring peace to Normandy by settling the issue of the boundaries of the much reduced duchy and the terms of John's vassalage for it and Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. John agreed to heavy terms, including the abandonment of all the English possession in Berry and 20,000 Marks of Silver, but Philip in turn recognised John as king, formally abandoning Arthur I of Brittany, whom he had thitherto supported, and recognised John's suzerainty over the Duchy of Brittany. To seal the treaty, a marriage between Blanche of Castile, John's niece, and Louis the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

Map of Philip's conquests

This did not stop the war, however. John’s mismanagement of Aquitaine saw that province erupt in rebellion later that year, which Philip secretly encouraged.[15] To disguise his ambitions, he invited John to a conference at Andely, and then entertained him at Paris, and both times he committed to complying with the Treaty.[15] Then in 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to summon John to answer their charges in his capacity as John’s feudal lord, and, when the English king refused to appear, Philip again took up the claims of Arthur, to whom he betrothed his six-year-old daughter, Marie. John crossed over into Normandy and his forces soon captured Arthur, and in 1203, the young man disappeared, with most people believing that John had Arthur murdered.

The outcry over Arthur’s fate saw an increase in local opposition to John which Philip used to his advantage.[15] He took the offensive and, apart from a five month siege of Andely, he swept all before him. On the fall of Andely, John fled to England, and by the end of 1204, most of Normandy and the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine had fallen into Philip’s hands.[15]

What Philip had gained through victory in war, he then sought to confirm by legal means. Philip, again acting as John’s liege lord, summoned his vassal to appear before the Court of the Twelve Peers of France, to answer for the murder of Arthur of Brittany.[16] John’s request for safe conduct only saw Philip agree to allow him to come in peace, but that his return would only occur if it were allowed after the judgment of his peers. Not willing to risk his life on such a guarantee, he refused to appear, so Philip summarily dispossessed him of his French lands.[16] Pushed by his barons, John eventually launched an invasion in 1206, disembarking with his army at La Rochelle during one of Philip’s absences, but the campaign was a disaster.[16] After backing out of a conference that he himself had demanded, John eventually bargained at Thouars for a two year truce, the price of which was his agreement to the chief provisions of the judgment of the Court of Peers, including the loss of his patrimony.[16]

[edit] Alliances against Philip 1208-1213

In 1208, Philip of Swabia, the successful candidate for becoming the next emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was assassinated, meaning that the imperial crown was given to his rival, Otto IV, the nephew of King John. Otto, prior to his accession, had promised to help John to recover his lost European possessions, but circumstances prevented them from making good their claims.[17] By 1212, both John and Otto were engaged in power struggles against Pope Innocent III, John over his refusal to accept the papal nomination for the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Otto over his attempt to strip Frederick II of his Sicilian crown. Philip decided to take advantage of this situation, firstly in Germany where he supported the rebellion of the German nobility in support of the young Frederick.[17] John immediately threw his support behind Otto, and Philip now saw his chance to launch a successful invasion of England.

In order to secure the cooperation of all his vassals in his plans for the invasion, Philip denounced John as an enemy of the Church, thereby justifying his attack against him as being solely for religious reasons. He summoned an assembly of French barons at Soissons, which was well attended with the exception of Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. He refused to attend, still angry over the loss of the towns of Aire and Saint-Omer which had been captured by Philip’s son, Louis the Lion, and he would not participate in any campaign until they had been restored to him.[17]

In the meantime, Philip, eager to prove his loyalty to Rome and thus secure Papal support for his planned invasion, announced at Soissons his reconciliation with his estranged wife Ingeborg of Denmark which the Popes had been pushing.[17] The Barons fully supported his plan, and they all gathered their forces and prepared to join with Philip at the agreed rendezvous. In all this, Philip remained in constant communication with Pandolfo, the Papal Legate, who was encouraging Philip to pursue his objective. Pandolfo however was also holding secret discussions with King John. Advising the English king of his precarious predicament, he persuaded John to abandon his opposition to Papal investiture and agreed to accept the Papal Legate’s decision in any ecclesiastical disputes as final.[18] In return, the Pope agreed to accept the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Ireland as Papal fiefs, which John would rule as the Pope’s vassal, and for which John would do homage to the Pope.[18]

No sooner had the treaty been ratified in May 1213 than Pandolfo announced to Philip that he would have to abandon his expedition against John, since to attack a faithful vassal of the Holy See would constitute a mortal sin. In vain did Philip argue that his plans had been drawn up with the consent of Rome, that his expedition was in support of papal authority which he only undertook on the understanding that he would gain a Plenary Indulgence, or that he had spent a fortune preparing for the expedition. The Papal Legate remained unmoved.[18] But Pandolfo did suggest an alternative. The Count of Flanders had denied Philip’s right to declare war on England while King John was still excommunicated, and that his disobedience needed to be punished.[18] Philip eagerly accepted the advice, and quickly marched at the head of his troops into the territory of Flanders.

[edit] War of Bouvines 1213-1214

The French fleet, reportedly numbering some 1,700 ships[19] proceeded first to Gravelines and then to the port of Dam. Meanwhile the army marched by Cassel, Ypres and Bruges, before laying siege to Ghent.[19] Hardly had the siege begun when Philip learned that the English fleet had captured a number of his ships at Dam, and that the rest were so closely blockaded in its harbor, that it was impossible for them to escape. After having obtained 30,000 Marks as a ransom for the hostages he had taken from the Flemish cities he had captured, Philip quickly retraced his steps in order to reach Dam. It took him two days, and he arrived in time to relieve the French garrison.[19] But he discovered that he could not rescue his fleet, and in order to prevent it from falling into enemy hands, he ordered it to be burnt before also commanding that the town of Dam also be burned to the ground. Determined to make the Flemish pay for his retreat, every district he passed through he ordered that all towns be razed and burned, and that the peasantry were either killed or sold as slaves.[19]

But the destruction of the French fleet had once again raised John’s hopes up, and so he began preparing for an invasion of France and a reconquest of his lost provinces. Initially his barons were unenthusiastic about the expedition, which delayed his departure, and so it was not until February 1214 that he was able to disembark at La Rochelle.[19] John was to advance from the Loire (river), while his ally Otto IV made a simultaneous attack from Flanders, together with the Count of Flanders. Unfortunately, the three armies could not coordinate their efforts effectively. It was not until John, who had been disappointed in his hope for an easy victory after being driven from Roche-au-Moine and had retreated to his transports that the Imperial Army, with Otto at its head, assembled in the Low Countries.[19]

On July 27, 1214, the opposing armies suddenly discovered they were in close proximity to each other, on the banks of a little tributary of the River Lys, near the Bridge of Bouvines. Philip’s army numbered some 15,000, while the allied forces possessed around 25,000 troops, and the armies clashed at the Battle of Bouvines. It was a tight battle; Philip was unhorsed by the Flemish pikemen in the heat of battle, and were it not for his plate mail armour in which he was encased, he would probably have been killed.[20] When Otto was carried off the field by his wounded and terrified horse,[20] and Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, severely wounded, was captured by the French, the Flemish and Imperial troops saw that the battle was lost, turned and fled from the battlefield. The French troop began pursuing them but with night approaching, and with the prisoners they already had being too many and, more importantly, too valuable to risk in a risky pursuit, Philip ordered a recall before his troops had moved little more than a mile from the battlefield.[20] Philip returned to Paris triumphant, marching his captive prisoners behind him in a long procession, as his grateful subjects came out to greet the victorious king. In the aftermath of the battle, Otto retreated to his castle of Harzburg and was soon overthrown as Holy Roman Emperor, and replaced by Frederick II. Count Ferdinand remained imprisoned following his defeat, while King John obtained a five year truce, on very lenient terms given the circumstances.[20]

Philip’s decisive victory was crucial in ordering Western European politics in both England and France. In the former, so weakened was the defeated King John of England that he soon needed to submit to his barons demands and sign the Magna Carta, limiting the power of the crown and establishing the basis for common law. In the latter, the battle was instrumental in forming the strong central monarchy that would characterize France until the first French Revolution. It was also the first battle in the Middle Ages in which the full value of infantry was realised.[20]

[edit] Marital problems

After Isabelle's early death in childbirth, in 1190, Philip decided to marry again. On the 15th of August in 1193 he married Ingeborg (1175–1236), daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark (1157–82). She was renamed Isambour, and Stephan of Dornik described her as "very kind, young of age but old of wisdom." For some unknown reason, Philip was repelled by her, and he refused to allow her to be crowned Queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful Queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.

In the meantime Philip had sought a new bride. Initially agreement had been reached for him to marry Margaret of Geneva, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage. Philip finally achieved a third marriage, on the 7th of May in 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia (c. 1180 – 29th of July in 1201). Their children were Marie (1198 – 15th of October in 1224) and Philippe Hurepel (1200–1234), Count of Clermont and eventually, by marriage, Count of Boulogne.

Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) declared Philip Augustus's marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the King to part from Agnès; when he did not, the Pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until the 7th of September in 1200. Due to pressure from the Pope and from Ingeborg's brother, King Valdemar II of Denmark (1202–41), Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his Queen in 1213.

Philip II, King of France, in a non-contemporary portrait

[edit] Last years

Understandably, he turned a deaf ear when the Pope asked him to do something about the heretics in the Languedoc. When Pope Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians or Cathars, in 1208, Philip did nothing to support it, but neither did he hinder it. The war against the Cathars did not end until 1244, when finally their last strongholds were captured. The fruits of it, namely the submission of the south of France to the crown, were to be reaped by Philip's son, Louis VIII, and grandson, Louis IX. From 1216 to 1222 Philip also arbitrated in the War of Succession in Champagne and finally helped the military efforts of Eudes III, Duke of Burgundy and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor to bring it to an end.

Philip II Augustus would play a significant role in one of the greatest centuries of innovation in construction and in education. With Paris as his capital, he had the main thoroughfares paved, built a central market, Les Halles, continued the construction begun in 1163 of the Gothic Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, constructed the Louvre as a fortress and gave a charter to the University of Paris in 1200. Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world had known. In 1224, the French poet Henry d'Andeli wrote of the great wine tasting competition that Philip II Augustus commissioned The Battle of the Wines.

Philip II Augustus died 14 July 1223 at Mantes-la-Jolie, and was interred in Saint Denis Basilica. Philip's son by Isabelle de Hainaut, Louis VIII, was his successor.

[edit] Portrayal in fiction

King Philip appears in William Shakespeare's historical play King John. He is also a character in James Goldman's historical play The Lion in Winter, which maintains the historical theory that he and Richard the Lionhearted had previously had a homosexual relationship. In the 1968 film of Goldman's play, which downplayed the homosexual aspect present in the stage play, Philip was played by Timothy Dalton. Jonathan Rhys Meyers played Philip in a 2003 television version which somewhat resurrected the matter.

[edit] Ancestry

[show]

v • d • e

Ancestors of Philip II of France

16. Henry I of France

8. Philip I of France

17. Anne of Kiev

4. Louis VI of France

18. Floris I, Count of Holland

9. Bertha of Holland

19. Gertrude of Saxony

2. Louis VII of France

20. Amadeus II of Savoy

10. Humbert II of Savoy

21. Joan of Geneva

5. Adelaide of Maurienne

22. William I, Count of Burgundy

11. Gisela of Burgundy

23. Etienette

1. Philip II of France

24. Theobald III, Count of Blois

12. Stephen II, Count of Blois

25. Gersende of Maine

6. Theobald II, Count of Champagne

26. William the Conqueror

13. Adela of Normandy

27. Matilda of Flanders

3. Adèle of Champagne

28. Egelbert I of Sponheim

14. Engelbert, Duke of Carinthia

29. Hedwig of Eppenstein

7. Matilda of Carinthia

30. Ulrich I, Count of Passau

15. Utta of Passau

31. Adelaide of Frantenhausen

[edit] References

Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Philip II of France

* Baldwin, John W. The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

* Meade, Marion. Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1977. ISBN 0-801522-31-5

* Payne, Robert. The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades. New York: Stein and Day, 1984. ISBN 0-812829-45-X

* Rees, Simon. King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus. Military History Magazine, September 2006

* Smedley, Edward. The History of France, from the final partition of the Empire of Charlemagne to the Peace of Cambray. London: Baldwin and Cradock, 1836.

* "The 'War' of Bouvines (1202-1214)". http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/bouvines.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-29.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France

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Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné — the God-given — as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor John. The treaty was meant to bring peace to Normandy by settling the issue of the boundaries of the duchy and the terms of John's vassalage for it and Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. John agreed to heavy terms, but Philip in turn recognised John as king, formally abandoning Arthur I of Brittany, whom he had thitherto supported, and recognised John's suzerainty over the Duchy of Brittany. To seal the treaty, a marriage between Blanche of Castile, John's niece, and Louis the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

This did not stop the war, however. In 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to summon John to answer their charges and, when the English king refused, Philip dispossessed him of his French lands. Within two years, most of Normandy and the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine, had been conquered. The war, called the "War of Bouvines," continued for the next decade until Philip won a decisive victory at Bouvines (1214) over a coalition of forces that included the Emperor Otto IV and Ferdinand, Count of Flanders.

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Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste; b. in Gonesse 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223 in Mantes-la-Jolie) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné—the God-given—as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.

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Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné — the God-given — as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.

After Isabelle's early death in childbirth, in 1190, Philip decided to marry again. On August 15, 1193 he married Ingeborg (1175–1236), daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark (1157–82). She was renamed Isambour, and Stephan of Dornik described her as "very kind, young of age but old of wisdom." For some unknown reason, Philip was repelled by her, and he refused to allow her to be crowned Queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful Queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.

In the meantime Philip had sought a new bride. Initially agreement had been reached for him to marry Marguerite of Geneva, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage. Philip finally achieved a third marriage, on May 7, 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia (c. 1180 – July 29, 1201). Their children were:

Marie (1198 – October 15, 1224)

Philippe Hurepel (1200–1234), Count of Clermont and eventually, by marriage, Count of Boulogne

Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) declared Philip Augustus's marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the King to part from Agnès; when he did not, the Pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until September 7, 1200. Due to pressure from the Pope and from Ingeborg's brother, King Valdemar II of Denmark (1202–41), Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his Queen in 1213.

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Philip II of France

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné — the God-given — as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.

Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.

Early years

In declining health, Louis VII had him crowned and anointed at Rheims by the Archbishop William Whitehands on 1 November 1179. He was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabelle of Hainaut, who brought the County of Artois as her dowry. His father died on 20 September.

[edit]Consolidation of royal demesne

While the royal demesne had increased under Philip I and Louis VI, under Louis VII it had diminished slightly. In April 1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the demesne and confiscated their goods.

Philip's eldest son, Louis, was born on 5 September 1187 and inherited Artois in 1190, when Isabelle, his mother, died.

[edit]Wars with his vassals

In 1181, Philip began a war with the Count of Flanders, Philip of Alsace. Philip managed to counter the ambitions of the count by breaking his alliances with Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philip of Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne. In July 1185, the Treaty of Boves confirmed to the king the possession of the Vermandois, Artois, and Amiénois.

In 1184, Stephen I of Sancerre and his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged the Orléanais. Philip defeated him with the aid of the Confrères de la Paix.

[edit]War with Henry II

Philip also began to war with the Henry II of England, who was also Count of Anjou and Duke of Aquitaine in France. Two years of combat (1186–1188) followed, but the situation remained unchanged. Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons, Richard and John, who were in rebellion against their father. However, news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin, followed quickly by the death of Henry, diverted attention from the Franco-English war.

Philip was close friends with all of Henry's sons and he used them to foment rebellion against their father, but turned against both Richard and John after their respective accessions to the throne. With Henry the Young King and Geoffrey of Brittany he maintained friendship until their deaths. Indeed, at the funeral of Geoffrey, he was so overcome with grief that he had to be forcibly restrained from casting himself into the grave.

[edit]War with John Lackland

In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor John. The treaty was meant to bring peace to Normandy by settling the issue of the boundaries of the duchy and the terms of John's vassalage for it and Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. John agreed to heavy terms, but Philip in turn recognised John as king, formally abandoning Arthur I of Brittany, whom he had thitherto supported, and recognised John's suzerainty over the Duchy of Brittany. To seal the treaty, a marriage between Blanche of Castile, John's niece, and Louis the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

This did not stop the war, however. In 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to summon John to answer their charges and, when the English king refused, Philip dispossessed him of his French lands. Within two years, most of Normandy and the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine, had been conquered. The war, called the "War of Bouvines," continued for the next decade until Philip won a decisive victory at Bouvines (1214) over a coalition of forces that included the Emperor Otto IV and Ferdinand, Count of Flanders.

Third Crusade

Philip went on the Third Crusade with Richard I of Eng

[FAVthomas.FTW]

Byname Philip Augustus, French Philippe Auguste the first of the greatCapetian kings of medieval France (reigned 1179/1223), who graduallyreconquered the French territories held by the kings of England and alsofurthered the royal domains northward into Flanders and southward intoLanguedoc. He was a major figure in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land in1191.
Philip was the son of Louis VII of France and Adela of Champagne. Inorder to be associated as king with his father, who had fallen mortallyill, he was crowned at Reims on Nov. 1, 1179. His uncles of the House ofChampagne, Henry I, count of Champagne; Guillaume, archbishop of Reims;and Thibaut V, count of Blois and Chartres, hoped to use the youthfulking to control France. To escape from their
tutelage, Philip, on April 28, 1180, married Isabella, the daughter ofBaldwin V of Hainaut and the niece (through her mother) of Philip ofAlsace, the count of Flanders, who promised to give the King theterritory of Artois as her dowry. When Henry II of England arrived inNormandie, perhaps with the intention of responding to an appeal by theHouse of Champagne, Philip II entered into negotiations with him and, atGisors on June 28, 1180, renewed an understanding that Louis VII hadreached with him in 1177. As a result, the House of Champagne waspolitically isolated, and Philip II was making all decisions for himselfand acting as he saw fit when his father died, on Sept. 18, 1180, leavinghim sole king in name as well as in fact. When the Count of Flandersallied himself with the Champagne faction, there followed a seriousrevolt against the King. In the Peace of Boves, in July 1185 (confirmedby the Treaty of Gisors in May 1186), the King and the Count of Flanderscomposed their differences (which had been chiefly over possession ofVermandois, in Picardy), so that the disputed territory was partitioned,Amiens and numerous other places passing to the King and the remainder,with the county of Vermandois proper, being left provisionally to Philipof Alsace. Thenceforward the King was free to run against Henry II ofEngland.
Henry's French possessions, the so-called Angevin Empire, consistingof Normandie, Maine, Anjou, and Touraine, with Aquitaine in the hands ofhis son, the future Richard I the Lion-Heart of England, and Brittanyruled by another son, Geoffrey (died 1186), all were a constant menace tothe French royal domain. Furthermore, there were long-standing disputesover the Vexin (between Normandie and the Île-de-France), Berry, andAuvergne.
Philip II launched an attack on Berry in the summer of 1187 but thenin June made a truce with Henry, which left Issoudun in his hands andalso granted him Fréteval, in Vendômois. Though the truce was for twoyears, Philip found grounds for resuming hostilities in the summer of1188. He skillfully exploited the estrangement between Henry and Richard,and Richard did homage to him voluntarily at Bonmoulins in November 1188.Finally, by the Treaty of Azay-le-Rideau, or of Colombières (July 4,1189), Henry was forced to renew his own homage, to confirm the cessionof Issoudun, with Graçay also, to Philip, and to renounce his claim tosuzerainty over Auvergne. Henry died two days later.
Richard, who succeeded Henry as king of England, had alreadyundertaken to go on crusade (the Third Crusade) against Saladin in theHoly Land, and Philip now did likewise. Before his departure, he made theso-called Testament of 1190 to provide for the government of his kingdomin his absence. On his way to Palestine, he met Richard in Sicily, wherethey promptly found themselves at variance, though they made a treaty atMessina in March 1191. Arriving in Palestine, they cooperated against theMuslims at Acre, until Philip fell ill and made his illness a pretext forreturning to France, quite
determined to settle the succession to Flanders (Philip of Alsace hadjust died on the crusade) while Richard was still absent. Thus, by theend of 1191, Philip II was back in France.
In spite of promises he had made in the Holy Land, Philip at onceprepared to attack the Plantagenet possessions in France. Informed ofthis, Richard also left the crusade but was taken prisoner while on hisway back by the duke of Austria, Leopold V of Babenberg. Philip dideverything he could to prolong his rival's captivity, but Richard was atlast set free (1194) and went to war against Philip. The French kingsuffered a number of defeats (from that at Fréteval in July 1194 to thatat Courcelles in September 1198) in a series of campaigns that wereoccasionally punctuated by negotiations. It was fortuitous for Philip,however, when Richard was killed in April 1199.
Richard's brother John was by no means as formidable a fighter.Moreover, his right to
Richard's succession could be contested by Arthur de Brittany, whosefather had been senior to John. To secure the succession, therefore, Johncame to terms with Philip: by the Treaty of Le Goulet (May 22, 1200), inreturn for Philip's recognition of him as Richard's heir, he ceded Évreuxand the Norman Vexin to Philip; agreed that Issoudun and Graçay should bethe dowry of his niece Blanche de Castile, who was to marry the futureLouis VIII (Philip's son by Isabella of Hainaut); and renounced any claimto
suzerainty over Berry and Auvergne.
Shortly afterward, however, John entered into conflict with theLusignan family of Poitou (in Aquitaine), who appealed to Philip asoverlord. When he was summoned to appear before the royal court as avassal of the French crown, John did not present himself, and Philip, inApril 1202, pronounced John's French fiefs forfeit and undertook to carryout the sentence himself. He invaded Normandie, overran the northeast,and laid siege to Arques, while Arthur de Brittany, the son of Geoffrey,who died some years before, campaigned against John's supporters inPoitou; but John, marching south from Maine, captured Arthur at Mirebeau(August 1). In fury, Philip abandoned the siege of Arques and marchedsouthwestward to Tours, ravaging John's territory on his way beforereturning to Paris. Guillaume des Roches, the powerful seneschal ofAnjou, who had taken John's side, came to terms with Philip in March 1203.
Resuming operations against Normandie, Philip occupied the townsaround the great fortress of Château-Gaillard, to which he laid siege inSeptember 1203, having overruled Pope Innocent III's attempts to mediate.John, who is reported to have murdered Arthur de Brittany in April,retired to England in December, and Château-Gaillard fell to Philip inMarch 1204. Rouen, the Norman capital, surrendered in June, after 40days' resistance.
After his conquest of Normandie, Philip subdued Maine, Touraine,Anjou, and most of Poitou with less difficulty (1204/05), though thecastles of Loches and Chinon held out for a year. He sought to secure hisconquests by lavishing privileges on the towns and on the religioushouses but otherwise left the local barons in power. Unrest, however, wasendemic in Poitou, and in June 1206 John landed at La Rochelle. After acampaign in the south, he turned north toward the Loire. At Thouars inOctober 1206, he and Philip made a two-year truce, leaving John inpossession of the reconquered Poitevin lands. In the following year,however, Philip invaded Poitou again; and, after a further campaign in1208, only the south and part of the west of Poitou remained loyal toJohn (with Saintonge, Guyenne, and Gascony).
Philip next hoped to exploit the dispute between John and PopeInnocent III. While Innocent was threatening to declare John unfit toreign (1212), plans were being made for a French landing in England andfor the accession of Philip's son Louis to the English throne. The planshad to be dropped when John made his submission to the Pope (1213).Throwing himself into schemes for revenge, John formed a coalitionagainst France: the Holy Roman emperor Otto IV, the Count of Flanders(Ferrand, or
Ferdinand, of Portugal), and the Count of Boulogne (Raynald, or Renaud,of Dammartin) were to invade the Capetian territory from the northeastwhile John attacked from the west, with the help of his Poitevin barons.
John landed at La Rochelle in February 1214 and advanced into Anjoubut was put to flight by Louis at La Roche-aux-Moines on July 2; hisconfederates were completely defeated by Philip in the decisive Battle ofBouvines on July 27. The Anglo-Angevin power in France and the coalitionhad both been broken in one month. Thus Philip, who, in 1213, hadtransferred Brittany to his cousin Peter of Dreux, was left without anysignificant opposition to his rule in France.
It was not only at the Plantagenets' expense that Philip enlarged theroyal domain. His claim to Artois through his first marriage and hisgains by the settlement of 1185/86 have been mentioned above, and hesubsequently proceeded, step by step, to acquire the rest of Vermandoisand Valois. His insistence on his suzerainty over vacant fiefs and on histutelage over minors and heiresses was particularly effective with regardto Flanders, where two successive Flemish counts, Philip of Alsace (died1191) and Baldwin IX (died c. 1205) had left no male issue.
Though he did not personally take part in the crusade proclaimed byPope Innocent III against a Cathari religious sect in Languedoc, Philipallowed his vassals and knights to carry it out. Simon de Montfort'scapture of Béziers and Carcassonne (1209) and his victory at Muret overRaymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragón (1213) prepared the way forthe eventual annexation of eastern Languedoc to the royal domain sixyears after Philip's death and for the union of northern and southernFrance under Capetian rule.
Several years before he tried to take advantage of the papacy'squarrel with John of England, Philip had himself been in dispute withRome. After the death (1190) of Isabella of Hainaut, he had marriedIngeborg, sister of the Danish king Canute IV, on Aug. 14, 1193, and onthe next day, for a private reason, had resolved to separate from her.Having procured the annulment of his marriage by an assembly of bishopsin November 1193, he took a Tirolese lady, Agnes, daughter of Bertold IVof Meran, as his wife in June 1196. Denmark, meanwhile, had complained toRome about the repudiation of Ingeborg, and Pope Celestine III hadcountermanded it in 1195; but Celestine died (1198) before he couldresort to coercion against Philip. The next pope, Innocent III, wassterner: in January 1200 he imposed an interdict on France. Philip,therefore, in September 1200, had to submit, pretending to be reconciledwith Ingeborg. In fact, he refused to cohabit with her and kept her insemicaptivity until 1213, when he accepted her beside him, not as hiswife but at least as his queen. Agnes had died in 1201, after bearing twochildren to Philip: Marie, countess of Namur (1211) and duchess ofBrabant (1213), by successive marriages; and Philip, called Hurepel,count of Clermont.
Throughout his reign, Philip kept a close watch over the Frenchnobility, which he brought effectively to heel. He maintained excellentrelations with the French clergy, leaving the canons of the cathedralchapters free to elect their bishops and favouring the monastic orders.He knew, too, how to win the support of the towns, granting privilegesand liberties to merchants and frequently aiding their struggles to freethemselves from the seignorial authority of the nobles. In return, thecommunes helped financially and militarily. Most of all, Philip gave hisattention to Paris, not only fortifying it with a great
also having its streets and thoroughfares put in order. For thecountryside, he multiplied the number of villes neuves (“new towns”), orenfranchised communities.
The Capetian monarchy's hold on the huge royal domain as well as onthe kingdom as a whole was considerably strengthened by Philip'sinstitution of a new class of administrative officers, the royal baillisand the seneschals for the provinces, who were appointed by the king tosupervise the conduct of the local prévôts (“provosts”), to give justicein his name, to collect the revenues of the domain for him, and to callup the armed forces, in addition to other duties.
Philip II died on July 14, 1223. Knowing his own strength, he was thefirst of the Capetians not to have his eldest son crowned and associatedwith him during his lifetime; in fact, his conquests and stronggovernment made him the richest and most powerful king in Europe andprepared the way for France's greatness in the 13th century.

To cite this page: "Philip II" Encyclopædia Britannica
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?query=philip+ii+augustus&eu=61161>

UPDATE: 1994-03-14

!SOURCE DOCUMENTATION:
NAME:
BIRTH:
BAPTISM:
ENDOWMENT:
SEALING-P:
MARRIAGE:
SEALING-S:
DEATH:
BURIAL:

*GENERAL NOTES:
OCCUPATION:
EDUCATION:
RESIDENCY:
ANCESTRAL FILE #:
REMARKS:

Philip II made Paris the capital of France and paved the streets.Full name was Philip Agustus, one of the most powerful Europeanmonarchs of the Middle Ages.

é um dos reis mais admirados e estudados da França medieval, não só pela extensão do seu reinado, como também pelas importantes vitórias militares, pelo aumento dos domínios directos da coroa, principalmente à custa dos reis da Inglaterra, e pelo fortalecimento da monarquia contra o poder dos senhores feudais.
O cognome Augusto, que lhe foi atribuído em vida, é uma referência directa ao título da antiguidade, apesar de haver outras interpretações que o possam justificar: pode referir-se ao mês do seu nascimento, ou ainda o verbo latino augere, que significa «aumentar». Com efeito, este cognome pode ter-lhe sido atribuído depois de, pelo tratado de Boves de Julho de 1185, ter adicionado os senhorios de Artois, Valois, Amiens e uma grande parte de Vermandois (actual comuna francesa de Saint-Quentin) aos domínios reais.

545px-France_Ancient_svg
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=258f7ac1-031a-4402-92d3-9810f7cc8297&tid=8627488&pid=-914594045

Philippe II, France
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=7a163faf-63f9-4476-ab95-fa939b6365c6&tid=8627488&pid=-914594045

l/2 sister Marie Capet of Champagne is also a Great Grand Parent (22x Great GrandMother)

King Philip II of FranceBest
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=3773ec43-59c5-4d0f-9c99-dadffda5fb59&tid=6959821&pid=-1098833303

CRA

Ancestral File Number: 8XJD-V0

Ancestral File Number: 8XJ3-X3

philippe2auguste
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=43215ac8-b9ee-469b-9cde-562233c41445&tid=8627488&pid=-914594045

Philip II, King of France
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=0856fc4f-06b2-42f8-970a-d49d35c43285&tid=8627488&pid=-914594045

King Phillip II
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=e5eb24a3-7737-4ead-a400-e441d857253f&tid=8627488&pid=-914594045

[Master.FTW]

[Master.FTW]

[Vinson.FTW]

[camoys.FTW]

[mpbennett-1-6285.ged]

King of France after suceeding his father on Sep 18,1180 thru 1223.
This individual was found on GenCircles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/mpbennett/1/data/7385[mpbennett-1-6996.ged]

King of France after suceeding his father on Sep 18,1180 thru 1223.
This individual was found on GenCircles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/mpbennett/1/data/7385[mpbennett-1-7385.ged]

King of France after suceeding his father on Sep 18,1180 thru 1223.
This individual was found on GenCircles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/mpbennett/1/data/7385

Filip II August (fransk Philippe II Auguste) (født 21. august 1165 i Gonesse, død 14. juli 1223 i Mantes, begravd i klosterkirken Saint-Denis) var konge av Frankrike fra 1180 til sin død. Han var sønn av Ludvig VII av Frankrike og Adèle av Champagne. Under sitt styre befestet han huset Capets stilling i Frankrike og styrket kronens makt, bl.a. gjennom svekkelse av adelens stilling. Han klarte også å erobre de fleste engelske besittelsene i Frankrike.
Filip II var gift med:

1180 med Isabella av Hainaut, (1170-1190).
1193 med Ingeborg av Danmark, fransk dronning, 1175/1176-1236.
1196 med Agnes av Meran, (?-1201).
Hans sønn fra første ekteskap var Ludvig VIII av Frankrike, gift med Blanka av Kastilien. Fra andre ekteskap (muligens født i det tredje ekteskapet) hadde han sønnen Philip Hurepel. Dessuten hadde han en datter, Marie.

Philip II (of France) (1165-1223), king of France (1180-1223), one of the
most powerful European monarchs of the Middle Ages. His full name was
Philip Augustus.

The son of King Louis VII, Philip was born on August 21, 1165, in Gonesse,
near Paris. He became coregent with his father in 1179. From 1181 to 1186
Philip combated a coalition of barons in Flanders, Burgundy, and Champagne
and at their expense increased the royal domain. Philip allied himself
with Richard, duke of Aquitaine, who in 1189 became Richard I of England,
and in 1190 the two kings embarked on the Third Crusade. The kings
quarreled, however, and Philip returned to France in 1191. Allied with
Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and Richard's brother, John, later king of
England, Philip attacked Richard's territories in France. Richard returned
in 1194 and went to war against Philip. By the time of Richard's death in
1199, Philip had been forced to surrender most of the territory he had
annexed. Philip subsequently warred against John, who became king of
England in 1199; between 1202 and 1205 Philip more than doubled his
territory by annexing Normandy, Maine, Brittany, Anjou, Touraine, and
Poitou.

A coalition of European powers, including England, challenged the growing
power of France in 1214. Philip's forces, however, decisively defeated the
coalition at the Battle of Bouvines, establishing France as a leading
country of Europe.

Philip increased the royal power not only by extending the royal domain
but also by reducing the power of the feudal lords. He replaced the noble
officers at court with an advisory council appointed from the middle class
and supported the communes against the nobles. France prospered from his
judicial, financial, and administrative reorganization of the government;
serfdom declined, towns grew, and commerce flourished. Philip established
Paris as the fixed capital of France, paved the streets, and had many new
buildings constructed in the city.

Capet
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=2ffde9e7-90ac-4788-9726-89d46dd6e43b&tid=6959821&pid=-1150530701

_P_CCINFO 1-20792

King Philip II of FranceBest
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=3773ec43-59c5-4d0f-9c99-dadffda5fb59&tid=6959821&pid=-1098833303

OR "AUGUSTUS"; KING OF FRANCE 1180-1223 (BECAME KING 9/18/1180); DIED OF
MALARIA

Philip II (1165-1223), better known as Philip Augustus, king of France, came to the throne in 1180. He steadily pursued a policy of consolidation, checking the great nobles, and adding fresh territory to his kingdom. Taking advantage of John�s weakness and unpopularity, he conquered Normandy in 1204, and Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou shortly afterward. The victory of Simon de Montfort over the Albigensians and their allies at Muret in 1213 ensured the final victory of the French monarchy in Languedoc. Philip strengthened and thoroughly reorganized the central and local administrative arrangements, and established a council of able officials to aid him in the government. His support and improvement of the towns was a marked feature of his reign. Paris made immense progress, and many charters were granted to other cities. On his death France was one of the great states of Europe, and the royal power was firmly established. [The Home University Encyclopedia, 1946]

4th cousin 27 generations removed

Phillip II King of France
h t t p : / / t r e e s . a n c e s t r y . c o m / r d ? f = i m a g e&guid=eaca23bc-0f6a-411f-8159-d2911c43ae6f&tid=312040&pid=-1911824712

King of the Franks
Conducted a Crusade with Richard I (The Lionhearted of England)
Was the King of the Capetian Throne (Paris, France), during Henry II king of England's rein.
Philip Augustus was 15 years old, abt 1171 when he became King of France.
On the family of Louis IX:
Libro de los Santos, Book of the Saints.
Funk and Wagnalls Standard Home Reference
Dictionary, World Scope Family Library
1956 Volume II L-Z
Les Sources du Regne de Hughes Capet Revue Historique
Tome XXVIII Paris 1891, P. Violet

Crusader Shield
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=cbd6df9c-506e-4fe1-9ca6-07e73a21c7ef&tid=7047470&pid=857251973

200px-Sceau_Philippe_Auguste
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=87735324-dd68-48d0-b7c3-e3d9a9619835&tid=7047470&pid=857251973

Philip II of France
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=060f1874-fa2e-44c1-8d5e-f71d857a129c&tid=7047470&pid=857251973

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Voorouders (en nakomelingen) van Philippe II 'Auguste' de France

Louis VI Thibaut 'le Gros' de France
1081-1137

Adelaïde (Alix ou Adelaide) de Savoie
1092-1154

Thibault IV «le Grand» de Champagne
± 1090-1152

Mathilde von Sponheim
± 1090-1160

Louis VII 'le Jeune' de France
± 1120-1180

Adèle de Champagne
± 1140-1206

Philippe II 'Auguste' de France
1180-1162

(1) 1196

Agnès d'Andechs de Méranie
± 1180-1201



					Marie Capet de France ± 1198-1224

(2) 1180

Isabel de Hainaut
1170-1190



					Louis VIII 'le Lion' de France 1187-1190

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