Stamboom Homs » Friedrich (Friedrich "Barbarossa") "Barbarossa" von Hohenstaufen Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (± 1123-± 1190)

Persoonlijke gegevens Friedrich (Friedrich "Barbarossa") "Barbarossa" von Hohenstaufen Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 

• Roepnaam is Barbarossa.
• Hij is geboren rond 1122 TO ABT 1123 in Swaben, Deutschland (HRR)Swaben.
• Hij werd gedoopt in crusader.
• Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in crusader.
• Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in crusader.
• Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt rond 1155 in Germany.
• Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
• Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk in SUBMITTED.
• Beroepen:
• in Duke of Alsace and Swabia.

  {geni:current} 0

• .

  {geni:job_title} Empereur, du Saint Empire Romain Germanique

• .

  {geni:job_title} Tysk-Romersk kejsare

• .
• Hij is overleden rond 1190 in Saleph River/Göksu, SilifkeSaleph/Göksu, Anatolia/Anadolu, Turkey/Türkiye.
• Hij is begraven op 11 juni 1190 in Church of Saint Peter Antakya, Turkey.
• Een kind van Friedrich II von Schwaben von Staufen en Judith von Bayern
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 2 maart 2012.

Gezin van Friedrich (Friedrich "Barbarossa") "Barbarossa" von Hohenstaufen Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches

Hij is getrouwd met Béatrice of Burgundy.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 16 juni 1156 te Schwaben,Bayern,Germany.

Kind(eren):

1. Philip von Hohenstaufen  ± 1177-1208 
2. Otto von Hohenstaufen  ± 1170-1200 
3. Beatrix von Hohenstauffen  ± 1161-± 1181 

Notities over Friedrich (Friedrich "Barbarossa") "Barbarossa" von Hohenstaufen Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches

(Research):Frederick I1113 Restoration of Imperial Power His mother, Judith, was a Guelph (see Guelphs), and Frederick frequently acted as a mediator between his Hohenstaufen uncle, Conrad, and his Guelph cousin, Henry the Lion. Prior to his death Conrad III named Frederick as his successor, hoping that Frederick's reign would end the discord between the rival houses of Hohenstaufen and Guelphs. Frederick's coronation as emperor in Rome was delayed by unrest in Germany and by the revolutionary commune of Rome (1143-55), headed by Arnold of Brescia, which controlled the city. In 1152, Frederick pacified Germany by proclaiming a general land peace to end the anarchy, and in 1156 he satisfied Henry the Lion by restoring the duchy of Bavaria to him, at the same time making Austria into a new duchy as a counterweight to Henry's power. In Italy, Frederick's policy was to restore the imperial power, which had virtually disappeared as a result of neglect by previous emperors. It was thus necessary for him to conciliate the pope. In a treaty (1153) with Pope Eugene III, Frederick promised to assist him against Arnold of Brescia and against the powerful Normans in Sicily. Frederick entered Italy in 1154 and was crowned in Rome (June 18, 1155) amid hostile demonstrations. The reluctance of his troops to remain in Italy forced him to return to Germany without assisting the new pope, Adrian IV, against King William I of Sicily. Adrian, obliged to ally himself (1156) with William, turned against Frederick. At the Diet of Besançon (1157) the papal legate presented a letter that Frederick interpreted as a claim by the pope that the empire was a papal fief. Frederick replied in a manifesto that he held the throne through the election of the princes from God alone and prepared to invade Italy, where Milan had begun the conquest of Lombardy. Adrian explained that he had not intended that interpretation of his words, but Frederick entered Italy, seized Milan, and at the Diet of Roncaglia (1158) laid claim, as emperor and king of the Lombards, to all imperial rights, including the appointment of an imperial podesta, or governor, in every town. The rapacity of his German officials led to the revolt (1159) of Milan, Brescia, Crema, and their allies, secretly encouraged by Adrian IV. After a long siege, Frederick stormed and burned Milan (1162). Moreover he set up an antipope to Adrian's successor, Alexander III, who excommunicated him. Frederick withdrew temporarily, but returned in 1166, captured Rome, and was preparing to attack the pope's Sicilian allies when his army was decimated by an epidemic. Frederick I1113 Reconciliation and Revenge In 1167 the rebellious Italian communes united against Frederick in the Lombard League, and Frederick retreated with difficulty to Germany, where he turned to increasing his territorial power and pacifying the constantly feuding German princes. In 1174 he returned to Italy. He was decisively defeated (1176) at Legnano by the Lombard League, partly because of lack of support from the German princes, notably Henry the Lion. After his defeat Frederick became reconciled with the pope; he agreed to recognize Alexander III as pope and was restored (1177) to communion. He made peace with the Lombard towns (confirmed by the Peace of Constance in 1183) and arranged a truce with the pope's Sicilian allies. After his return to Germany, Frederick brought about the downfall (1180) of Henry the Lion, whose large duchies were partitioned; Frederick's divisions of the German territories were of lasting consequence. At the Diet of Mainz (1184) the emperor celebrated his own glory in fabulous pomp. He arranged the marriage (1186) of his son and successor, Henry (later Henry VI), to Constance, heiress presumptive of Sicily, thus insuring peace with Sicily. Frederick I1113 Death and Legacy In Mar., 1188, Frederick took the Cross, and he set out (1189) on the Third Crusade (see Crusades). He was drowned in Cilicia. Legend, however, has him asleep in the Kyffhäuser, waiting to restore the empire to its former greatness. Among the positive and lasting achievements of Frederick's reign are the foundations of new towns, the increase of trade, and the colonization and Christianization of Slavic lands in E Germany. In his administrative reforms the emperor was ably assisted by his chancellor, Rainald of Dassel. ======================================================== Friedrich I Barbarossa, Emperor 1152-1155-1190 (1122-1190) Born circa 1122 Died 10 June 1190 Cilicia (drowned) Married 10 June 1156 Beatrice de Bourgogne Born circa 1143 Died 15 November 1184 Succeeding his uncle, Konrad III, he was elected King of the Romans in 1152. He became the ruler of a very much divided and fragmented empire, threatened from within as well as from outside. Danes, Vikings, Poles and Magyars were invading while rival dukes fought each other instead of the invaders. A further cause for disharmony was the rivalry with the House of Saxony which had already supplied three German Emperors. To complicate matters even further, there was the fight for supreme power with the church. In his opinion power was derived directly from God and merely confirmed, not conferred, by the Pope. He needed to secure his power and influence in northern Italy to prevent these Italians from intriguing with the pope. To achieve this he required peace in Germany and, after his election, made a truce with his kinsman, Heinrich the Lion, by restoring to him Bavaria which had been taken by Konrad III. In 1154 he toured the Rhineland and the Palatinate, suppressing feuds and executing every peace-breaker he captured. After this he subdued Boleslav of Poland who had tried to become independant from the Empire. Friedrich Barbarossa, accompanied by a thousand knights, then set out to Italy for his coronation by the English pope, Hadrian IV. First he had to liberate Hadrian IV from the Roman mob. Soon Hadrian IV proclaimed to have "conferred" the imperial crown, after which Friedrich Barbarossa proclaimed throughout the Empire that he had received the imperial crown from God alone. Fearing the northern Italians might ally themselves with the pope, he appeared in Verona, in June 1158, with an army of fifty thousand men. Then he besieged Milan and, after he had taken the city, made them pay dues to him. However, Hadrian IV died and was replaced by Pope Alexander III, as resolute and intelligent as Friedrich Barbarossa. Friedrich then appointed an antipope, Victor IV, after which Alexander III excommunicated the Emperor and Milan revolted.This time the population was starved out and the city razed to the ground. Encouraged by Alexander III who had fled to France, the Lombards rebelled against the harsh German administration. Victor IV died and was replaced by another antipope, Paschal III. Friedrich Barbarossa waited three years and then attacked Rome with a large army. Alexander III, returned from France, this time fled to Sicily. Having secured Paschal III in Rome, the plague struck his army and Friedrich Barbarossa was forced to retreat to Germany, crossing the Alps disguised as a servant. In 1176 he returned to Italy to reassert his authority, but was heavily defeated at Legnano and, in 1177, Friedrich made peace with Alexander III. Nine years later he arranged the marriage of his son to Constance, heiress presumptive of Sicily. Even though in the beginning of his reign he had tried to befried Heinrich the Lion, the latter had refused to assist in Italy and tried to make his Saxon territory semi-independent within the empire. Enemies of Heinrich the Lion complained to Emperor Friedrich who then, when Heinrich the Lion ignored the imperial summons, occupied and divided Saxony in a lightning campaign and banished Heinrich the Lion to France. During his reign Germany prospered; roads were built and new trade routes were opened. Between 1150 and 1175 the number of German towns doubled, a unified coinage was introduced and literature flourished. Nearly seventy years old, he set out to go on crusade. A large army was collected and went overland towards the Bosphorus while Richard the Lionheart and the French King Philippe went by sea. All went well at first; but when Friedrich Barbarossa reached Byzantine territory, his army was attacked and robbed during the nights. Also, food was scarce while the population had fled, taking everything with them. Then the army sent to attack them by the Byzantine Emperor was defeated, after which they received Byzantine support. They were a year on the road before arriving in Asia Minor where they were attacked by hostile horsemen. His army marched through the mountains where again there was no food; yet half-starved, they continued, now reduced to six hundred knights who, become delirious, saw visions. Nevertheless they still attacked and conquered Iconium which had been defended by a much stronger army. Later, with food aplenty, they recovered to continue their way to the Holy Land. There had been one prophecy: that he would die by drowning; yet another, that he would win his empire like a fox, preserve it like a lion, but die like a dog. They were near Seleucia in the intense heat of June when they crossed a fast flowing river. Resting in the burning sun, he had some food, then decided to bathe in the river. Against advice, he went in and his men saw him dissappear. When his body was found much later, his knights decided to return home. However, according to myth, he never died but is simply asleep, one day to return and save Germany from its enemies. Source: Leo van de Pas

Frederick III as duke of Swabia, 1147-1190. He challenged papal authority and
sought to establish German predominance in western Europe and engaged in a
long struggle with the cities of Northern Italy (1154-1183), sending six major
expeditions southward. He died while on the Third crusade to the Holy Land.
He succeeded his uncle, Emperor Conrad III. He united in himself (his parent's
blood lines) the blood of the Welfs and the Hohenstaufens.

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Frederick I Barbarossa[1] (1122 – 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy at Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178.

Before his royal election, he was by inheritance Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as Frederick III). He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. His mother was Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of Welf, and Frederick therefore descended from Germany's two leading families, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors.

Contents [hide]
1 Life and reign
1.1 Early years
1.2 Rise to power
1.3 Reign and Cathar wars
1.4 Later years
1.5 Crusades and the last days
2 Legend
3 Frederick's descendants by his wife Beatrice
4 Frederick Barbarossa in fiction
5 Notes
6 Sources
7 See also
8 External links

[edit] Life and reign

[edit] Early years
Frederick was born in 1122. In 1147, he became duke of Swabia and shortly afterwards made his first trip to the East, accompanying his uncle, the German king Conrad III, on the Second Crusade. The expedition proved to be a disaster, but Frederick distinguished himself and won the complete confidence of the king. When Conrad died in February 1152, only Frederick and the prince-bishop of Bamberg were at his deathbed. Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental powers, handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that Frederick, rather than Conrad's own six-year-old son, the future Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, should succeed him as king. Frederick energetically pursued the crown and at Frankfurt on 4 March the kingdom's princely electors designated him as the next German king. He was crowned at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) several days later.

[edit] Rise to power
Anxious to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under Charlemagne and Otto I the Great, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Issuing a general order for peace, he made lavish concessions to the nobles. Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and Valdemar I of Denmark and began negotiations with the East Roman emperor, Manuel I Comnenus. It was probably about this time that the king obtained papal assent for the annulment of his childless marriage with Adelheid of Vohburg, on the grounds of consanguinity (his great-great-grandfather was a brother of Adela's great-great-great-grandmother). He then made a vain effort to obtain a bride from the court of Constantinople. On his accession Frederick had communicated the news of his election to Pope Eugene III, but had neglected to ask for the papal confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick concluded the treaty of Constance with the Pope whereby, in return for his coronation, he promised to defend the papacy, to make no peace with king Roger II of Sicily or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene and to help Eugene regain control of the city of Rome.

[edit] Reign and Cathar wars
He undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first of which he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV, following the suppression by Imperial forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia. He left Italy in the autumn of 1155 to prepare for a new and more formidable campaign. Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especially in Bavaria, but general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorous measures. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from Henry II Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the House of Guelph, whose father had previously held both duchies. Henry was named duke of Austria in compensation for his loss of Bavaria. On June 9, 1156 at Würzburg, Frederick married Beatrice of Burgundy, daughter and heiress of Renaud III, thus adding to his possessions the sizeable realm of the County of Burgundy.

Frederick Barbarossa in a 13th century chronicleHis uncle, Otto of Freising, wrote an account of Frederick's reign entitled Gesta Friderici I imperatoris (Deeds of the Emperor Frederick). Otto died after finishing the first two books, leaving the last two to Rahewin, his provost. The text is in places heavily dependent on classical precedent. For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick:

His character is such that not even those envious of his power can belittle its praise. His person is well-proportioned. He is shorter than very tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead... His eyes are sharp and piercing, his beard reddish, his lips delicate... His whole face is bright and cheerful. His teeth are even and snow-white in color... Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. His shoulders are rather broad, and he is strongly built
reproduces word for word (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another monarch written nearly eight hundred years earlier by Sidonius Apollinaris.[2]

In June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, accompanied by Henry the Lion and his fearsome Saxons. This expedition resulted in the establishment of imperial officers in the cities of northern Italy, the revolt and capture of Milan, and the beginning of the long struggle with Pope Alexander III. In response to his excommunication by the pope in 1160, Frederick declared his support for Antipope Victor IV. Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion of Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, influence and territorial gains. He also severely punished the citizens of Mainz for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. The next visit to Italy in 1163 saw his plans for the conquest of Sicily ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him, brought together mainly by opposition to imperial taxes.

[edit] Later years
In 1164 Frederick took what are believed to be the relics of the "Biblical Magi" (the Wise Men or Three Kings) from Milan and gave them as a gift (or as loot) to the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over Christendom. Today they are kept in the Shrine of the Three Kings in the Cologne cathedral.

Frederick then focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the canonization of Charlemagne at Aachen. In October 1166, he went once more on journey to Italy to secure the claim of his Antipope Paschal III, and the coronation of his wife Beatrice as Holy Roman Empress. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany. Frederick's forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the Battle of Monte Porzio, but his campaign was stopped by the sudden outbreak of an epidemic (malaria or the plague), which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years. During this period, Frederick decided conflicting claims to various bishoprics, asserted imperial authority over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary, initiated friendly relations with the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and tried to come to a better understanding with Henry II of England and Louis VII of France. Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time. His little son Frederick V became the new Duke of Swabia.

In 1174, Frederick made his fifth expedition to Italy but was opposed by the pro-papal Lombard League, which had previously formed to stand against him. With the refusal of Henry the Lion to bring help to Italy, the campaign was a complete failure. Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Legnano near Milan, on May 29, 1176, where he was wounded and for some time was believed to be dead. He had no choice other than to begin negotiations for peace with Alexander III and the Lombard League. In the Peace of Venice, 1177, Frederick and Alexander III reconciled. The Emperor acknowledged the Pope's sovereignty over the Papal States, and in return Alexander acknowledged the Emperor's overlordship of the Imperial Church. The Lombard cities, however, continued to fight until 1183, when, in the Peace of Constance, Frederick conceded their right to freely elect town magistrates.

Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1174. By 1180, Henry had successfully established a powerful and contiguous state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that Imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw. He then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring his cousin to his knees. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit in November 1181. He spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law Henry II of England in Normandy, before being allowed back into Germany. He finished his days in Germany, as much-diminished Duke of Brunswick. He lived a relatively quiet life, sponsoring arts and architecture.

[edit] Crusades and the last days
After making his peace with the Pope, Frederick embarked on the Third Crusade (1189), a massive expedition in conjunction with the French, led by king Philip Augustus, and the English, under Richard Lionheart. He organized a grand army of 100,000 to 150,000 men (or 15,000 men including 3,000 knights)[clarify] and set out on the overland route to the Holy Land.

The Crusaders passed through Hungary and Serbia and then entered Byzantine territory, arriving at Constantinople in the autumn of 1189. From there they pushed on through Anatolia (where they were victorious in two battles) and Cilician Armenia. The approach of the immense German army greatly concerned Saladin and the other Muslim leaders, who began to rally troops of their own and prepare to confront Barbarossa's forces.

Monument in Sinzig, district Ahrweiler.
Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens still fly.However, on 10 June 1190, Frederick died while crossing the Saleph River (now known as Göksu) in Cilicia, south-eastern Anatolia. The exact circumstances are unknown to Western scholars (Islamic scholars of the time related his death to the will of God). Western scholars suggest that he was jumping in when the shock of the cold water caused him to have a heart attack at the age of 64. Weighed down by his mail armour, he drowned in water that was barely hip-deep, according to the chronicler Ali ibn al-Athir. The armour of the day, designed to be as light as possible, was probably not heavy enough to cause a healthy man to drown in hip-deep waters; however, some reenactors and living historians argue that, in light of Frederick's advanced age, the weight of the armour plus the difficulty of struggling through water (not something many armoured men would be accustomed to), could have forced him under before reaching shore.

Frederick's death plunged his army into chaos. Leaderless, panicked, and attacked on all sides by Turks, many Germans deserted, were killed, or even committed suicide. Only 5,000 soldiers, a tiny fraction of the original forces, arrived in Acre. Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swabia carried on with the remnants of the army, with the aim of burying the Emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to conserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the Church of St. Peter in Antiochia, his bones in the cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in Tarsus.

Frederick's early death left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of England ("Lionheart"), who had traveled to Palestine separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard Lionheart continued to the East where he fought Saladin, but ended without accomplishing the Crusaders' main goal, the capture of Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

[edit] Legend
Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a sleeping hero, like the much older British Celtic legends of Arthur or Bran the Blessed. Legend says he is not dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in the Kyffhäuser mountain in Thuringia or Mount Untersberg in Bavaria, Germany, and that when the ravens cease to fly around the mountain he will awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are half closed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if the ravens have stopped flying. A similar story, set in Sicily, was earlier attested about his grandson, Frederick II.[3] The Kyffhäuser Monument atop the Kyffhäuser commemorates Frederick.

The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was codenamed Operation Barbarossa.

[edit] Frederick's descendants by his wife Beatrice
Frederick V, Duke of Swabia (1164-1170)
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (November 1165-1197)
Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia (1167-1191)
Otto I, Count of Burgundy (1170-killed 1200)
Conrad II, Duke of Swabia and Rothenburg (1173-killed 1196)
Philip of Swabia (1177-killed, 1208) King of Germany in 1198
Sophie (1161-1187), married to Margrave William VI of Montferrat.
Beatrice (1162-1174). She was betrothed to William II of Sicily but died before they could be married.
Agnes (died October 1184). She was betrothed to Emeric of Hungary but died before they could be married.

[edit] Frederick Barbarossa in fiction
Umberto Eco's novel Baudolino (2000) is set partly at Frederick's court, and also deals with the mystery of Frederick's death. The imaginary hero, Baudolino, is the Emperor's adopted son and confidant.
The computer game Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings has a campaign which follows Fredrick Barbarossa from the period of his struggles in Germany to his death on the Third Crusade. It is of note that Barbarossa never appears as an actual soldier in the game, though the objective of the final level (after his death) is to take a unit named "Emperor in a Barrel" to the Dome of The Rock in Jerusalem.
The 1981 novel Little, Big by John Crowley has Frederick Barbarossa as a character in modern times, awoken from his centuries of sleep.
The Land of Unreason, by L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, mentions the castle of the Kyffhäuser.
Frederick is a character in the PC game Stronghold: Crusader.
In The Thomas Crown Affair (1999 film), the title character is said to be in possession of "an ornament worn by Frederick Barbarossa at his coronation in 1152."
In the computer game Stronghold Warchest, Emperor Frederick is an AI player that you can challenge in skirmish play.

[edit] Notes
^ Meaning Redbeard.
^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, a description of Theodoric II of the Visigoths (453-66). See Mierow and Emery (1953) p. 331
^ Kantorowicz, Frederick II; last chapter

[edit] Sources
Otto of Freising and his continuator Rahewin, The deeds of Frederick Barbarossa tr. Charles Christopher Mierow with Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.
Ibn al-Athir
Romuald of Salerno. Chronicon in Rerum Italicarum scriptores.
Otto of St Blasien.
The "Bergamo Master". Carmen de gestis Frederici I imperatoris in Lombardia.
Haverkamp, Alfred. Friedrich Barbarossa, 1992
Opll, Ferdinand. Friedrich Barbarossa, 1998
Reston, James. Warriors of God, 2001
Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Line 45-26

[edit] See also
Dukes of Swabia family tree

[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Friedrich I. BarbarossaCatholic Encyclopedia: Frederick I
MSN Encarta - Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire)
Famous Men of the Middle Ages - Frederick Barbarossa
The Death of Frederick Barbarossa 1190
The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa - Otto of Freising
Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa
Huge page of Barbarossa facts
Preceded by
Conrad III Roman-King of Germany
1152–1169 Succeeded by
Henry VI
Preceded by
Conrad III King of Italy
1154–1190
Preceded by
Lothair II Holy Roman Emperor
1155–1190
Preceded by
Frederick II Duke of Swabia
1147–1152 Succeeded by
Frederick IV
Preceded by
Beatrice I Count of Burgundy
1156–1190 Succeeded by
Otto I

Frederick III as duke of Swabia, 1147-1190. He challenged papal authority and
sought to establish German predominance in western Europe and engaged in a
long struggle with the cities of Northern Italy (1154-1183), sending six major
expeditions southward. He died while on the Third crusade to the Holy Land.
He succeeded his uncle, Emperor Conrad III. He united in himself (his parent's
blood lines) the blood of the Welfs and the Hohenstaufens.

Frederick III as duke of Swabia, 1147-1190. He challenged papal authority and
sought to establish German predominance in western Europe and engaged in a
long struggle with the cities of Northern Italy (1154-1183), sending six major
expeditions southward. He died while on the Third crusade to the Holy Land.
He succeeded his uncle, Emperor Conrad III. He united in himself (his parent's
blood lines) the blood of the Welfs and the Hohenstaufens.

Frederick III as duke of Swabia, 1147-1190. He challenged papal authority and
sought to establish German predominance in western Europe and engaged in a
long struggle with the cities of Northern Italy (1154-1183), sending six major
expeditions southward. He died while on the Third crusade to the Holy Land.
He succeeded his uncle, Emperor Conrad III. He united in himself (his parent's
blood lines) the blood of the Welfs and the Hohenstaufens.

Holy Roman Emperor 1152-1190

[alfred_descendants10gen_fromrootsweb_bartont.FTW]

Barbarossa (Emperor of Germany 1152, as Frederick I,) Duke of Alsace and Swabia; m. (2) Beatrix of Macon, (CCN 802), (Weis 45-26)

Frederick I Barbarossa[1] (1122 - 10 June 1190) was elected King de Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King de Italy in Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He was crowned King de Bourgogne at Arles on 30 June 1178. The name Barbarossa came from the northern Italian cities he attempted to rule, and means "red beard".

Before his royal election, he was by inheritance Duke de Suabia (1147-1152, as Frederick III). He was the son de Duke Frederick II de the Hohenstaufen dynasty. His mother was Judith, daughter de Henry IX, Duke de Bavaria, from the rival House de Welf, and Frederick therefore descended from Germany's two leading families, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors.

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Frederick in a 13th century ChronicleFrederick I of Hohenstaufen (1122– June 10, 1190), also known as Frederick Barbarossa ("FrederickRedbeard") was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and crownedHoly Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. He was also Duke of Swabia(1147-1152, as Frederick III) and King of Italy (1154-1186). As son ofDuke Frederick II of Swabia and Judith of Bavaria, from the rivalHouse of Guelph (or Welf), Frederick descended from Germany's twoleading principal families, making him an acceptable choice for theEmpire's princely electors as heir to royal crown.

In 1147 Frederick became duke of Swabia and shortly afterwards madehis first trip to the East, accompanying his uncle, the German kingConrad III, on the Second Crusade. The expedition proved to be adisaster, but Frederick distinguished himself and won the completeconfidence of the king. When Conrad died in February 1152, onlyFrederick and the prince-bishop of Bamberg were at his deathbed. Bothasserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full posession of his mentalpowers, handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that he,rather than his own six-year-old son, the future Frederick IV, Duke ofSwabia, should succeed him as king. The kingdom's princely electorswere persuaded by this account and by Barbarossa's energetic pursuitof the crown and he was chosen as the next German king at Frankfurt onthe 4th of March and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) several dayslater.

The new king was anxious to restore the Empire to the position it hadoccupied under Charlemagne and Otto I the Great, and saw clearly thatthe restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to theenforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Issuing a general orderfor peace, he was prodigal in his concessions to the nobles. Abroad,Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III andValdemar I of Denmark, and negotiations were begun with the East Romanemperor, Manuel I Comnenus. It was probably about this time that theking obtained a papal assent for the annulment of his childlessmarriage with Adela (Adelheid) of Vohburg (through whom he had gainedownership of much of Alsace), on the somewhat far-fetched grounds ofconsanguinity (his greatgreatgrandfather was a brother of Adela'sgreatgreatgreatgrandmother), and made a vain effort to obtain a bridefrom the court of Constantinople. On his accession Frederick hadcommunicated the news of his election to Pope Eugenius III, butneglected to ask for the papal confirmation. Eager to make amends withthe Papacy, Frederick concluded a treaty with Rome in March 1153, bywhich he promised in return for his coronation to support the Pope inhis relations with the rebellious citizens of Rome.

He undertook six expeditions into Italy, in the first of which he wascrowned emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV in the aftermath of theoverthrow by Imperial forces of the republican city commune led byArnold of Brescia. He left Italy in the autumn of 1155 to prepare fora new and more formidable campaign. Disorder was again rampant inGermany, especially in Bavaria, but general peace was restored byFrederick's vigorous measures. Bavaria was transferred from Henry IIJasomirgott, margrave of Austria, who became duke of Austria incompensation, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin Henry the Lion,duke of Saxony, of the house of Guelph/Welf. On June 9, 1156 atWürzburg, Frederick married Beatrice of Burgundy, daughter and heiressof Renaud III, becoming King of Burgundy and adding the sizeable realmof the County of Burgundy, then stretching from Besancon (Bisanz) tothe Mediterranean, to his possessions.

In June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition,accompanied by Henry the Lion and his fearsome Saxons, which resultedin the establishment of imperial officers in the cities of northernItaly, the revolt and capture of Milan, and the beginning of the longstruggle with Pope Alexander III, which resulted in theexcommunication of the emperor in 1160. In response, Frederickdeclared his support for Antipope Victor IV. Returning to Germanytowards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation ofconflicts between Henry the Lion of Saxony and a number of hisneighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power,influence and terriorial gains. He also severely punished the citizensof Mainz for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. The next visitto Italy in 1163 saw his plans for the conquest of Sicily ruined bythe formation of a powerful league against him, brought togethermainly by the taxes collected by the imperial officers.

Frederick then organized the magnificent celebration of thecanonization of Charlemagne at Aix-la-Chapelle, while restoring thepeace in the Rhineland. In October 1166, Frederick went once more onjourney to Italy to secure the claim of his Antipope Pascal, and thecoronation of his wife Beatrice as Holy Roman Empress. This campaignwas stopped by the sudden outbreak of the plague which threatened todestroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive toGermany, where he remained for the ensuing six years. This time, Henryof Saxony had refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tendinginstead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuingexpansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany. Conflictingclaims to various bishoprics were decided and imperial authority wasasserted over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary. Friendly relations wereentered into with the East Roman emperor Manuel, and attempts weremade to come to a better understanding with Henry II of England andLouis VII of France.

In 1174, Frederick made his fifth expedition to Italy and, inresponse, the pro-papal Lombard League was formed to stand againsthim. With the refusal of Henry the Lion to bring help to Italy, thecampaign was a complete failure. Frederick suffered a heavy defeat atthe battle of Legnano near Milan, on May 29, 1176, where he waswounded and for some time believed to be dead. He had no choice otherthan begin negotiations for peace with Alexander III and the LombardLeague. In the Peace of Venice, 1177, Frederick and Alexander IIIreconciled. The Emperor acknowledged the sovereignty of the PapalStates, and in return, Alexander acknowledged the Emperor'soverlordship of the Imperial Church. The Lombard cities, howevercontinued to fight until 1183, when, in the Peace of Constance,Frederick ceded the right to freely elect town magistrates.

Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for his refusal to come tohis aid in 1174. Taking advantage of the hostility of other Germanprinces to Henry, who had successfully established a powerful andcontiguous state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantialterritories in the north and east of Germany, Frederick had Henrytried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declaredthat Imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henrystripped of his lands and declared an outlaw. He then invaded Saxonywith an Imperial army to bring his cousin to his knees. Henry's alliesdeserted him, and he finally had to submit in November 1181. He spentthree years in exile at the court of his father-in-law Henry II ofEngland, before being allowed back into Germany, where he finished hisdays as duke of Brunswick, peacefully sponsoring arts andarchitecture, and died on 6 August 1195.

After making his peace with the Pope, Frederick embarked on the ThirdCrusade (1189), a grand expedition in conjunction with the Frencharmy, led by king Philip Augustus together with the English, underRichard Lionheart. Frederick never saw the Holy Land because, aftertwo victorious battles in Anatolia, he drowned while crossing theSaleph River in Cilicia, south-eastern Anatolia, on 10 June 1190. Hisson Frederick V. of Swabia carried on with the remnants of the army,with the aim of burying the Emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts toconserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred inthe Church of St. Peter in Antiochia, his bones in the cathedral ofTyre, and his heart and inner organs in Tarsos.

Frederick's untimely death left the Crusader army under the command ofthe rivals Philip of France and Richard of England, who had traveledto Palestine separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution.Richard Lionheart continued to the East were he fought Saladin withmixed results, but ended without accomplishing his main goal, thecapture of Jerusalem.

Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens stillfly.Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of asleeping hero, one initially linked to his grandson Frederick II. Heis said not to be dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave inKyffhäuser mountain in Thuringia, Germany, and that when ravens shouldcease to fly around the mountain he would awake and restore Germany toits ancient greatness. According to the story his red beard has grownthrough the table at which he sits. His eyes are half closed in sleep,but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if theravens have stopped flying.

The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was codenamedOperation Barbarossa.

Frederick I (German: Friedrich) (1122 - June 10, 1190), called Barbaro ssa (meaning Redbeard), was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 a nd crowned Holy Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. Frederick styled hims elf as 'Romanorum Imperator Augustus'. His successors would follow hi s adherance to imperial supremancy. He was also Duke of Swabia (1147- 1152, as Frederick III) and King of Italy (1154-1186). He was the son of Duke Frederick II of Swabia of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. His mothe r was Judith of Bavaria, from the rival House of Guelph (or Welf), an d Frederick therefore descended from Germany's two leading principal f amilies, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's princely Ele ctors to receive the royal crown.

Frederick was born in 1122, though the precise location is unknown. Wa iblingen has been proposed, although not generally accepted. In 1147 he became duke of Swabia and shortly afterwards made his first trip t o the East, accompanying his uncle, the German king Conrad III, on th e Second Crusade. The expedition proved to be a disaster, but Frederic k distinguished himself and won the complete confidence of theking. Wh en Conrad died in February 1152, only Frederick and the prince-bishop of Bamberg were at his deathbed. Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental powers, handed the royal insigni a to Frederick and indicated that he, rather than his own six-year-ol d son, the future Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, should succeed him as king. The kingdom's princely electors were persuaded by thisaccount an d by Barbarossa's energetic pursuit of the crown and he waschosen as t he next German king at Frankfurt on the 4th of March and crowned at Aa chen (Aix-la-Chapelle) several days later.

The new king was anxious to restore the Empire to the position it hado ccupied under Charlemagne and Otto I the Great, and saw clearly thatth e restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the e nforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Issuing a general order fo r peace, he made lavish concessions to the nobles. Abroad, Frederick i ntervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and ValdemarI of D enmark, and negotiations were begun with the East Roman emperor, Manue l I Comnenus. It was probably about this time that the king obtained a papal assent for the annulment of his childless marriage withAdela ( Adelheid) of Vohburg (through whom he had gained ownership of much of Alsace), on the somewhat far-fetched grounds of consanguinity (his gre at-great-grandfather was a brother of Adela's great-great-great-grandm other), and made a vain effort to obtain a bride from the court of Con stantinople. On his accession Frederick had communicated the news of h is election to Pope Eugene III, but had neglected to ask for the papa l confirmation. Eager to make amends with the Papacy, Frederick conclu ded a treaty with Rome in March 1153, by which he promised inreturn fo r his coronation to defend the papacy and make no peace withking Roge r II of Sicily, or other enemies of the Church, without the consent o f Eugene.

He undertook six expeditions into Italy, (where he changed his name Fr ederick I to Frederik Lombard) in the first of which he was crowned Ho ly Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV, following the suppressionb y Imperial forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Bres cia. He left Italy in the autumn of 1155 to prepare for a new and mor e formidable campaign. Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especial ly in Bavaria, but general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorousm easures. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from Henry II Jasomirgot t, margrave of Austria, who became duke of Austria in compensation, t o Frederick's formidable younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony , of the House of Guelph, whose father had already held both duchies.O n June 9, 1156 at Würzburg, Frederick married Beatrice of Burgundy, da ughter and heiress of Renaud III, becoming King of Burgundy and addin g the sizeable realm of the County of Burgundy, then stretching from B esançon (Bisanz) to the Mediterranean, to his possessions.

His uncle, Otto of Freising, wrote an account of Frederick's reign ent itled Gesta Friderici I imperatoris (Deeds of the Emperor Frederick).O tto died after finishing the first two books leaving the last two toRa hewin, his provost. The text is in places heavily dependent on classic al precedent. For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick :

His character is such that not even those envious of his power can bel ittle its praise. His person is well-porportioned. He is shorter thanv ery tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. Hi s hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead... His eyes ares harp and piercing, his beard reddish, his lips delicate... His wholefa ce is bright and cheerful. His teeth are even and snow-white in color. .. Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. His shoul ders are rather broad, and he is strongly built reproduces word for wo rd (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another mon arch written nearly eight hundred years earlierby Sidonius Apollinaris .

In June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, ac companied by Henry the Lion and his fearsome Saxons, which resulted i n the establishment of imperial officers in the cities of northern Ita ly, the revolt and capture of Milan, and the beginning of the long str uggle with Pope Alexander III, which resulted in the excommunication o f the emperor in 1160. In response, Frederick declared his support fo r Antipope Victor IV. Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162,F rederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion of Saxony and a number of his neighbouring princes who were growingwea ry of Henry's power, influence and territorial gains. He also severel y punished the citizens of Mainz for their rebellion against Archbisho p Arnold. The next visit to Italy in 1163 saw his plans for the conque st of Sicily ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him , brought together mainly by the taxes collected by the imperial offic ers.

Frederick then organized the magnificent celebration of the canonizati on of Charlemagne at Aachen, while restoring the peace in the Rhinelan d. In October 1166, he went once more on journey to Italy to secure th e claim of his Antipope Pascal, and the coronation of his wife Beatric e as Holy Roman Empress. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Fre derick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with n eighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in north eastern Germany. His forces secured a great victory over the Romans a t the Battle of Monte Porzio, but his campaign was stopped by the sudd en outbreak of an epidemic (malaria or the plague), which threatened t o destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Ger many, where he remained for the ensuing six years. Conflicting claimst o various bishoprics were decided and imperial authority was asserted over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary. Friendly relations were entered int o with the East Roman emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and attempts were mad e to come to a better understanding with Henry II of England and Loui s VII of France.

Monument in Sinzig, district AhrweilerIn 1174, Frederick made his fift h expedition to Italy and, in response, the pro-papal Lombard League w as formed to stand against him. With the refusal of Henry the Lion tob ring help to Italy, the campaign was a complete failure. Frederick suf fered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Legnano near Milan, on May 29,11 76, where he was wounded and for some time believed to be dead. He ha d no choice other than begin negotiations for peace with Alexander II I and the Lombard League. In the Peace of Venice, 1177, Frederick andA lexander III reconciled. The Emperor acknowledged the Pope's sovereign ty over the Papal States, and in return Alexander acknowledged the Emp eror's overlordship of the Imperial Church. The Lombard cities, howeve r, continued to fight until 1183, when, in the Peace of Constance, Fre derick conceded their right to freely elect town magistrates. In 1184 , Frederick organized a celebration of the knighting ceremony of his s ons Henry (later Henry VI) and Frederick that attracted as many as 40, 000 knights to the tournaments at Mainz. The imperial court was house d in a splendid palace made of wood outside the city. There were a le ast a thousand personal tents that ringed the city present.

Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for his refusal to come to hi s aid in 1174. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princ es to Henry, who had successfully established a powerful and contiguou s state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial territories in then orth and east of Germany, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a c ourt of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that Imperial law overru led traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and de clared an outlaw. He then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to brin g his cousin to his knees. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finall y had to submit in November 1181. He spent three years in exile at th e court of his father-in-law Henry II of England in Normandy, before b eing allowed back into Germany, where he finished his days as much-dim inished Duke of Brunswick, peacefully sponsoring arts and architecture , and died on 6 August 1195.

After making his peace with the Pope, Frederick embarked on the ThirdC rusade (1189), a grand expedition in conjunction with the French army , led by king Philip Augustus together with the English, under Richar d Lionheart. He organized a grand army and set out on the overland rou te to the Holy Land through Hungary and Serbia. Barbarossa made a sho rt stop in 1189 on his way in the Serbian land of Rascia, where he an d his men were received well in Niš by the Duke of All Serbia Stefan N emanja. He was taken care by Stefan's son, Prince Rastko; who later be came Saint Sava. Frederick got sick in Serbia. According to the legend , St. Sava had healing powers and he healed Frederick, enabling him t o continue his quest

The Crusaders' route then passed through Byzantine territory. They arr ived at Constantinople in the autumn of 1189 and pushed on through Ana tolia (where they were victorious in two battles) and Cilician Armenia . The approach of the immense German army greatly concerned Saladin an d the other Muslim leaders, who began to rally troops of their own an d prepare to confront Barbarossa's forces.

However, on June 10, 1190, Frederick died while crossing the Saleph Ri ver in Cilicia, south-eastern Anatolia. The exact circumstances are un known. It is likely that he was thrown from his horse and the shock o f the cold water caused him to have a heart attack at the age of 67. W eighed down by his armour, he drowned in water that was barely hip-dee p, according to the chronicler Ibn al-Athir. The weight of the armor o f the day, designed to be as light as possible, was probably not enoug h to weigh down a healthy man in hip-deep waters. A more mythologica l view of Frederick's death is based on the claim that he was an owne r of the legendary Spear of Destiny. According to myth, whoever posses ses the spear is unstoppable, but if the owner loses the spear, he wil l soon lose his life also. Frederick died while crossing a stream, an d at that moment, some accounts say the spear fell from his hands.

Frederick's death plunged his army into chaos. Leaderless, panicked, a nd attacked on all sides by Turks, many Germans were killed, desertedo r even commited suicide. Only 5,000 soldiers, a tiny fraction of theor iginal forces, arrived in Acre. Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swab ia carried on with the remnants of the army, with the aim of burying t he Emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to conserve his body in vinegar f ailed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the Church of St. Peter inAnti ochia, his bones in the cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner org ans in Tarsus. Frederick's untimely death left the Crusader army unde r the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of Engla nd ("Lionheart"), who had traveled to Palestine separately by sea, an d ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard Lionheart continued to th e East where he fought Saladin with mixed results, but ended without a ccomplishing his main goal, the capture of Jerusalem.

Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a sleepin g hero, like the much older British Celtic legends of Arthur or Bran t he Blessed. He is said not to be dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in Kyffhäuser mountain in Thuringia, Germany, and that when rav ens should cease to fly around the mountain he would awake and restor e Germany to its ancient greatness. According to the story his red bea rd has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are half clo sed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy outt o see if the ravens have stopped flying. A similar story, set in Sicil y, was earlier attested about his grandson, Frederick II.

{geni:occupation} Sacro Imperador Roman-Germânico, Emperador de Alemania, Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico (20mo)

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10464.htm#i104640 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=7703 Geneall]
*[http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=norvan&id=I93421 Rootsweb]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8116342 Find a grave]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor Wikipedia]
*'''Holy Roman Emperor:''' Reign 1155-1190 Coronation18 June 1155, Rome
*'''King of Italy:''' Reign 1155–1190 Coronation c. 1155, Pavia
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Lothar-III-von-S%C3%BCpplingenburg-Holy-Roman-Emperor/6000000003827363949 Lothair III] '''Successor:'''[http://www.geni.com/people/Heinrich-VI-Holy-Roman-Emperor/6000000003614102983 Henry VI]
*'''King of Germany: (formally King of the Romans) Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Konrad-III/6000000006906624674?through=6000000000125394145 Conrad III] '''Successor''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Heinrich-VI-Holy-Roman-Emperor/6000000003614102983 Henry VI]

Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire), called Frederick Barbarossa (1123?-90),
Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany (1152-90), king of Italy (1155-90),
and as Frederick III, duke of Swabia (1147-52, 1167-68). He was born in
Waiblingen, the son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia
(1090-1147), and the nephew of Conrad III, king of Germany. Conrad III,
favoring Frederick over his own son, on his deathbed recommended to the
German princes that Frederick be chosen for the German kingship and the
imperial throne. Accordingly, after the death of his uncle in 1152,
Frederick Barbarossa was made German king and elected Holy Roman emperor.
He conceived of his imperial title as a grant from God, through the German
princes, and wished to restore the glory of the Roman Empire. He
consequently decided to consolidate the imperial position in Germany and
Italy and began by issuing a general order for peace among the princes of
Germany, at the same time granting them extensive concessions. In 1154 he
proceeded to Italy, where he received the Lombard crown at Pavia. The
following year he was crowned Holy Roman emperor by Pope Adrian IV, whose
authority Frederick had reinstated before his coronation.

In 1156 Pope Adrian aroused Frederick against the papacy by implying in a
letter to him that the emperor held lands only as a fief from the pope.
Two years later Frederick incurred the hostility of the Lombards by
demanding recognition of all his royal rights, including his power to
appoint the imperial podesta, or governor, in every town. Such cities as
Milan, Piacenza, Brescia, and Crema considered that demand a denial of
their communal liberties and in 1158 began a struggle that lasted until
1183 and required Frederick to lead five expeditions to Italy. Between
1158 and 1162 Frederick warred with Milan and its allies, subduing that
city and confirming claims to other Italian cities. Meanwhile Frederick
had set up a series of antipopes in opposition to the reigning pope,
Alexander III, who espoused the cause of the Milanese and their allies and
who, in 1165, excommunicated Frederick. By attacking the Leonine City in
Rome in 1167-68, Frederick was able to install one of the antipopes,
Paschal III (died 1168), on the papal throne. The Lombard League,
consisting of the cities of Milan, Parma, Padua, Verona, Piacenza,
Bologna, Cremona, Mantua, Bergamo, and Brescia, was formed in 1167 and
eventually acknowledged Pope Alexander as leader. During the next seven
years the league acquired military strength, rebuilt Milan, constructed
the fortress city of Alessandria, and organized a federal system of
administration. The fifth expedition (1174-76) of Frederick to Italy
terminated in defeat by the Lombard League at Legnano. The defeat was
significant in military history, because it was the first major triumph of
infantry over a mounted army of feudal knights. Frederick was forced in
1177 to acknowledge Alexander III as pope and in 1183 to sign the Peace of
Constance, acceding to the demands of the Lombards for autonomy but
retaining imperial suzerainty over the towns.

Although imperial control in Italy was virtually ended by his defeat at
Legnano, Frederick managed to enhance his prestige in central Europe. He
made Poland tributary to the empire, raised Bohemia to the rank of a
kingdom, and erected the margravate of Austria into an independent
hereditary duchy. His own power as emperor in Germany was firmly
established in 1180, when he ended his long struggle with the Welfs by
putting down a revolt led by the Welf Henry the Lion and depriving him of
most of his lands.

Frederick initiated the Third Crusade in 1189, and in the next year,
having resigned the government of the empire to his son Henry, later Holy
Roman Emperor Henry VI, set out for Asia Minor. After gaining two great
victories over the Muslims at Philomelion (now Ak³ehir) and Iconium (now
Konya), he was drowned in the Calycadnus (now Göksu) River in Cilicia (now
in Turkey) on June 10, 1190.

[FAVthomas.FTW]

Byname "Barbarossa", drowned on the 3rd crusade at Saleph in Silicia,Duke of Alsace and Swabia, King of Germany 9 Mar 1158, Emperor of theWest 8 Jun 1155, Emperor of Germany as Frederick I.

He was also Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as Frederick III) and King of Italy (1154–1186).

Duque de Suabia (1147). Emperador de Alemania (1151-1190), Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico

Duque de Suabia (1147). Emperador de Alemania (1151-1190), Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico

ES I:5

Frederick I Barbarosa
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=b23fab8d-eaa5-4b04-a9fe-a7f91e673181&tid=10145763&pid=-272497107

Frederick I Barbarosa
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=b23fab8d-eaa5-4b04-a9fe-a7f91e673181&tid=10145763&pid=-272497107

"BARBAROSSA"; ELECTED KING OF THE GERMANS AND KING OF THE ROMANS 1152-90; HOLY
ROMAN EMPORER 1155-1190; LEADER OF THE 3RD CRUSADE (1189-1192); ALWAYS CLAIMED
TO BE SUCCESSOR OF THE CAESARS - EVIDENTLY HE WAS

Friedrich I "Barbarossa" Tysk kg, Rom. kejsare

Fredrik I, kalt Barbarossa (født 1122 i Waiblingen?, død 10. juni 1190 i elven Saleph (idag Göksu), Anatolia) var hertug av Schwaben, tysk-romersk konge (konge av romerne) siden 1152, konge av Burgund siden 1178 og tysk-romerske keiser siden 1155. Han tilhørte Hohenstaufernes hus.

I 1189 la han ut på det tredje korstog. Men under ferden til det hellige land druknet han i elven Saleph (i dag Göksu i Tyrkia). Han ble kokt, kjøttet gravlagt ble stedet, mens knoklene hans ble fraktet til Tyrus og gravlagt der. Det meste av den store tyske hæren dro så hjem igjen, mens en del fortsatte under ledelse av Fredriks sønn Fredrik V av Schwaben og hertug Leopold V av Østerrike. [1]

Sitt tilnavn ?Barbarossa? fikk han i Italia på grunn av sitt røde skjegg.

Familie
Fredriks barn med hans hustru Beatrice:

. Fredrik V, hertug av Schwaben (1164-1170)
. Henrik VI av det tysk-romerske rike (1165-1197)
. Fredrik VI, hertug av Schwaben (1167-1191)
. Otto II, greve av Burgund (1170-1200)
. Konrad II, greve av Schwaben og Rothenburg (1173-1196)
. Filip av Schwaben (1177-1208) Konge av Tyskland i 1198
. Beatrice av Hohenstaufen (1162-1174)
. Agnes av Hohenstaufen (døde 1184)

[rReferanser
^ Kurt Villads Jensen: Korstogene (s. 102), forlaget Cappelen, Oslo 2006, ISBN 82-02-26321-2

Barbarossa, King of Germany
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=22e98f7d-d201-4dc9-8460-301d86454c00&tid=9784512&pid=-639008604

1 NAME Barbarossa //
2 GIVN Barbarossa
2 SURN
2 NICK Barbarossa

1 NAME Barbarossa //
2 GIVN Barbarossa
2 SURN
2 NICK Barbarossa

Frederick Barbarossa
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=4911246d-db03-468a-8c0c-cab476c6f7a9&tid=6959821&pid=-1150475188

Frederick Barbarossa
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=4911246d-db03-468a-8c0c-cab476c6f7a9&tid=6959821&pid=-1150475188

He was the Duke of Swabia. He was Holy Roman Emperor from 1123 to 1190.

Frederick I (1123-90), Holy Roman emperor, the first of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, known as "Barbarossa," succeeded Conrad III as emperor in 1152. His reign was one continuous struggle against refractory and powerful vassals at home, and against the turbulent civic republics of Lombardy and the pope in Italy. Frederick was at length reconciled with the papacy, and in 1183 the peace of Constance closed the struggle with the Lombard League. Frederick broke the power of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, and divided the duchy; and in 1183, by the treaty of Augsberg, he arranged a marriage between his son Henry and Constamce, a daughter of Robert, king of Sicily. From this marriage sprang the union of Sicily with the empire. At the same time, owing to internal divisions, the Lombard League weakened, and Frederick�s power in Italy revived. Being practically master of Germany and Italy, Frederick put himself at the head of the third crusade, but was drowned in a small stream in Cilicia. See Testa�s History of the War of Frederick I, against the Communes of Lombardy (1877); and Tout�s The Empire and the Papacy (1903). [World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]

Barbarossa, German king and Holy Roman emperor, was one of the outstanding medieval German emperors. An intelligent statesman of imagination and determination, he was also an ideally chivalric personality. He entertained an exalted concept of his dignity as Roman emperor and introduced the use of the word Holy in the title. This was intended to reflect a mystical association between himself and the destiny of Christianity as well as his ties with Charlemagne and the ancient caesars. Born probably in 1122, Frederick was the nephew of the German king CONRAD III, whom he was elected to succeed in 1152. His HOHENSTAUFEN dynasty had its base in Swabia and Franconia, and he added to his patrimony and developed its resources by encouraging urban expansion. Burgundy came into his hands by his marriage (1156) to its heiress, Beatrix. Frederick's concept of government was feudal and hierarchical. He created the rank of Reichsfurst, prince of the empire, for his chief vassals; in return for their support he aided them against rivals within their domains. His own chief rival was the Welf, or Guelph, HENRY THE LION. To placate Henry, Frederick in 1154 confirmed his rights as duke of both Saxony and Bavaria. When Henry later refused military service, Frederick in 1180 broke his power and seized his duchies. Frederick also dominated the church in Germany. Anxious to assert his imperial power in Italy, Frederick undertook six expeditions across the Alps. On his first expedition (1154-55) he overthrew the republican ARNOLD OF BRESCIA in Rome and was crowned (1155) by the pope. Later his chief foe was the Lombard towns, who formed the Lombard League against him. Because Frederick fomented a schism by promoting an antipope, Pope ALEXANDER III cooperated with the Lombards. The Lombards finally defeated Frederick at Legnano in 1176. The emperor made his peace with the pope in the Treaty of Anagni (1176), and the subsequent Treaty of Constance (1183) acknowledged his sovereignty over Lombardy but reduced his actual control. In 1186, Frederick arranged the marriage of his son, the future HENRY VI, to Constance, heiress of Sicily; this soon brought the Norman kingdom of Sicily into Hohenstaufen hands. Joining the Third CRUSADE, Frederick led his army across Europe into Anatolia, where he drowned on June 10, 1190. Raymond H. Schmandt Bibliography: Barraclough, Geoffrey, The Origins of Modern Germany, 2d ed. (1957); Hampe, Karl, Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors, trans. by Ralph Bennett (1973); Munz, Peter, Frederick Barbarossa (1969); Pacaut, Marcel, Frederick Barbarossa (1970

Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa
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1 NAME Barbarossa //
2 GIVN Barbarossa
2 SURN
2 NICK Barbarossa

King Of Germany
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