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Biogeographical Origins and Y-chromosome Signature for the House of Normandy
Michael R. Maglio

Abstract
A sixty-seven marker short tandem repeat (STR) genetic analysis of Y-chromosomes reveals an unnoted modal haplotype showing a significant association with surnames claimed to have descended from the Norman dynasties. This suggests that such phylogenetic prevalence is a biological record, supports the reliability of early genealogies for Rollo
‘
The Dane
’
and the House of Normandy. Current Y-chromosome haplogroup maps only cover the broadest-brush strokes of the highest-level origins. Existing methods only generalize geographic patterns based on large population genetic frequency and SNP. Biogeographical Multilateration (BGM) illustrates the paternal ancestor migration flow as well as Rollo
’
s chronological and physical origins at the individual haplotype level.
Published online 29 April 2014
Introduction
Based on a study of 3,800 y-DNA records with surnames historically associated with William the Conqueror, a genetic signature of the first Norman King of England was identified (Maglio 2013). The intent of this current study is to increase the resolution of the 37 STR marker haplotype to 67 markers. The resultant is to be used in conjunction with biogeographical multilateration (BGM) (Maglio 2014) to resolve the contested origins of Rollo, the first Duke of Normandy and founder of the House of Normandy. The earliest documented origins for Rollo come from Dudo of Saint-Quentin in 1015 and William of Jumièges in 1060. Both
‘
histories
’
were commissioned by the House of Normandy and attribute a Danish origin to Rollo. The Norwegian Orkneyinga Saga, from the 13
th
century, gives Rollo a Norwegian origin. The debate continues. To determine the extended Rollo Norman Modal Haplotype (RNMH), the final 152 records from the Conqueror study, spanning 21 allied surnames, were updated to 67 markers and SNP data collected, where available. How do we get to Rollo
’s
origins at the individual haplotype level? Y-chromosome testing can illuminate distant origins of about 10,000 years ago or greater. Heat maps give us distribution of high level SNPs within the haplogroup. These distributions are based on the current locations of test populations at a macro level (Underhill et al 2001). To get to the specific details for Rollo, the biogeographical data of his genetic cousins is required. Geographic analysis can add validity to the modal haplotype, detect the genetic cluster from the
stationary
phase and identify
nomadic
migration routes. New tools are available to resolve the
stationary
and
nomadic
phases.
Methods
As part of the 67 STR marker modal haplotype stage, where possible, all records were updated from 37 to 67 markers and SNP data was added. An initial subset of records were eliminated due to lack of data. The remaining records were grouped by SNP and

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2

Maglio: House of Normandy

the majority were retained. This final set consist of 25 records, all of which belong to SNP R-DF13. The resulting Rollo Norman Modal Haplotype (RNMH) is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1

Rollo Norman Modal Haplotype (RNMH)

During the second stage of data collection, the newly determined RNMH is used to identify genetic cousins. Record selection is restricted to those containing the most distant known paternal ancestor (MDKPA) and self-reported origin.
Fig. 2

MJ Network of 67
-
STR marker y
-
DNA haplotypes collected based on Rollo Norman Modal (n = 66). Each circle represents a unique haplotype. Analysis shows a coherent cluster. Haplogroup R
-
P312

The second stage dataset consists of 65 records from the RNMH 67 STR marker haplotype and upstream SNPs within a slightly broader R-P312 group (YCC 2002). This allows the analysis to calculate distant paternal ancestors. Time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) is generated to a 95% confidence (Walsh 2001) using FTDNA derived mutation rates. Fluxus phylogenetic data was analyzed to determine whether a coherent cluster existed. Fig. 2 shows a single distinct cluster, indicating a common R1b SNP branch (R-P312) as expected.
Fig. 3

Phylogenetic tree (n=66) haplogroup R
-
P312

After this validation step, the output is then used by the
Neighbor-joining
method, which is part of the PHYLIP package for inferring phylogenetic relationships. A phylogenetic tree, Fig. 3, and chronological distances are produced for the data set. Data points for each genetic cousin are mapped using self-reported genealogical origin, Fig. 4.
Fig. 4

Self
-
reported genealogical origins

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3

Maglio: House of Normandy

A radius is drawn on a Mercator projection for each mapped record. The radius is calculated by multiplying the TMRCA by the upper value of the Neolithic migration rate of 30 km per 25 years or 1.2km/yr (Cavalli-Sforza 2002, Hazelwood et al 2004). This gives us the distance to most recent common ancestor (DMRCA) for each node in the tree network. The resulting intersection between pairs, Fig. 5, illustrates the approximate location of a common paternal ancestor (PA).
Fig. 5

Bilateration analysis

Bilateration analysis of pair data proceeds through the tree network of phylogenetic data defining haplotype directional flow as well as chronologic and geographic origins. Haplotype data from this analysis is available in Table 1 and Table 2. DMRCA data is available in Table 3.
Discussion
Observations can be made about the raw mapped data. It is not surprising to see a number of points along the coast of Normandy. There is also a large number of points along the Rhine River. A scattering of point are found in the Baltic and Scandinavian regions. Only one point in is Denmark. Raw mapping alone is misleading. You will only see the geographic correlations. SNP R-L21 distribution gradients (Myres 2011) will give you a similar plot. Heat maps can display the distribution of SNPs based on the current day location of samples, but they can only infer the location of a founder or common ancestor. Every pair of genetic cousins mapped will have a common ancestor. Phylogenetic analysis will determine best pairing within the set of data. Those best genetic pairs may have no geographic relationship. They will describe the distance and location of their common ancestor. The genetic cousin data points and their derived paternal ancestor data points define nodes of a phylogenetic tree network and a geographic network. Figure 6 shows the final simulation of the Rollo network, consisting of 66 cousin points and 66 paternal ancestor points. Where each of the cousin nodes may have an arbitrary geographic relationship, each of the 132 total tree nodes satisfies the constraints of geography, distance and relationship within the network.
Fig. 6

Multilateration analysis of paternal ancestors, back
-
calculating the location of PA59.

In the case of Rollo, we are trying to determine his origin. As expected, in Figure 4, there is no marker for Rollo. In the tree network, Rollo does have a common ancestor labelled node PA59, which is constrained by its peer nodes to be geographically located in Denmark. Based on the full analysis, Rollo
’
s origins are within 226 km of PA59,

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