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Persoonlijke gegevens Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín) van Schotland 

• Hij is geboren in het jaar 810.
• (Geschiedenis) .Bron 1

  Kenneth I (Schots-Gaelisch: Coinneach mac Ailpein) (ca. 810 - Cinnbelachoir, 13 februari 858) was koning van de Picten en de Schotten. Volgens de overlevering zou hij het toenmalige Schotland in 843 hebben verenigd en zou hij de eerste koning van het Koninkrijk Schotland of Alba geweest zijn.
  
  Historisch was hij sinds 840 de vorst van Dalriada, een Schots vorstendom in de westelijke hooglanden. In 843 zou hij zich meester gemaakt hebben van de troon van de Picten en daarmee dus aan de basis gestaan hebben van het Koninkrijk Schotland. Zijn claim op de Pictische troon zou hebben berust op het gegeven dat zijn vader een Pictische prinses had gehuwd, en vererving in de vrouwelijke lijn was onder de Picten heel gewoon. Hij volgde de Pictische koning van koninkrijk Dalriada, Eóganan op die in de strijd tegen de Deense Vikingen in 839 was gesneuveld. Maar omdat er na Kenneth nog enkele zelfstandige Pictische koningen waren, kan niet zonder meer worden gesteld dat hij het verenigde Schotland heeft gevestigd.
  
  Zes keer probeerde Kenneth I zonder succes de regio Lothian, waar zich ook Angelsaksen hadden gevestigd, in te lijven. In het noorden had hij te maken met plundering van zijn Pictische gebieden door de Vikingen terwijl Noorse kolonisten zich zelfs in het noorden van Schotland vestigden. Op de Stone of Scone zou hij tot Koning van Alba zijn gekroond. Hij verplaatste de relieken van Sint-Columba van Iona naar Dunkeld in 849. Kenneth overleed op 13 februari 858 in het paleis bij Cinnbelachoir, waarschijnlijk gelegen nabij Scone. De doodsoorzaak zou een tumor zijn geweest.
  
  Zijn vader was Alpin MacEochaid, een koning van de Schotse stammen die in 834 sneuvelde tegen de Picten. Van hem zijn geen historisch betrouwbare voorouders bekend. Kenneth liet minstens twee zonen na, Constantijn I en Aedh, en twee dochters. Kenneth I werd begraven op Iona. Zijn broer Donald I volgde hem op.

• (Geschiedenis) .Bron 2

  Het Koninkrijk Schotland (Schots-Gaelisch: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Schots: Kinrick o Scotland) was een staat in West-Europa die bestond uit het noordelijke deel van het eiland Groot-Brittannië, het huidige Schotland.
  Geschiedenis
  
  Het Koninkrijk Schotland ontstond onder de naam Koninkrijk Alba in 843, toen het land, volgens overleveringen, werd verenigd onder leiding van Kenneth I (Schots-Gaelisch: Coinneach mac Ailpein). Alba (IPA: ['a??p?]) is de oud- en modern Gaelische naam voor Schotland. Over de herkomst van Kenneth I zijn de historici het niet eens. Volgens sommige bronnen was hij sinds 840 de vorst van Dalriada, een Schots vorstendom in de westelijke hooglanden. In 843 maakte hij zich meester van de troon van de Picten, die vacant was sinds de Noormannen in 839 het heersende vorstenhuis hadden uitgeroeid.
  
  Aanvankelijk besloeg het Koninkrijk Schotland of Alba het gebied ten noorden van de rivieren Forth en Clyde. In de loop der tijden werden andere koninkrijken ten zuiden daarvan en aan de noordelijke kust veroverd, waarmee de tegenwoordige grenzen werden bereikt.
  
  Van 1262 tot 1266 woedde de Schots-Noorse Oorlog, om het bezit van de Hebriden en het eiland Man.
  
  In 1603 werden het Koninkrijk Engeland en het Koninkrijk Schotland verenigd onder één heerser, Jacobus I van Engeland/Jacobus VI van Schotland in een personele unie, maar pas in 1707 werd met de Act of Union de staat opgeheven doordat het Schotse Parlement zichzelf ontbond. Hierdoor ontstond het Koninkrijk Groot-Brittannië.

• (Levens event) .

  Cináed mac Ailpín (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac Ailpein),[1] commonly Anglicised as Kenneth MacAlpin and known in most modern regnal lists as Kenneth I (810 - 13 February 858) was king of the Picts and, according to national myth, first king of Scots, earning him the posthumous nickname of An Ferbasach, "The Conqueror".[2] Kenneth's undisputed legacy was to produce a dynasty of rulers who claimed descent from him and was the founder of the dynasty which ruled Scotland for much of the medieval period.
  Contents
  King of Scots?
  Main article: Origins of the Kingdom of Alba
  
  The Kenneth of myth, conqueror of the Picts and founder of the Kingdom of Alba, was born in the centuries after the real Kenneth died. In the reign of Kenneth II (Cináed mac Maíl Coluim), when the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba was compiled, the annalist wrote:
  
  So Kinadius son of Alpinus, first of the Scots, ruled this Pictland prosperously for 16 years. Pictland was named after the Picts, whom, as we have said, Kinadius destroyed. ... Two years before he came to Pictland, he had received the kingdom of Dál Riata.
  
  In the 15th century Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, a history in verse, added little to the account in the Chronicle:
  
  Quhen Alpyne this kyng was dede, He left a sowne wes cal'd Kyned,
  Dowchty man he wes and stout, All the Peychtis he put out.
  Gret bataylis than dyd he, To pwt in freedom his cuntre!
  
  When humanist scholar George Buchanan wrote his history Rerum Scoticarum Historia in the 1570s, a great deal of lurid detail had been added to the story. Buchanan included an account of how Kenneth's father had been murdered by the Picts, and a detailed, and entirely unsupported, account of how Kenneth avenged him and conquered the Picts. Buchanan was not as credulous as many, and he did not include the tale of MacAlpin's treason, a story from Giraldus Cambrensis, who reused a tale of Saxon treachery at a feast in Geoffrey of Monmouth's inventive Historia Regum Britanniae.
  
  Later 19th century historians such as William Forbes Skene brought new standards of accuracy to early Scottish history, while Celticists such as Whitley Stokes and Kuno Meyer cast a critical eye over Welsh and Irish sources. As a result, much of the misleading and vivid detail was removed from the scholarly series of events, even if it remained in the popular accounts. Rather than a conquest of the Picts, instead the idea of Pictish matrilineal succession, mentioned by Bede and apparently the only way to make sense of the list of Kings of the Picts found in the Pictish Chronicle, advanced the idea that Kenneth was a Gael, and a king of Dál Riata, who had inherited the throne of Pictland through a Pictish mother. Other Gaels, such as Caustantín and Óengus, the sons of Fergus, were identified among the Pictish king lists, as were Angles such as Talorcen son of Eanfrith, and Britons such as Bridei son of Beli.[3]
  
  Modern historians would reject parts of the Kenneth produced by Skene and subsequent historians, while accepting others. Medievalist Alex Woolf, interviewed by The Scotsman in 2004, is quoted as saying:
  
  The myth of Kenneth conquering the Picts - it’s about 1210, 1220 that that’s first talked about. There’s actually no hint at all that he was a Scot. ... If you look at contemporary sources there are four other Pictish kings after him. So he’s the fifth last of the Pictish kings rather than the first Scottish king."[4]
  
  Many other historians could be quoted in terms similar to Woolf.[5]
  
  A feasible synopsis of the emerging consensus, may be put forward, namely, that the kingships of Gaels and Picts underwent a process of gradual fusion,[6] starting with Kenneth, and rounded off in the reign of Constantine II. The Pictish institution of kingship provided the basis for merger with the Gaelic Alpin dynasty. The meeting of King Constantine and Bishop Cellach at the Hill of Belief near the (formerly Pictish) royal city of Scone in 906 cemented the rights and duties of Picts on an equal basis with those of Gaels (pariter cum Scottis). Hence the change in styling from King of the Picts to King of Alba. The legacy of Gaelic as the first national language of Scotland does not obscure the foundational process in the establishment of the Scottish kingdom of Alba.
  Background
  
  Kenneth's origins are uncertain, as are his ties, if any, to previous kings of the Picts or Dál Riata. Among the genealogies contained in the Rawlinson B 502 manuscript, dating from around 1130, is the supposed descent of Malcolm II of Scotland. Medieval genealogies are unreliable sources, but many historians still accept Kenneth's descent from the established Cenél nGabráin, or at the very least from some unknown minor sept of the Dál Riata. The manuscript provides the following ancestry for Kenneth:
  
  ...Cináed son of Alpín son of Eochaid son of Áed Find son of Domangart son of Domnall Brecc son of Eochaid Buide son of Áedán son of Gabrán son of Domangart son of Fergus Mór ...[7]
  
  Leaving aside the shadowy kings before Áedán son of Gabrán, the genealogy is certainly flawed insofar as Áed Find, who died c. 778, could not reasonably be the son of Domangart, who was killed c. 673. The conventional account would insert two generations between Áed Find and Domangart: Eochaid mac Echdach, father of Áed Find, who died c. 733, and his father Eochaid.
  
  Although later traditions provided details of his reign and death, Kenneth's father Alpin is not listed as among the kings in the Duan Albanach, which provides the following sequence of kings leading up to Kenneth:
  
  Naoi m-bliadhna Cusaintin chain, The nine years of Causantín the fair;,
  a naoi Aongusa ar Albain, The nine of Aongus over Alba;
  cethre bliadhna Aodha áin, The four years of Aodh the noble;
  is a tri déug Eoghanáin. And the thirteen of Eoghanán.
  Tríocha bliadhain Cionaoith chruaidh, The thirty years of Cionaoth the hardy, [1]
  
  It is supposed that these kings are the Constantine son of Fergus and his brother Óengus II (Angus II), who have already been mentioned, Óengus's son Uen (Eóganán), as well as the obscure Áed mac Boanta, but this sequence is considered doubtful if the list is intended to represent kings of Dál Riata, as it should if Kenneth were king there.[8]
  
  That Kenneth was a Gael is not widely rejected, but modern historiography distinguishes between Kenneth as a Gael by culture and/or in ancestry, and Kenneth as a king of Gaelic Dál Riata. Kings of the Picts before him, from Bridei son of Der-Ilei, his brother Nechtan as well as Óengus I son of Fergus and his presumed descendants were all at least partly Gaelicised.[9] The idea that the Gaelic names of Pictish kings in Irish annals represented translations of Pictish ones was challenged by the discovery of the inscription Custantin filius Fircus(sa), the latinised name of the Pictish king Caustantín son of Fergus, on the Dupplin Cross.[10]
  
  Other evidence, such as that furnished by place-names, suggests the spread of Gaelic culture through western Pictland in the centuries before Kenneth. For example, Atholl, a name used in the Annals of Ulster for the year 739, has been thought to be "New Ireland", and Argyll derives from Oir-Ghàidheal, the land of the "eastern Gaels".
  Reign
  
  Compared with the many questions on his origins, Kenneth's ascent to power and subsequent reign can be dealt with simply. Kenneth's rise can be placed in the context of the recent end of the previous dynasty, which had dominated Fortriu for two or four generations. This followed the death of king Uen son of Óengus of Fortriu, his brother Bran, Áed mac Boanta "and others almost innumerable" in battle against the Vikings in 839. The resulting succession crisis seems, if the Pictish Chronicle king-lists have any validity, to have resulted in at least four would-be kings warring for supreme power.
  
  Kenneth's reign is dated from 843, but it was probably not until 848 that he defeated the last of his rivals for power. The Pictish Chronicle claims that he was king in Dál Riata for two years before becoming Pictish king in 843, but this is not generally accepted. In 849, Kenneth had relics of Columba, which may have included the Monymusk Reliquary, transferred from Iona to Dunkeld. Other that these bare facts, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reports that he invaded Saxonia six times, captured Melrose and burnt Dunbar, and also that Vikings laid waste to Pictland, reaching far into the interior.[11] The Annals of the Four Masters, not generally a good source on Scottish matters, do make mention of Kenneth, although what should be made of the report is unclear:
  
  Gofraid mac Fergusa, chief of Airgíalla, went to Alba, to strengthen the Dal Riata, at the request of Kenneth MacAlpin.[12]
  
  The reign of Kenneth also saw an increased degree of Norse settlement in the outlying areas of modern Scotland. Shetland, Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland, the Western Isles and the Isle of Man, and part of Ross were settled; the links between Kenneth's kingdom and Ireland were weakened, those with southern England and the continent almost broken. In the face of this, Kenneth and his successors were forced to consolidate their position in their kingdom, and the union between the Picts and the Gaels, already progressing for several centuries, began to strengthen. By the time of Donald II, the kings would be called kings neither of the Gaels or the Scots but of Alba.[13]
  
  Kenneth died from a tumour on 13 February 858 at the palace of Cinnbelachoir, perhaps near Scone. The annals report the death as that of the "king of the Picts", not the "king of Alba". The title "king of Alba" is not used until the time of Kenneth's grandsons, Donald II (Domnall mac Causantín) and Constantine II (Constantín mac Áeda). The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland quote a verse lamenting Kenneth's death:
  
  Because Cináed with many troops lives no longer
  there is weeping in every house;
  there is no king of his worth under heaven
  as far as the borders of Rome.[14]
  
  Kenneth left at least two sons, Constantine and Áed, who were later kings, and at least two daughters. One daughter married Run, king of Strathclyde, Eochaid being the result of this marriage. Kenneth's daughter Máel Muire married two important Irish kings of the Uí Néill. Her first husband was Aed Finliath of the Cenél nEógain. Niall Glúndub, ancestor of the O'Neill, was the son of this marriage. Her second husband was Flann Sinna of Clann Cholmáin. As the wife and mother of kings, when Máel Muire died in 913, her death was reported by the Annals of Ulster, an unusual thing for the male-centred chronicles of the age.

• (Levens event) .Bron 3

  Kenneth MacAlpine - Born to be King?
  
  Kenneth was born around 800AD in the Gaelic Kingdom of Dal Riata - it was a time when the Gaels were dominated by the more powerful Pictish kingdom. His father, Ailpín, was beheaded fighting for a Pictish king and historical sources suggest that his mother was a Pictish princess.
  
  In the confusion and terror caused by the ferocious ninth century Viking raids, the Pictish kingship was almost completely destroyed. Wrad, a Pictish warlord, eventually became King of the Picts at the same time as Kenneth became King of Dal Riata.
  
  When Wrad died in 842 his kingship was contested. Wrad’s sons believed they were the rightful heirs, whilst Kenneth, through royal Pictish descent on his mother’s side, claimed the kingship for himself - his claims were heard all the louder with the backing of his Gaelic and Pictish followers. The matter was settled seven years later when Kenneth invited Drest, last of the sons of Drest, to a truce meeting at Scone, a meeting at which Kenneth treacherously slew his rival.
  
  Dunadd Hillfort was the royal centre for the Gaelic Kingdom of Dal Riata, where Kenneth MacAlpine first ruled before moving to Pictland.
  
  Picts and Gaels United
  
  As Kenneth MacAlpine triumphed in Pictland, he faced a new challenge. A Viking fleet of 140 ships intent on destruction attacked Dal Riata. It spelled doom for the Gaelic kingdom; the Gaels collected the relics of their saints and moved them to Kenneth’s new Pictish kingdom. Dal Riata vanishes from the chronicles and we only hear of Pictland from this point.
  
  Kenneth was able to reward his Gaelic followers with lands taken from the men who supported the sons of Wrad, but he no doubt faced resentment from the Picts over their new Gaelic overlords. Unity was needed: something the Picts and Gaels had in common, to define them as a single people, and, as is so often the case throughout history, this came in the form of a common enemy. Kenneth raided the Angles of Northumbria for booty.
  
  The Dupplin Cross, which would have been visible from the Pictish royal palace of Forteviot, where King Kenneth MacAlpine ruled and died.
  
  The cross is thought to have been erected for an earlier Pictish King, who would have ruled whilst Kenneth was a child in Gaelic Dal Riata.
  
  Kenneth died in 858 at the Palace of Forteviot. For the Gaels he was the conqueror of the Picts and their bards lamented his passing:
  
  ‘That Kenneth with his host is no more brings weeping to every home.
  No king of his worth under heaven is there, to the bounds of Rome.’
  
  What the Picts thought is unrecorded. They must have believed the Gaels and Kenneth’s successors would adopt Pictish ways, but - as is apparent from the story of King Constantine II - it is the Picts who vanish from history.
  
  Constantine mac Aed, King of Alba 900-943
  
  Constantine mac Aed (Constantine II), the grandson of Kenneth MacAlpine, began his life as an exile. In 878 AD his father, Aed, had been slain by a Giric, son of Dungal, and Constantine, a young boy at the time, fled to Ireland where he was brought up by monks surrounded in Gaelic culture.
  
  In 889 AD he returned with his cousin Domnall to wreak revenge on Giric. Domnall took the kingship of the Picts initially, but shortly afterwards was slain by the Vikings - Dark Age kingships were often painfully short! So it was that in his early twenties, Constantine mac Aed became King of Pictland.
  
  The kingdom had been nearly destroyed by the Vikings, but its peoples, Picts and Gael, faced with the prospect of Viking conquest, had drawn together. In 902 AD, the Vikings, under Ivar the Younger of Dublin, returned to seize Dunkeld, where St Columba’s relics were kept, and the rich farmlands around the River Tay. Constantine caught up with Ivar at Strathcarron in 904 AD, and, in a bitter struggle, Ivar and his Viking army were massacred.
  
  With the defeat of the Vikings, regeneration of the kingdom was Constantine’s top priority. He remodelled the church along Gaelic lines and brought in a system of mormaers (earls) to defend the kingdom more efficiently. He also renamed the territory, Alba, which is actually means Britain in Gaelic. Pictland was remade in a Gaelic image and the Scottish nation was launched.
  
  Constantine continued to extend Alba’s influence across Scotland. The east coast, south of the river Forth and modern-day Edinburgh, was Angle territory and often very hostile at that, until 918 AD, when Constantine led his army into Northumbria. At the Battle of Corbridge, he forced Ragnall, the Viking King of York, to withdraw from the Angle earldom of Northumbria that stretched from Lothian to the Tyne. In return the restored earl, Eadred, recognised Constantine as his overlord. For the first time much of the land in modern-day Scotland was either under the direct kingship of the King of Alba or was under his rule as overlord.

• (naam) .

  The House of Alpin is the name given to the kin-group which ruled in Pictland and then the kingdom of Alba from the advent of Cináed mac Ailpín in the 840s until the death of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda in 1034.
  
  Kings traced their descent from Cináed mac Ailpín, and not from his father, and Irish genealogies in the Book of Ballymote and the Book of Lecan refer to the kindred as Clann Cináeda meic Ailpín, prioritising descent from Cináed.[1]
  
  The origins of the family are uncertain. Later genealogies of doubtful reliability make Cináed a descendant of Áed Find. While plausible, such claims are unprovable and appear only in the late tenth century.[2] The associated idea that Cináed had been a king in Dál Riata before contending successfully for power in Pictland in the 840s, following the death of Eóganán mac Óengusa, is supported by near-contemporary evidence.[3]
  
  Early kings of Clann Cináeda meic Ailpín are described as kings of the Picts, and the third king, Constantín mac Cináeda appears to have been regarded as the last of the seventy Pictish kings soon after his death. The descendants of Cináed were ousted in 878 when Áed mac Cináeda was killed by Giric mac Dúngail. They returned in 889 on the death of Giric. Following this, the title king of Alba is used.[4]
  
  During the tenth century, succession alternated between the descendants of Constantín mac Cináeda and those of Áed mac Cináeda. Internecine strife in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries left the descendants of Constantín unchallenged by male-line descendants of Cináed mac Ailpín, but Máel Coluim mac Cináeda left no male heirs. On Máel Coluim's death, the line of kings descended from Cináed came to an end. Future kings, while still tracing their descent from Cináed, were descended from Máel Coluim's daughter Bethóc.

• Hij is overleden op 13 februari 858 in Cinnbelachoir, hij was toen 48 jaar oud.
• Een kind van Alpin mac Echdach of the Cenél nGabráin
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 28 december 2012.

Gezin van Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín) van Schotland

Kind(eren):

1. Eochaid mac Alpin van Schotland   
2. Máel Muire van Schotland  ????-913 
3. Constantijn I van Schotland  836-877 
4. Áed mac Cináeda van Schotland  840-878 

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