Arbre généalogique Bas » Shapur I der Sassaniden (220-272)

Données personnelles Shapur I der Sassaniden 

• Il est né en l'an 220.
• (Geschiedenis) .Source 1

  Shapur of Shapur I of Sjapoer I, zoon van Ardashir I was koning van de Sassanieden (Perzië) van 241-272. Zijn titel was sjahansjah oftewel " Koning der Koningen van Iran en niet-Iran".
  
  Hij was de grootste vijand van het Romeinse Rijk en stond daar bekend als een destructieve veroveraar, te vergelijken met Hannibal. Rond 241 begon hij Romeinse gebieden binnen te vallen en veroverde Syrië, Armenië, en steden in Mesopotamië. Na pogingen door Gordianus III in 243 Syrië terug te winnen (zie de slag bij Rhesaina), was Valerianus I pas in 260 in staat Shapur uit Syrië te verdrijven maar bij Edessa viel de keizer, die met een kleine delegatie voor onderhandelingen was gekomen, levend in handen van Shapur.
  
  De 65-jarige Valerianus onderging gedurende weken of maanden de verschrikkelijkste vernederingen voor hij uiteindelijk werd terechtgesteld en als opgezette trofee in het koninklijk paleis werd tentoongesteld.
  
  Na zijn morele overwinning viel Shapur, Syrië opnieuw binnen maar ditmaal werd hij verslagen door Callistus "Ballista", prefect aangesteld door Gallienus, zoon en opvolger van Valerianus. Het zich terugtrekkende Perzische leger werd opnieuw en in de rug aangevallen door Odaenathus, koning van Palmyra, die de Perzen verdreef en Mesopotamië heroverde.
  
  In 271 stichtte Shapur de Academie van Gondesjapoer.
  
  In het rijk van Shapur leefden boeddhisten, christenen, joden en zoroastriërs naast elkaar en dit leidde vaak tot onenigheid. De priesterschap van de zoroastriërs, de mobads van de Magi, was niet erg tolerant en wilde de macht in het rijk. Shapur werd door zijn broer Pirouz of Peroz voorgesteld aan de profeet Mani die een synthese van al deze religies voorstelde. Shapur was erg onder indruk van hem en vond het idee van een vereniging van de geloven erg aantrekkelijk. De koning maakte de profeet zelfs erelid van de koninklijke huishouding. Zo kon het manicheïsme zich snel in het rijk verspreiden tot grote ergernis van de Magi. [1]
  
  Shapur werd opgevolgd door zijn zoon Hormazd I.

• (Levens event) .Source 2

  Shapur I (Middle Persian: ?????????????? Šahpuhri), also known as Shapur I the Great, was the second Sassanid King of the Persian Empire. The dates of his reign are commonly given as 240/42 – 270/72, but it is likely that he also reigned as co-regent (together with his father) prior to his father's death in 242 (more probably than 240)
  
  Shapur was the son of Ardashir I (r. 226–240 [died 242]), the founder of the Sassanid dynasty and whom Shapur succeeded. His mother was Lady Myrod,[3] who—according to legend[4]—was an Arsacid princess. The Talmud cites a nickname for her, "Ifra Hurmiz", after her bewitching beauty.[5]
  Coin of Shapur II, showing the ruler, and a fire altar with two stylized attendants.
  
  Shapur accompanied his father's campaigns against the Parthians, who — at the time — still controlled much of the Iranian plateau through a system of vassal states that the Persian kingdom had itself previously been a part of. Before an assembly of magnates, Ardashir "judged him the gentlest, wisest, bravest and ablest of all his children"[3] and nominated him as his successor. Shapur also appears as heir apparent in Ardashir's investiture inscriptions at Naqsh-e Rajab and Firuzabad. The Cologne Mani-Codex indicates that, by 240, Ardashir and Shapur were already reigning together.[3] In a letter from Gordian III to his senate, dated to 242, the "Persian Kings" are referred to in the plural. Synarchy is also evident in the coins of this period that portray Ardashir facing his youthful son, and which are accompanied by a legend that indicates that Shapur was already referred to as king.
  
  The date of Shapur's coronation remains debated. 240 is frequently noted,[3] but Ardashir lived very probably until 242.[6] 240 also marks the year of the seizure and subsequent destruction of Hatra, about 100 km southwest of Nineveh and Mosul in present-day Iraq. According to legend, al-Nadirah, the daughter of the king of Hatra, betrayed her city to the Sassanids, who then killed the king and had the city razed. (Legends also have Shapur either marrying al-Nadirah, or having her killed, or both.)[7]
  War against the Roman Empire
  See also: Roman-Persian Wars and Byzantine-Sassanid Wars
  Rock-face relief at Naqsh-e Rustam of Shapur (on horseback) with Philip the Arab and Emperor Valerian.
  
  Ardashir I had, towards the end of his reign, renewed the war against the Roman Empire. Shapur I conquered the Mesopotamian fortresses Nisibis and Carrhae and advanced into Syria. Timesitheus, father-in-law of the young emperor, Gordian III, drove him back and defeated him at the Battle of Resaena in 243, regaining Nisibis and Carrhae. Timesitheus decided to carry out the battle in Persian territory, thus passed Tigris, entered Mesopotamian and surrounded the Ctesiphon but faced tough resist from Persians, following this blockade Gordian died in battle and Romans chose Philip the Arab as Emperor. Philip was not willing to repeat the mistakes of previous claimants, and was aware that he had to return to Rome in order to secure his position with the senate then concluded a peace with the Persians in 244, he had agree that Armenia lay within Persia’s sphere of influence. He also had to pay an enormous indemnity to the Persians of 500,000 gold denarii. Philip immediately issued coins proclaiming that he had made peace with the Persians (pax fundata cum Persis).[8] With the Roman Empire debilitated by Germanic invasions and the continuous elevation of new emperors after the death of Trajan Decius (251), Shapur I resumed his attacks.
  A fine cameo showing an equestrian combat of Shapur I and Valerian in which the Roman emperor is seized, according to historical references in Persia, Inscriptions and a relief depicting Shapour's triumph over valerian in Nagsh-e Rostam carvings, Fars Province, Iran.
  
  Shapur I conquered Armenia, invaded Syria and Antioch. Eventually, the Emperor Valerian (253–260) marched against him and by 257, Valerian had recovered Antioch and returned the province of Syria to Roman control. The speedy retreat of Shapour's troops caused that Valerian became greedy (motivated by greed) for pursuing Persians, Valerian moved to Edessa,the Romans were besieged by the Persians toughly,Valerian was captured, imprisoned by Shapour[8] Shapur advanced into Asia Minor, but was driven back by defeats at the hands of Balista, who captured the royal harem. Septimius Odenathus, Shapur plundered the eastern borders of Romans and returned to Asia[9] Valerian was defeated by Shapour I.
  File:Humiliation ValerianusHolbein.jpg
  The Humiliation of Valerian by Shapur I. Pen and ink, Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1521
  
  One of the great achievements of Shapur's reign was the defeat of the Roman Emperor Valerian. This is presented in a mural at Naqsh-e Rustam, where Shapur is represented on horseback wearing royal armour and crown. Before him kneels Valerian, in Roman dress, asking for grace. In his right hand the king grasps the uplifted arms of what may be Philip the Arab, one of his hands is hidden in his sleeve as the sign of submission. The same scene is repeated in other rock-face inscriptions.[10] Shapur is said to have publicly shamed Valerian by using the Roman Emperor as a footstool when mounting his horse.[11] Other sources contradict and note that in other stone carvings, Valerian is respected and never on his knees. This is supported by reports that Valerian and some of his army lived in relatively good conditions in the city of Bishapur and that Shapur enrolled the assistance of Roman engineers in his engineering and development plans.
  
  The colossal statue of Shapur I standing in the Shapur cave, is one of the most impressive sculptures of the Sassanid dynasty.
  Builder of cities
  
  Shapur I left other reliefs and rock inscriptions. A relief at Naqsh-e Rajab near Istakhr, is accompanied by a Greek translation. Here Shapur I calls himself "the Mazdayasnian (worshipper of Ahuramazda), the divine Sapores, King of Kings of the Aryans, Iranians, and non-Aryans, of divine descent, son of the Mazdayasnian, the divine Artaxerxes, King of Kings of the Aryans, grandson of the divine king Papak[disambiguation needed]." Another long inscription at Istakhr mentions the King's exploits in archery in the presence of his nobles. From his titles we learn that Shapur I claimed the sovereignty over the whole earth, although in reality his domain extended little farther than that of Ardashir I. Shapur I built the great town Gundishapur near the old Achaemenid capital Susa, and increased the fertility of the district by a dam and irrigation system - built by the Roman prisoners — that redirected part of the Karun River. The barrier is still called Band-e Kaisar, "the mole of the Caesar." He is also responsible for building the city of Bishapur, with the labours of Roman soldiers captured after the defeat of Valerian in 260.
  Interactions with minorities
  
  Shapur is mentioned many times in the Talmud, as King Shabur. He had good relations with the Jewish community and was a friend of Shmuel, one of the most famous of the Babylonian Amoraim.
  
  Under Shapur's reign, the prophet Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, began his preaching in Western Iran, and the King himself seems to have favoured his ideas. The Shapurgan, Mani's only treatise in the Middle Persian language, is dedicated to Shapur.

• Il est décédé en l'an 272, il avait 52 ans.

  Attention: Etait déja décédé (??-??-272) 9 mois avant la naissance (??-??-277) de l'enfant (Mirian III van Iberi?).

• Un enfant de Ardashir I Arthashastra der Sassaniden et Myrod Arsacid der Parthen

Famille de Shapur I der Sassaniden

Il est marié à Gurdzag van Zarham.

Ils se sont mariés

Enfant(s):

1. Hormazd I der Sassaniden  -273
2. Varahran I der Sassaniden  ????-276 
3. Narses I der Sassaniden  250-302 
4. Mirian III van Iberië  277-361 

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