Généalogie Wylie » Elizabeth II Queen of the (Elizabeth II, Queen of the) United Kingdom [[[35&38ggcCh-Wikibio++]]] (1926-2022)

Données personnelles Elizabeth II Queen of the (Elizabeth II, Queen of the) United Kingdom [[[35&38ggcCh-Wikibio++]]] 


Famille de Elizabeth II Queen of the (Elizabeth II, Queen of the) United Kingdom [[[35&38ggcCh-Wikibio++]]]

Elle est mariée avec Philip Mountbatten.

Ils se sont mariés le 20 novembre 1947 à Westminster Abbey, London, England, elle avait 21 ans.


Enfant(s):

  2. (Ne pas publique)
  3. (Ne pas publique)
  4. (Ne pas publique)


Notes par Elizabeth II Queen of the (Elizabeth II, Queen of the) United Kingdom [[[35&38ggcCh-Wikibio++]]]


Charlemagne Descendant many times over!

All descendants of Queen of England Eleanor of Aquitaine are in triple figures just through her paths.
All descendants of King Louis VII of France, Eleanor's first husband are likewise in triple figures
through his paths alone.

This individual is such a descendant by standard documentation, including here of one of
these individuals, or both, as here.

This Charlemagne descendant is documented on this one extended family site among others a 39th-40th-41st-42nd-43rd-44th-45th-46th great grandchild repeatedly so many times uniquely
as to at least be into the triple figures as such a multi-ancestral path descendant of ,
Charlemagne, first Holy Roman Emperor [HRE]---coronation on 25 December 800 in Rome---
with HREs so created and so serving until August 6, 1806, when the Empire was disbanded.

=========
WIKIPEDIA
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Source above, includes portraits, paintings, maps and other
items not below; and working links and updates, is
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Elizabeth II (disambiguation).
Elizabeth II
Head of the Commonwealth
Formal photograph of Elizabeth facing right
Formal photograph, 1958
Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (list)
Reign6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Coronation2 June 1953
PredecessorGeorge VI
SuccessorCharles III
BornPrincess Elizabeth of York
21 April 1926
Mayfair, London, England
Died8 September 2022 (aged 96)
Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Burial19 September 2022
King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
SpousePrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

​(m. 1947; died 2021)
Issue
Detail
Charles III
Anne, Princess Royal
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar
Names
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
HouseWindsor
FatherGeorge VI
MotherElizabeth Bowes-Lyon
SignatureElizabeth's signature in black ink
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and 15 at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.

Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making then-Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes.

Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity.[1] Elizabeth died in September 2022 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, at the age of 96, and was succeeded by her eldest child, King Charles III. Her state funeral was the first to be held in the United Kingdom since that of Winston Churchill in 1965.

Contents
1Early life
2Heir presumptive
2.1Second World War
2.2Marriage
3Reign
3.1Accession and coronation
3.2Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
3.3Acceleration of decolonisation
3.4Silver Jubilee
3.5Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
3.6Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
3.7Golden Jubilee
3.8Diamond Jubilee and longevity
3.9COVID-19 pandemic
3.10Platinum Jubilee
4Death
5Legacy
5.1Beliefs, activities and interests
5.2Media depiction and public opinion
6Finances
7Titles, styles, honours, and arms
7.1Titles and styles
7.2Arms
8Issue
9Ancestry
10See also
11Notes
12References
12.1Citations
12.2Bibliography
13External links
Early life
Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair
On the cover of Time, April 1929
Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair
Portrait by Philip de László, 1933
Princess Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926,[2] during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Princess Elizabeth was delivered by Caesarean section at 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair, which was her grandfather Lord Strathmore's London home.[3] She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[4][a] and named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[6] Called "Lilibet" by her close family,[7] based on what she called herself at first,[8] she was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",[9] and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[10]

Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford.[11] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.[12] Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[13] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[14] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[15] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[16]

Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.[17] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[18] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If her parents had subsequently borne a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time.[19]

Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her own age.[22] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[21]

In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.[23] She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[24] They corresponded regularly,[24] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[23]

Second World War

In Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[30]

In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[32] In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number of 230873.[33] She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.[34]

Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, 8 May 1945
At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[35]

During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[38]

Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[39] The speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40]

Marriage
Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937.[41] They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[42] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[43]

The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[44] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[45] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially, and teased Philip as "the Hun".[46] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[47]

At Buckingham Palace with new husband Philip after their wedding, 1947
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[48] Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[50] Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.[51] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[52] Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.[53]

Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[54] A second child, Princess Anne, was born on 15 August 1950.[55]

Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,[50] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. Their two children remained in Britain.[56]

Reign
Accession and coronation
Main article: Coronation of Elizabeth II

Coronation portrait by Cecil Beaton, 1953
George VI's health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case of the King's death while she was on tour.[57] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of George VI and Elizabeth's consequent accession to the throne with immediate effect. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[58] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name;[59] thus she was called Elizabeth II, which offended many Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.[60] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[61] Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[62]

With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear the Duke of Edinburgh's name, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. Lord Mountbatten advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[63] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, so Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[64] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[65]

Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[66] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[67] Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[68]

Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested before she died.[69] The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[70][b] On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[74]

Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
Further information: Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II

Elizabeth's realms (light red and pink) and their territories and protectorates (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[75] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[76] In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air.[77] She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[78] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[79] Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state.[80]

In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union.[81] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[82]

A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume.
With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[83]

The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[84] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[85] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[86] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint the Earl of Home as the prime minister, advice she followed.[87] Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[87] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.[88]

Seated with Philip on thrones at the Canadian parliament, 1957
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session.[89] Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[89][90] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.[91] On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.[92] Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."[92] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[93] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[94]

Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, on 19 February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[95] Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born on 10 March 1964.[96]

In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, Elizabeth also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[97]

Acceleration of decolonisation

In Queensland, Australia, 1970

With President Tito of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 1972
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia".[98] Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[99] As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.[100]

Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country.[101] She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade.[102]

In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[103] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as prime minister and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[104]

A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[105] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General.[106] The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.[105]

Silver Jubilee

Leaders of the G7 states, members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.[107] In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena,[108] though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".[109] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[110]

According to Paul Martin Sr., by the end of the 1970s Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister.[111] Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".[111] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.[111] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[111] She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[111]

Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse
Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.[112] Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.[113] That October Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand. Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a .22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade, but missed.[114] Lewis was arrested, but never charged with attempted murder or treason, and sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William.[115]

Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots.
Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982
From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety[116] and pride.[117] On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.[118] After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.[119]

Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid.[120] As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."[121] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[122] Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents.[123] Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[124] Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,[125] and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.[126] Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[127][128]

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.[129] The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors.[130] At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".[131] Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.[132]

By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.[133] The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed.[134] In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.[127] The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[135]

Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991.[136]

Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose
Philip and Elizabeth in Germany, October 1992
On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").[137] Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.[138] In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April;[139] angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;[140] and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.[141] In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[142] Two days later, British prime minister John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list.[143] In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.[144] At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[145] Elizabeth's solicitors had taken action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice. The case was solved with an out-of-court settlement that ordered the newspaper to pay $180,000.[clarification needed][146]

In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham House tripped and fell.[147] In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.[c] In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada.[152]

In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[153] In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.[154]

In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[155] Afterwards, for five days the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,[156] but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.[128][157] Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[158] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.[159] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[159]

In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",[160] and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.[161] At the memorial in the park, she and Philip paid their respects by laying a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence.[161] As a result, much of the fury among the public softened and the protests were called off.[160] That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[162] Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[162]

In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May,[163] and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July.[164]

Golden Jubilee

At a Golden Jubilee dinner with British prime minister Tony Blair and former prime ministers, 2002. From left to right: Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, James Callaghan and John Major
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome. Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch.[165] Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.[166] During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair.[167]

In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.[168] She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness.[169] As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[170] and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.[171]

Greeting NASA employees at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, May 2007
In 2003, Elizabeth sued Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace.[172] The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.[173] Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 Elizabeth had keyhole surgery on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[174]

In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.[175] She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland.[176] She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.[177] On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales.[178]

Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth.[179] The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age".[180] During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the September 11 attacks.[180] Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.[181] By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.[182]

Diamond Jubilee and longevity

Visiting Birmingham in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour
Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.[183] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.[184] In November, Elizabeth and her husband celebrated their blue sapphire wedding anniversary (65th).[185] On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.[186]

Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries.[187] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond.[188] On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.[189]

Opening the Borders Railway on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.[190]
On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis.[191] A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth.[192] Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[193] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that she would be succeeded by Charles as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".[194] She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.[195] In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.[196]

Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.[197] She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015.[198] She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[199] and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.[200] On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee,[201] and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[202] Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.[203]

COVID-19 pandemic
On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[204] Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[205]

In a virtual meeting with Dame Cindy Kiro during the COVID-19 pandemic, October 2021
On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,[206] she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."[207] On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".[208] In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.[209] On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.[210] In 2021, she received her first and second COVID-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively.[211]

Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria.[212] She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[213] and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".[214] Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.[215] In her Christmas broadcast that year, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him".[216]

Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May,[217] and the 47th G7 summit in June.[218] On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS will be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".[219] In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.[220] Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,[221] the COP26 summit in Glasgow,[222] and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds.[223]

Platinum Jubilee

Drones forming a corgi above Buckingham Palace at the Platinum Party at the Palace on 4 June 2022
Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers.[224] In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.[225]

Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members.[226] She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February,[227] but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border,[d][228] following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.[229] On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore.[230] On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis.[231] She later remarked that COVID infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted ... It's not a nice result".[232]

Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,[233] but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month[234] or the Royal Maundy service in April.[235] She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)[236] In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state.[237]

During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances, and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving.[238] For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear, that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace.[239] On 13 June 2022, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.[240] On 6 September 2022, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign.[241] No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers.[242]

Elizabeth never planned to abdicate,[243] though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties.[244] The Queen told Canadian governor general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something".[245] In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."[246]

Death
Main article: Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II

Tributes left by people in The Mall, London
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."[247] Elizabeth's immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side.[248] She died "peacefully" at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with her death being announced to the public at 18:30,[249] setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn.[250] Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542.[251] Her cause of death was recorded as "old age".[252]

On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it.[253] Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin.[254] It was taken by air to London on 13 September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.[255][256] On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.[257][258]

Queen Elizabeth II's coffin on the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy, during the procession to Wellington Arch
Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760.[259] More than a million people lined the streets of central London,[260] and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place which was witnessed by 97,000 people.[261][260] Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession.[262] After a Committal Service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.[263]

Legacy
Main article: Personality and image of Elizabeth II
Beliefs, activities and interests

Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974
Elizabeth rarely gave interviews and little was known of her personal feelings. She did not explicitly express her own political opinions in a public forum, and it is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked Elizabeth for her opinions on the miners' strike of 1984–85, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge disagreed.[264] Widely criticised in the media for asking the question, Routledge said he was not initially due to be present for the royal visit and was unaware of the protocols.[264] After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron stated that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.[265] She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.[266]

Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation Oath seriously.[267] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and also the national Church of Scotland.[268] She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis.[269] A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:[270]

To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.

Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities.[271] The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.[272] Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.[273] Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family.[274] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.[275]

Media depiction and public opinion

Magazines from the 1950s with Elizabeth II on their cover
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[276] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[277] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[278] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[279] Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[280] She dressed with an eye toward what was appropriate, rather than what was in vogue.[281][page needed] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.[282] Her wardrobe was handled by a team that included five dressers, a dressmaker, and a milliner.[283][page needed]

At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;[284] but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[285] Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[286] Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.[287] Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.[288] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[289]

Meeting children in Brisbane, Australia, October 1982
In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[290] Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.[291] Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.[292] "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".[293] Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics.[294]

Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,[295] and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.[296] Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the monarchy and subsequent move to the United States.[297] Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.[298] As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.[299]

Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg.[300][301] Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding. The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926.[302]

Finances
Further information: Finances of the British royal family
View of Sandringham House from the south bank of the Upper Lake
Sandringham House, Elizabeth's residence in Norfolk, which she personally owned
Elizabeth's personal wealth was the subject of speculation for many years. In 1971, Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £30 million in 2021[303]).[304] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[305] In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother.[306] The Sunday Times Rich List 2020 estimated her personal wealth at £350 million, making her the 372nd richest person in the UK.[307] She was number one on the list when it began in the Sunday Times Rich List 1989, with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £13.8 billion in today's value),[303] which included state assets that were not hers personally.[308]

The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, was not owned personally but was described as being held in trust by Elizabeth for her successors and the nation,[309] as were her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,[310] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £472 million in 2015.[311] The Paradise Papers, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British tax havens of the Cayman Islands and Bermuda.[312] Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire were personally owned by Elizabeth.[310] The Crown Estate—with holdings of £14.3 billion in 2019[313]—is held in trust and could not be sold or owned by her in a personal capacity.[314]

Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Main article: List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II
Titles and styles

Royal cypher of Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown.

Personal flag of Elizabeth II
21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York[315]
11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth
20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh[316]
6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: Her Majesty The Queen
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown Dependencies rather than separate realms, she was known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster.

When conversing with Elizabeth, the correct etiquette was to address her initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am (pronounced /mæm/), with a short 'a' as in jam.[317]

Arms
See also: Flags of Elizabeth II
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George.[318] Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere.[319]

Issue
NameBirthMarriageChildrenGrandchildren
DateSpouse
Charles III14 November 1948 (age 73)29 July 1981
Divorced 28 August 1996Lady Diana SpencerWilliam, Prince of Wales
Prince George of Wales
Princess Charlotte of Wales
Prince Louis of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
Archie Mountbatten-Windsor
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor
9 April 2005Camilla Parker BowlesNone
Anne, Princess Royal15 August 1950 (age 72)14 November 1973
Divorced 28 April 1992Mark PhillipsPeter Phillips
Savannah Phillips
Isla Phillips
Zara Tindall
Mia Tindall
Lena Tindall
Lucas Tindall
12 December 1992Timothy LaurenceNone
Prince Andrew, Duke of York19 February 1960 (age 62)23 July 1986
Divorced 30 May 1996Sarah FergusonPrincess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli MozziSienna Mapelli Mozzi
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack BrooksbankAugust Brooksbank
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar10 March 1964 (age 58)19 June 1999Sophie Rhys-JonesLady Louise Mountbatten-WindsorNone
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount SevernNone
Ancestry
Ancestors of Elizabeth II[320]
See also
Household of Elizabeth II
List of things named after Elizabeth II
List of jubilees of Elizabeth II
List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II
Royal eponyms in Canada
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
Notes
Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[5]
Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[71] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[72] In North America, almost 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[73]
The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn, Estonia.[148][149] During the four-day visit, which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,[150] she and Philip attended events in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[151]
Russia invaded Ukraine one day later.
References
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Hardman 2011, p. 41
Holmes 2020
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Holt 2022
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Bradford, Sarah (2002), Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen (2nd ed.), Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-193333-7
Bradford, Sarah (2012), Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-670-91911-6
Brandreth, Gyles (2004), Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage, Century, ISBN 0-7126-6103-4
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Heald, Tim (2007), Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2
Hoey, Brian (2002), Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-653136-9
Hoey, Brian (2022), Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II: Platinum Jubilee Celebration: 70 Years: 1952–2022, Rizzoli, ISBN 978-1-84165-939-8
Holmes, Elizabeth (2020), HRH: So Many Thoughts on Royal Style, Celadon Books, ISBN 978-1-250-62508-3
Holt, Bethan (2022), The Queen: 70 Years of Majestic Style, Ryland Peters & Small, ISBN 978-1-78879-427-5
Knappett, Gill (2016), The Queen at 90: A Royal Birthday Souvenir, Pitkin, ISBN 978-0-7509-7031-0
Lacey, Robert (2002), Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Little, Brown, ISBN 0-316-85940-0
Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1999) [1981], Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.), London: Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0-316-84820-6
Macmillan, Harold (1972), Pointing the Way 1959–1961, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-12411-1
Marr, Andrew (2011), The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-230-74852-1
Mitchell, James (2003), "Scotland: Cultural Base and Economic Catalysts", in Hollowell, Jonathan (ed.), Britain Since 1945, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 109–125, doi:10.1002/9780470758328.ch5, ISBN 978-0-631-20967-6
Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1973), "The Royal Lineage", Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London: Burke's Peerage, ISBN 0-220-66222-3
Neil, Andrew (1996), Full Disclosure, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-64682-7
Nicolson, Harold (1952), King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign, Constable & Co.
Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006), Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-516133-5
Pimlott, Ben (2001), The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-255494-1
Roberts, Andrew (2000), Fraser, Antonia (ed.), The House of Windsor, Cassell & Co., ISBN 0-304-35406-6
Routledge, Paul (1994), Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography, London: Harper Collins, ISBN 0-00-638077-8
Shawcross, William (2002), Queen and Country, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-8056-5
Speaight, Robert (1970), Vanier, Soldier, Diplomat, Governor General: A Biography, London: William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd., ISBN 978-0-00-262252-3
Tomaszewski, Fiona K. (2002), A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905–1914, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-97366-7
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#mw-head>Jump to search <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#searchInput>
For other uses, see Elizabeth II (disambiguation) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_(disambiguation)>.
Elizabeth II
Head of the Commonwealth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_March_2015.jpg> Elizabeth II in 2015
show Queen of the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom> and the other Commonwealth realms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm>
Reign6 February 1952 – present
Coronation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II>2 June 1953
PredecessorGeorge VI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI>
Heir apparent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent>Charles, Prince of Wales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales>

BornPrincess Elizabeth of York 21 April 1926 (age 96) Mayfair <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair>, London, United Kingdom
SpousePrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh> ​ ​ (m. 1947; died 2021)
Issue Detail <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Issue>Charles, Prince of Wales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales> Anne, Princess Royal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal> Prince Andrew, Duke of York <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York> Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex>
Names Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
House <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty>Windsor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor>
FatherGeorge VI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI>
MotherElizabeth Bowes-Lyon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon>
Signature <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_signature_1952.svg>

show Royal family ofthe United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_royal_family> and the other Commonwealth realms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm>
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926)[a] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-birthday-1> is Queen of the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom> and 14 other Commonwealth realms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm>.[b] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-constitutional-3>[c] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-realms-4>
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair>, London <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London>, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI> and Queen Elizabeth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother>). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII> of his brother, King Edward VIII <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VIII>, making Elizabeth the heir presumptive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive>. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War>, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service>. In November 1947, she married <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten> Philip Mountbatten <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mountbatten>, a former prince of Greece <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece> and Denmark <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark>, and their marriage lasted 73 years until Philip's death <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh> in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Prince of Wales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales>; Anne, Princess Royal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal>; Prince Andrew, Duke of York <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York>; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex>.
When her father died <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_VI> in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen regnant <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant> of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom>, Canada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada>, Australia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia>, New Zealand <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand>, South Africa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa>, Pakistan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan>, and Ceylon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon>, as well as Head of the Commonwealth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth>. Elizabeth has reigned as a constitutional monarch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarch> through major political changes such as the Troubles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles> in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom>, the decolonisation of Africa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa>, and the United Kingdom's accession <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities> to the European Communities <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities> and withdrawal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit> from the European Union <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union>. The number of her realms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_headed_by_Elizabeth_II> has varied over time as territories have gained independence, and as some realms have become republics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations>. Her many historic visits and meetings include state visits <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits> to the People's Republic of China <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China> in 1986, the Russian Federation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation> in 1994, the Republic of Ireland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland> in 2011, and visits to or from five popes.
Significant events have included Elizabeth's coronation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II> in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II>, Golden <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II>, Diamond <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II> and Platinum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II> jubilees <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jubilees_of_British_monarchs> in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022 respectively. Elizabeth is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign>, the longest-serving female head of state <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs>, the oldest living <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_living_state_leaders> and longest-reigning current monarch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_reigning_monarchs_by_length_of_reign>, and the oldest <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_state_leaders_by_age> and longest-serving incumbent head of state <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_state_leaders_by_date_of_assumption_of_office>. She has faced occasional republican sentiment <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom> and press criticism of the royal family <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_royal_family>, particularly after the breakdown of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_horribilis#Elizabeth_II> in 1992, and the death in 1997 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales> of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales>. However, support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom has been and remains consistently high, as does her personal popularity.

Contents
⦁1Early life <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Early_life>
12Heir presumptive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Heir_presumptive>
⦁2.1Second World War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Second_World_War>
12.2Marriage <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Marriage>
⦁3Reign <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Reign>
⦁3.1Accession and coronation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Accession_and_coronation>
13.2Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Continuing_evolution_of_the_Commonwealth>
23.3Acceleration of decolonisation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Acceleration_of_decolonisation>
33.4Silver Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Silver_Jubilee>
43.5Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Press_scrutiny_and_Thatcher_premiership>
53.6Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Turbulent_1990s_and_annus_horribilis>
63.7Golden Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Golden_Jubilee>
73.8Diamond Jubilee and longevity <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Diamond_Jubilee_and_longevity>
83.9COVID-19 pandemic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#COVID-19_pandemic>
93.10Platinum Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Platinum_Jubilee>
⦁4Public perception and character <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Public_perception_and_character>
⦁4.1Beliefs, activities and interests <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Beliefs,_activities_and_interests>
14.2Media depiction and public opinion <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Media_depiction_and_public_opinion>
⦁5Finances <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Finances>
16Titles, styles, honours, and arms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms>
⦁6.1Titles and styles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Titles_and_styles>
16.2Arms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Arms>
⦁7Issue <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Issue>
18Ancestry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Ancestry>
29See also <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#See_also>
310Notes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Notes>
411References <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#References>
⦁11.1Citations <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Citations>
111.2Bibliography <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#Bibliography>
⦁12External links <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#External_links>
Early life
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Elizabeth_on_TIME_Magazine,_April_29,_1929.jpg>
On the cover <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)#1929> of Time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)>, April 1929
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Princess_Elizabeth_of_York_-_1933.jpg>
Portrait by Philip de László <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3>, 1933
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMT>) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V>. Her father, the Duke of York (later King George VI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI>), was the second son of the King. Her mother, the Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother>), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne>. She was delivered by Caesarean section <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section> at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruton_Street>, Mayfair.[2] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-5> She was baptised <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptised> by the Anglican <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican> Archbishop of York <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York>, Cosmo Gordon Lang <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang>, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace> on 29 May,[3] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-6>[d] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-baptism-8> and named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark>, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck>.[5] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-9> Called "Lilibet" by her close family,[6] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-10> based on what she called herself at first,[7] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-11> she was cherished by her grandfather, George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",[8] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-12> and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[9] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-13>
Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret>, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governess>, Marion Crawford <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Crawford>.[10] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-14> Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.[11] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-15> Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Princesses> in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[12] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-16> The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[13] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-17> Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill> described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[14] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-18> Her cousin Margaret Rhodes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Rhodes> described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[15] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-19>
Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_British_throne>, behind her uncle Edward <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII> and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.[16] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-20> When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII>, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialite> Wallis Simpson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson> provoked a constitutional crisis.[17] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-21> Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_name> George VI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI>. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive>. If her parents had had a later son, he would have been heir apparent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent> and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by male-preference primogeniture <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male-preference_primogeniture> at the time.[18] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-22>
Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Marten_(educator)>, Vice-Provost <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Provosts_of_Eton_College> of Eton College <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College>,[19] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-23> and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[20] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Edu-24> A Girl Guides <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides> company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlguiding_London_and_South_East_England#1st_Buckingham_Palace_Company>, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her own age.[21] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-25> Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_(Girl_Guide)>.[20] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Edu-24>
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada> and the United States. As in 1927, when they had toured Australia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_visits_to_Australia#1927> and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours.[22] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-p54-26> She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[23] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-p55-27> They corresponded regularly,[23] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-p55-27> and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_telephone> call on 18 May.[22] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-p54-26>
Second World War
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service,_April_1945_TR2832.jpg>
In Auxiliary Territorial Service <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service> uniform, April 1945
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War>. Lord Hailsham <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham> suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II> to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities> of London by the Luftwaffe <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe>.[24] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-28> This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[25] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-29> The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_Castle>, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham_House>, Norfolk.[26] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-30> From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Lodge>, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle>, where they lived for most of the next five years.[27] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-31> At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime> at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[28] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-32> In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC>'s Children's Hour <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Hour>, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[29] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-CH-33> She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[29] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-CH-33>
In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards>, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[30] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-34> As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five Counsellors of State <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsellors_of_State> in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[31] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-35> In February 1945, she was appointed as an honorary second subaltern <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service#Ranks> in the Auxiliary Territorial Service <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service> with the service number <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_number> of 230873.[32] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-36> She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)> at the time) five months later.[33] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-37>[34] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-38>[35] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-39>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Special_Film_Project_186_-_Buckingham_Palace_2.jpg>
Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace> with her family and Winston Churchill <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill> on 8 May 1945 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE_Day>
At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day>, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall>, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[36] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-40>
During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_nationalism> by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle> or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdd_Gobaith_Cymru> (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector> in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[37] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-41> Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Wales> on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary> Herbert Morrison <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Morrison> supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[38] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-42> In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorsedd> of Bards <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard> at the National Eisteddfod of Wales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales>.[39] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-43>
Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth> on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[40] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-44> The speech was written by Dermot Morrah <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Morrah>, a journalist for The Times <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times>.[41] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Oldie-45>
Marriage
Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth,_Bestanddeelnr_902-4693_(cropped).jpg>
Posing for photographs at Buckingham Palace with new husband Philip <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh> after their wedding, 1947
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip_of_Greece_and_Denmark>, in 1934 and again in 1937.[42] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-46> They were second cousins once removed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin#Cousin_chart> through King Christian IX of Denmark <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Christian_IX_of_Denmark> and third cousins through Queen Victoria <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria>. After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College> in Dartmouth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon> in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, and they began to exchange letters.[43] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-47> She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[44] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-48>
The engagement was not without controversy; Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy> throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi> links.[45] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-49> Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[46] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-50> Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially, and teased Philip as "The Hun <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Hun_(pejorative)>".[47] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-51>[48] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-52> In later life, however, the Queen Mother told biographer Tim Heald <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Heald> that Philip was "an English gentleman".[49] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-53>
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodoxy> to Anglicanism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism>, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountbatten_family>.[50] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-54> Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh> and granted the style His Royal Highness.[51] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-55> Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey>. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[52] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-news1-56> Elizabeth required ration coupons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom> to buy the material for her gown <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom> (which was designed by Norman Hartnell <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hartnell>) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.[53] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-57> In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[54] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-58> Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.[55] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-59>
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles>, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent> allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[56] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-60> A second child, Princess Anne <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anne>, was born on 15 August 1950.[57] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-61>
Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windlesham_Moor>, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,[52] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-news1-56> when they took up residence at Clarence House <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_House> in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta> as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwardaman%C4%A1a>, at Villa Guardamangia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Guardamangia>, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten>. Their two children remained in Britain.[58] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-62>
Reign
Accession and coronation
Main article: Coronation of Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_and_Philip_1953.jpg>
Coronation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II> portrait with husband Philip, 1953
George VI's health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman> in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Charteris>, carried a draft accession declaration in case of the King's death while she was on tour.[59] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-63> In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagana_Lodge>, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treetops_Hotel>, when word arrived of the death of George VI and Elizabeth's consequent accession to the throne with immediate effect. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[60] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-64> She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name;[61] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-65> thus she was called Elizabeth II, which offended many Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.[62] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-66> She was proclaimed queen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Elizabeth_II> throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[63] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-67> Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[64] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-68>
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_house> would bear the Duke of Edinburgh's name, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. Lord Mountbatten advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[65] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-69> The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor>, so Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[66] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-70> In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountbatten-Windsor> was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[67] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-71>
Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(RAF_officer)>, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior and with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[68] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-72> Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England> did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_marriage>, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_succession>.[69] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-73> Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[70] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-74>
Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II> went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested before she died.[71] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-75> The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing> and communion <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist>, was televised for the first time.[72] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-76>[e] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-television-80> On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II> was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[76] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-81>
Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
Further information: Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm#From_the_accession_of_Elizabeth_II>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_in_February_1952.png>
Elizabeth's realms (light red and pink) and their territories and protectorates <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate> (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire> continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations>.[77] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-82> By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[78] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-83> In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometres) by land, sea and air.[79] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-84> She became the first reigning monarch of Australia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_of_Australia> and New Zealand <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand> to visit those nations.[80] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-85> During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[81] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-86> Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II> to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II>; she is the most widely travelled head of state.[82] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-87>
In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden> and Guy Mollet <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mollet>, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome>, which established the European Economic Community <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community>, the precursor to the European Union <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union>.[83] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-88> In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis> in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal>. Lord Mountbatten <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten> said the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[84] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-89>
With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference>
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)> for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_hands>. Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury>, the Lord President of the Council <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council>. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kilmuir>, the Lord Chancellor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor>, consulted the British Cabinet <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cabinet>, Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Committee>, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan>.[85] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-90>
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[86] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-91> Lord Altrincham <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grigg_(writer)> accused her of being "out of touch".[87] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-92> Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[88] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-93> Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home> as prime minister, advice she followed.[89] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-r84-94> The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[89] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-r84-94> In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement.[90] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-95>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg>
Seated with Philip on thrones at Canadian parliament, 1957
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly> on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Parliament>, becoming the first monarch of Canada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_of_Canada> to open a parliamentary session.[91] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Canada-96> Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[91] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Canada-96>[92] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-97> In 1961, she toured Cyprus <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus>, India <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India>, Pakistan, Nepal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal>, and Iran <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran>.[93] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-98> On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana> Kwame Nkrumah <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah>, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.[94] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-mac-99> Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury>' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."[94] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-mac-99> Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement> were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[95] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-100>[96] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-101> No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[97] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-102>
Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York>, on 19 February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[98] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-103> Her fourth child, Prince Edward <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex>, was born on 10 March 1964.[99] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-104>
In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, the Queen has also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[100] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-105>
Acceleration of decolonisation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_in_Queensland,_Australia,_1970.jpg>
In Queensland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland>, Australia, 1970
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonisation> of Africa and the Caribbean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean>. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia> Prime Minister, Ian Smith <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith>, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence> while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia>".[101] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-106> Although the Queen formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[102] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-107> As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities>.[103] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-108>
The Queen toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country.[104] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-109> She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito>, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade.[105] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-110>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito,1972,_u_Beogradu.jpg>
With President Tito of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 1972
In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heath>, advised the Queen to call a general election <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election> in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesia> Pacific Rim <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim>, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[106] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-111> The election resulted in a hung parliament <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliament>; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)>. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as British Prime Minister and the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)>, Labour's <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)> Harold Wilson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson>, to form a government.[107] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-112>
A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis>, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Whitlam>, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia> Sir John Kerr <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerr_(governor-general)>, after the Opposition-controlled Senate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Senate> rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[108] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Aus-113> As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)>, Speaker <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives> Gordon Scholes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Scholes> appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia> for the Governor-General.[109] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-114> The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_republicanism>.[108] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Aus-113>
Silver Jubilee
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_with_Queen_Elizabeth_-_NARA_-_174724.jpg>
Leaders of the G7 states <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_G7_summit>, members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II> of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_events_during_the_Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II>. The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Snowdon>.[110] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-115> In 1978, the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu>, and his wife, Elena <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu>,[111] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-116> though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".[112] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-117> The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Blunt>, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_of_the_Queen%27s_Pictures>, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army>.[113] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-118>
According to Paul Martin Sr. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr.>, by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau>, the Canadian prime minister <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_prime_minister>.[114] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Post-119> Tony Benn <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn> said the Queen found Trudeau "rather disappointing".[114] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Post-119> Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols> during his term of office.[114] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Post-119> In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriation> of the Canadian constitution <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_constitution> found the Queen "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[114] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Post-119> She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[114] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Post-119>
Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElizabethIItroopingcolour_crop.jpg>
Riding Burmese <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_(horse)> at the 1986 Trooping the Colour <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour> ceremony
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour> ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer>, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall, London <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mall,_London>, on her horse, Burmese <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_(horse)>. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Sarjeant>, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.[115] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-120> The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.[116] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-121> That October the Queen was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin>, New Zealand. Christopher John Lewis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_John_Lewis>, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a .22 rifle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.22_rifle> from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade, but missed.[117] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-122> Lewis was arrested, but never charged with attempted murder or treason <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason>, and sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales> and their son Prince William <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William>.[118] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-123>
Riding at Windsor with President Reagan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Reagan>, June 1982
From April to September 1982, the Queen's son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the Falklands War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War>, for which she reportedly felt anxiety[119] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-124> and pride.[120] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-125> On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fagan_incident>, in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.[121] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-126> After hosting US President Ronald Reagan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan> at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_del_Cielo> in 1983, the Queen was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada>, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.[122] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-127>
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true.[123] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-128> As Kelvin MacKenzie <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_MacKenzie>, editor of The Sun <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)>, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."[124] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-129> Newspaper editor Donald Trelford <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trelford> wrote in The Observer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer> of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times> of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher>'s economic policies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherism#economicposition> fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_England_riots>, the violence of a miners' strike <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%9385)>, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid> regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shea_(diplomat)> and Commonwealth Secretary-General <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General> Shridath Ramphal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shridath_Ramphal>, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[125] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-130> Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)>—Thatcher's political opponents.[126] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-131> Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)>, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[127] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-132> Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,[128] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-133> and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit> and the Order of the Garter <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter>—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major>.[129] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-134> Brian Mulroney <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney>, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[130] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Geddes-135>[131] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-MacQueen-136>
In 1986, the Queen paid a six-day state visit to China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.[132] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-137> The tour included the Forbidden City <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City>, the Great Wall of China <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China>, and the Terracotta Warriors <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Warriors>.[133] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-138> At a state banquet, the Queen joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanli_Emperor>, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".[134] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-139> The Queen's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.[135] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-140>
By the end of the 1980s, the Queen had become the target of satire.[136] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-141> The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Royal_Knockout> in 1987 was ridiculed.[137] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-142> In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord>, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.[130] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Geddes-135> The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat>. As monarch of Fiji <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_of_Fiji>, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Fiji> Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaia_Ganilau> to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka> deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[138] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-143>
Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg>
Philip and Elizabeth in Germany, October 1992
In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War>, the Queen became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress> of the United States Congress <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress> in May 1991.[139] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-144>
On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II> of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_horribilis> (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").[140] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-145> Republican feeling in Britain <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom> had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.[141] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-146> In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York>, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius>; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Phillips> in April;[142] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-147> angry demonstrators in Dresden <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden> threw eggs at the Queen during a state visit to Germany in October;[143] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-148> and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Windsor_Castle_fire>, one of her official residences, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.[144] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-149> In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[145] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-150> Two days later, Prime Minister John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax> from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_list>.[146] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-151> In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.[147] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-152> At the end of the year, the Queen sued <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sued> The Sun <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)> newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Christmas_Message> two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[148] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-153> The Queen's solicitors had taken action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright, after it published a photograph of the Duchess of York and Princess Beatrice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Beatrice>. The case was solved with an out-of-court settlement <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-court_settlement> that ordered the newspaper to pay $180,000.[149] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-154>
In October 1994, the Queen became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.[f] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-russia-157>[152] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-158> During the four-day visit, which is considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of the Queen's reign,[153] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-159> she and Philip attended events in Moscow and St. Petersburg.[154] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-160> In October 1995, the Queen was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Brassard> impersonating Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien>. The Queen, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity, and would try to influence Quebec's referendum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum> on proposals to break away from Canada.[155] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-161>[156] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-162>
In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[157] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-163> In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury>, George Carey <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carey>, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fellowes,_Baron_Fellowes>, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.[158] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-164>
In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales>. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_Castle>. Diana's two sons by Charles—Princes William <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge> and Harry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex>—wanted to attend church and so the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh took them that morning.[159] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-165> Afterwards, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,[160] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-166> but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-mast> over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.[131] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-MacQueen-136>[161] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-167> Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addresses_to_the_nation_by_Elizabeth_II> on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales>.[162] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-168> In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.[163] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-b&b-169> As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[163] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-b&b-169>
In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre> to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",[164] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-goback-170> and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.[165] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-NYT-171> At the memorial in the park, she and the Duke paid their respects by laying a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_silence>.[165] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-NYT-171> As a result, much of the fury among the public softened and the protests were called off.[164] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-goback-170>
In November of that year, the Queen and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqueting_House> to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[166] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-G-Wedding-Anniversary-172> She made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[166] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-G-Wedding-Anniversary-172>
Golden Jubilee
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament_-_15429091432.jpg>
At the opening of the second Session of the Scottish Parliament, 2003
On the eve of the new millennium <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000>, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh boarded a vessel from Southwark <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark>, bound for the Millennium Dome <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Dome>. Before passing under Tower Bridge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridge>, the Queen lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_of_London> using a laser torch.[167] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-173>[168] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-174> Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.[169] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-175> During the singing of Auld Lang Syne <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne>, the Queen held hands with the Duke and British Prime Minister Tony Blair <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair>.[170] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-176>[171] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-177>
In 2002, the Queen marked her Golden Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II>, the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.[172] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-178> She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_House,_Jamaica>, the official residence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_residence> of the governor-general <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica>, into darkness.[173] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-179> As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[174] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-180> and the enthusiasm shown for the Queen by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.[175] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-181>
In 2003, the Queen sued Daily Mirror <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror> for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace.[176] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-182> The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.[177] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-183> Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 the Queen had keyhole surgery <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_surgery> on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Stadium> because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[178] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-184>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_at_NASA.jpg>
Greeting NASA <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA> employees at the Goddard Space Flight Center <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center>, Maryland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland>, May 2007
In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph> reported that the Queen was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces> were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.[179] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-185> She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process> in Northern Ireland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland>.[180] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-186> She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.[181] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-187> On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland> St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Armagh_(Church_of_Ireland)>, the Queen attended the first Maundy service <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Maundy> held outside England and Wales.[182] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-188>
Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth.[183] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-UN-189> The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon>, introduced her as "an anchor for our age".[184] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-BBCUN-190> During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the September 11 attacks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks>.[184] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-BBCUN-190> The Queen's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.[185] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-191> By invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McAleese>, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_of_Elizabeth_II_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland> by a British monarch in May 2011.[186] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-192>
Diamond Jubilee and longevity
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Day_194_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Royal_Diamond_Jubilee_Visit_(7555521830).jpg>
Visiting Birmingham <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham> in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour
The Queen's 2012 Diamond Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II> marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.[187] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-193>[188] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-194> On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.[189] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-195> While touring Manchester as part of her Jubilee celebrations, the Queen made a surprise appearance at a wedding party at Manchester Town Hall, which then made international headlines.[190] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-196> In November, the Queen and her husband celebrated their blue sapphire wedding anniversary (65th).[191] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-197> On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom> since George III <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III> in 1781.[192] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-198>
The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics> in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics> and Paralympics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics> in London, making her the first head of state to open <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_opened_the_Olympic_Games> two Olympic Games in two countries.[193] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-199> For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_the_James_Bond_films#Happy_and_Glorious_(2012)> as part of the opening ceremony <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony>, alongside Daniel Craig <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Craig> as James Bond <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond>.[194] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-200> On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA> for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_girl> yet" at the award ceremony.[195] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-201>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Opening_of_the_Borders_Rail_-_21086557488.jpg>
Opening the Borders Railway <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_Railway> on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.[196] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-202>
On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII%27s_Hospital> as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis>.[197] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-203> A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_Commonwealth>.[198] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-204> Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting> for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[199] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-205> On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that she will be succeeded by Charles as Head of the Commonwealth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth>, which she stated was her "sincere wish".[200] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-206> She underwent cataract surgery <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract_surgery> in May 2018.[201] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-207> In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.[202] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-208>
The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs_by_longevity> on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign#Overall> and longest-reigning queen regnant <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs> and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.[203] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-209>[204] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-210>[205] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-211> She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia> died on 23 January 2015.[206] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-212>[207] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-213> She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_state_leaders_by_date_of_assumption_of_office> following the death of King Bhumibol <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Bhumibol> of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[208] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-214>[209] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-215> and the oldest current head of state <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_state_leaders_by_age> on the resignation of Robert Mugabe <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe> on 21 November 2017.[210] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-216>[211] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-217> On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II>,[212] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-218> and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[213] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-219> Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.[214] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-220>
COVID-19 pandemic
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_private_audience_with_Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg>
In a virtual meeting with Dame Cindy Kiro <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Cindy_Kiro> during the COVID-19 pandemic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic>, October 2021
On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom>, the Queen moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[215] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-221> Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[216] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-222> On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,[217] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-223> she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."[218] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-224> On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE_Day>, in a TV broadcast at 9 p.m.—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".[219] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-225> In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory> in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.[220] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-226> On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Warrior> at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.[221] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-227> In 2021, she received her first and second COVID-19 vaccinations <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccinations> in January and April respectively.[222] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-228>[223] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-229>
Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh>, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria.[224] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-230>[225] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-231> She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[226] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-232> and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".[227] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-233> Due to the COVID-19 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19> restrictions in place in England at the time, the Queen sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.[228] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-234>[229] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-235> In her Christmas broadcast that year, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him".[230] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-236>[231] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-237>
Despite the pandemic, the Queen attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament> in May,[232] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-238> and the 47th G7 summit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_G7_summit> in June.[233] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-239> On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service>, she awarded the NHS the George Cross <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cross> to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".[234] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-240> In October 2021, she began using a walking stick <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_stick> during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.[235] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-241> Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, visits to Northern Ireland,[236] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-242> the COP26 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COP26> summit in Glasgow,[237] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-243> and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_of_Remembrance> were cancelled on health grounds.[238] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-244>
Platinum Jubilee
The Queen's Platinum Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II> began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. She held a reception for pensioners, local Women's Institute <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Institute> members and charity volunteers on the eve of the date at Sandringham House <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham_House>.[239] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-245> In her Accession Day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.[240] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-246>
Later that month, the Queen had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members.[241] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-247>[242] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-248> She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February,[243] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-249> but held a phone conversation with Prime Minister Boris Johnson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson> the following day amid a crisis on the Russian–Ukrainian border <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis>.[244] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-250> (Russia invaded Ukraine <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine> one day later.) On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore.[245] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-251> On 7 March, the Queen met Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau> at Windsor Castle, which was her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis.[246] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-252> She later remarked that COVID infection leaves "one very tired and exhausted [...] it's not a nice result."[247] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-253>
The Queen was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Day> service in March[248] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-254> and the Royal Maundy Service <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Maundy> in April,[249] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-255> but she was present at a service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Service_of_Thanksgiving_for_the_life_of_The_Duke_of_Edinburgh> at Westminster Abbey on 29 March.[250] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-256> She also missed the State Opening of Parliament <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament> for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 because she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.[251] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-257>) In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as Counsellors of State <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsellors_of_State>.[252] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-258> On 17 May, the Queen officially opened <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_ceremony> the Elizabeth line <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line> in central London.[253] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-259>
The Queen does not intend to abdicate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicate>,[254] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-260> though Prince Charles began to take on more of her duties as she grew older and began carrying out fewer public engagements.[255] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-261>
Public perception and character
Main article: Personality and image of Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_and_image_of_Elizabeth_II>
Beliefs, activities and interests
Elizabeth rarely gives interviews and little is known of her personal feelings. She has not explicitly expressed her own political opinions in a public forum, and it is against convention to ask or reveal her views. When Times <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times> journalist Paul Routledge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Routledge> asked the Queen for her opinions on the miners' strike of 1984–85 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miners%27_strike_of_1984%E2%80%9385>, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Scargill>), with which Routledge disagreed.[256] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Routledge-262> Widely criticised in the media for asking the question, Routledge said he was not initially due to be present for the royal visit and was unaware of the protocols.[256] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-Routledge-262> After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum>, Prime Minister David Cameron <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron> stated that the Queen was pleased with the outcome.[257] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-263> She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.[258] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-264>
Elizabeth has a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her Coronation Oath <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Oath> seriously.[259] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-265> Aside from her official religious role <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom#Religious_role> as Supreme Governor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England> of the established <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion> Church of England <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England>, she worships with that church and also the national Church of Scotland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland>.[260] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-266> She has demonstrated support for inter-faith <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue> relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII>, John XXIII <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII>, John Paul II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II>, Benedict XVI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI> and Francis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis>.[261] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-267> A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas Message <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Message> broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:[262] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-268>
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.
She is patron <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron> of more than 600 organisations and charities.[263] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-269> The Charities Aid Foundation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charities_Aid_Foundation> estimated that Elizabeth has helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.[264] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-270> Her main leisure interests include equestrianism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism> and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Welsh_Corgi>.[265] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-271> Her lifelong love of corgis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_corgis> began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family.[266] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-272>[267] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-273> Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life have occasionally been witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepare a meal together and wash the dishes afterwards.[268] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-274>
Media depiction and public opinion
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[269] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-275> After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[270] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-276> Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[271] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-277> In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Family_(documentary)> and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Prince_of_Wales>.[272] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-278> Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[273] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-279> She dresses with an eye toward what is appropriate, rather than what is in vogue.[274] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-280> In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.[275] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-281> Her wardrobe is handled by a team that includes five dressers, a dressmaker, and a milliner.[276] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-282>
At the Queen's Silver Jubilee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II> in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic,[277] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-283> but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[278] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-284> Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[279] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-285> Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint and the Queen herself had high approval ratings.[280] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-286> Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of the Queen's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.[281] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-287> Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of the former Princess of Wales, Diana, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[282] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-288>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_in_Brisbane_1982.jpg>
Meeting children in Brisbane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane>, Australia, October 1982
In November 1999, a referendum in Australia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum> on the future of the Australian monarchy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_monarchy> favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[283] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-289> Many republicans have credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard> noted that there was a "deep affection" for the Queen in Australia and another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.[284] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-290> Her successor, Malcolm Turnbull <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull>, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believes that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.[285] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-291> "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".[286] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-292> Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tuvaluan_constitutional_referendum> and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Vincentian_constitutional_referendum> saw voters reject proposals to become republics.[287] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-293>
Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,[288] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-294> and in 2012, the Queen's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 percent.[289] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-295> Her family came under scrutiny again in 2019 and the early 2020s due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein> and Ghislaine Maxwell <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislaine_Maxwell>, his lawsuit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Giuffre_v._Prince_Andrew> with Virginia Giuffre <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Giuffre> amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex>'s exit from the monarchy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megxit> and subsequent move to the United States.[290] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-296>[291] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-297> Whilst not as universal as it once was, various polling suggested the popularity of the monarchy remained high in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee,[292] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-298> with the Queen's personal popularity remaining particularly strong.[293] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-299> As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.[294] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-300>
Elizabeth has been portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Annigoni>, Peter Blake <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)>, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinwe_Chukwuogo-Roy>, Terence Cuneo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Cuneo>, Lucian Freud <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Freud>, Rolf Harris <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Harris>, Damien Hirst <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Hirst>, Juliet Pannett <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Pannett> and Tai-Shan Schierenberg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-Shan_Schierenberg>.[295] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-301>[296] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-NPG1-302> Notable photographers of Elizabeth have included Cecil Beaton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Beaton>, Yousuf Karsh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousuf_Karsh>, Anwar Hussein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Hussein_(photographer)>, Annie Leibovitz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz>, Lord Lichfield <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Anson,_5th_Earl_of_Lichfield>, Terry O'Neill <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_(photographer)>, John Swannell <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Swannell_(photographer)> and Dorothy Wilding <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Wilding>. The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Adams_(photographer)> in 1926.[297] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-NPG-303>
Finances
Further information: Finances of the British royal family <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finances_of_the_British_royal_family>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandringham_House_from_the_air_(cropped).jpg>
Sandringham House <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham_House>, Elizabeth's private residence in Norfolk <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham,_Norfolk>
Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. In 1971, Jock Colville <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Colville>, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coutts>, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £29 million in 2020[298] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-inflation-UK-304>).[299] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-305>[300] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-306> In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[301] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-307> In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother.[302] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-308> The Sunday Times Rich List 2020 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List_2020> estimated her personal wealth at £350 million, making her the 372nd richest person in the UK.[303] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-309> She was number one on the list when it began in the Sunday Times Rich List 1989 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List_1989>, with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion, which included state assets that were not hers personally,[304] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-310> (approximately £13.2 billion in today's value).[298] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-inflation-UK-304>
The Royal Collection <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection>, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom>, is not owned personally but is described as being held in trust <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law> by the Queen for her successors and the nation,[305] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-311> as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace> and Windsor Castle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle>,[306] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-res-312> and the Duchy of Lancaster <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster>, a property portfolio valued at £472 million in 2015.[307] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-313> The Paradise Papers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Papers>, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British tax havens <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven> of the Cayman Islands <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands> and Bermuda <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda>.[308] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-314> Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_Castle> in Aberdeenshire are personally owned by the Queen.[306] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-res-312> The Crown Estate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Estate> – with holdings of £14.3 billion in 2019[309] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-315> – is held in trust and cannot be sold or owned by her in a personal capacity.[310] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-316>
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg>
Royal cypher <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_cypher> of Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg>
Personal flag of Elizabeth II
Titles and styles
Main article: List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II>
21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York
11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth
20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh
Since 6 February 1952: Her Majesty The Queen
Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations>, is sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands> and Isle of Man <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man>, which are Crown Dependencies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Dependencies> rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy> and Lord of Mann <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Mann>, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidei_defensor> and Duke of Lancaster <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster>.
When conversing with the Queen, the correct etiquette is to address her initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am pronounced /mæm/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English>, with a short 'a' as in jam.[311] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-317>
Arms
See also: Flags of Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Elizabeth_II>
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)> bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom> differenced with a label <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_(heraldry)> of three points argent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent>, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_rose> and the first and third a cross of St George <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross>.[312] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-318> Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner#Heraldic_banners> and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom>, Canada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada>, Australia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Personal_Australian_Flag>, New Zealand <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Personal_Flag_for_New_Zealand>, Jamaica <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Personal_Jamaican_Flag>, and elsewhere.[313] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-319>
Issue
NameBirthMarriageChildrenGrandchildren
DateSpouse
Charles, Prince of Wales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales>14 November 1948 (age 73)29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996Lady Diana Spencer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Diana_Spencer>Prince William, Duke of Cambridge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge>Prince George of Cambridge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_of_Cambridge> Princess Charlotte of Cambridge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Cambridge> Prince Louis of Cambridge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Cambridge>
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex>Archie Mountbatten-Windsor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Mountbatten-Windsor> Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilibet_Mountbatten-Windsor>
9 April 2005Camilla Parker Bowles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Parker_Bowles>None
Anne, Princess Royal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal>15 August 1950 (age 71)14 November 1973 Divorced 28 April 1992Mark Phillips <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Phillips>Peter Phillips <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Phillips>Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips
Zara Tindall <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Tindall>Mia Tindall Lena Tindall Lucas Tindall
12 December 1992Timothy Laurence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Laurence>None
Prince Andrew, Duke of York <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York>19 February 1960 (age 62)23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996Sarah Ferguson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Ferguson>Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Beatrice,_Mrs_Edoardo_Mapelli_Mozzi>Sienna Mapelli Mozzi
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Eugenie,_Mrs_Jack_Brooksbank>August Brooksbank
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex>10 March 1964 (age 58)19 June 1999Sophie Rhys-Jones <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Rhys-Jones>Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Louise_Mountbatten-Windsor>None
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mountbatten-Windsor,_Viscount_Severn>None
Ancestry
showAncestors of Elizabeth II[314] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-320>[315] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-321>[316] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-322>
See also
Household of Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_of_Elizabeth_II>
List of things named after Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Elizabeth_II>
List of Jubilees of Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jubilees_of_British_monarchs#Elizabeth_II>
List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Address_to_the_Nation#Elizabeth_II>
Royal eponyms in Canada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada>
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_descendants_of_Queen_Victoria_and_King_Christian_IX>
Notes
1.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-birthday_1-0> The Queen's Official Birthday <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Official_Birthday> is not the same day as her date of birth.
2.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-constitutional_3-0> As a constitutional monarch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarch>, the Queen is head of state, but her executive powers are limited by constitutional conventions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)>.[1] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-2>
3.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-realms_4-0> The other 14 realms are: Antigua and Barbuda <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda>, Australia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia>, The Bahamas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas>, Belize <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize>, Canada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada>, Grenada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada>, Jamaica <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica>, New Zealand <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand>, Papua New Guinea <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea>, Saint Kitts and Nevis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis>, Saint Lucia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia>, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines>, the Solomon Islands <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands>, and Tuvalu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu>.
4.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-baptism_8-0> Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn> (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Viscountess_Lascelles> (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elphinstone,_Lady_Elphinstone> (her maternal aunt).[4] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-7>
5.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-television_80-0> Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_licensing_in_the_United_Kingdom> doubled to 3 million,[73] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-77> and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[74] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-78> In North America, almost 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[75] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-79>
6.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-russia_157-0> The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn, Estonia.[150] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-155>[151] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-156>
References
Citations
1.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-2> Alden, Chris (16 May 2002), "Britain's monarchy" <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/16/qanda.jubilee>, The Guardian
2.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-5> Bradford (2012), p. 22; Brandreth, p. 103; Marr, p. 76; Pimlott, pp. 2–3; Lacey, pp. 75–76; Roberts, p. 74
3.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-6> Hoey, p. 40
4.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-7> Brandreth, p. 103; Hoey, p. 40
5.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-9> Brandreth, p. 103
6.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-10> Pimlott, p. 12
7.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-11> Williamson, p. 205
8.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-12> Pimlott, p. 15
9.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-13> Lacey, p. 56; Nicolson, p. 433; Pimlott, pp. 14–16
10.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-14> Crawford, p. 26; Pimlott, p. 20; Shawcross, p. 21
11.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-15> Brandreth, p. 124; Lacey, pp. 62–63; Pimlott, pp. 24, 69
12.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-16> Brandreth, pp. 108–110; Lacey, pp. 159–161; Pimlott, pp. 20, 163
13.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-17> Brandreth, pp. 108–110
14.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-18> Brandreth, p. 105; Lacey, p. 81; Shawcross, pp. 21–22
15.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-19> Brandreth, pp. 105–106
16.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-20> Bond, p. 8; Lacey, p. 76; Pimlott, p. 3
17.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-21> Lacey, pp. 97–98
18.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-22> Marr, pp. 78, 85; Pimlott, pp. 71–73
19.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-23> Brandreth, p. 124; Crawford, p. 85; Lacey, p. 112; Marr, p. 88; Pimlott, p. 51; Shawcross, p. 25
20.^ Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Edu_24-0> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Edu_24-1> Her Majesty The Queen: Early life and education <https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5>, Royal Household, 29 December 2015, retrieved 18 April 2016
21.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-25> Marr, p. 84; Pimlott, p. 47
22.^ Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-p54_26-0> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-p54_26-1> Pimlott, p. 54
23.^ Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-p55_27-0> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-p55_27-1> Pimlott, p. 55
24.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-28> Warwick, Christopher (2002), Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts, London: Carlton Publishing Group, p. 102, ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-0-233-05106-2 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-05106-2>
25.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-29> Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother <https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother>, Royal Household, 21 December 2015, retrieved 18 April 2016
26.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-30> Crawford, pp. 104–114; Pimlott, pp. 56–57
27.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-31> Crawford, pp. 114–119; Pimlott, p. 57
28.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-32> Crawford, pp. 137–141
29.^ Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-CH_33-0> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-CH_33-1> Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth <https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p>, BBC, 13 October 1940, archived <https://web.archive.org/web/20191127053143/https:/www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p> from the original on 27 November 2019, retrieved 22 July 2009
30.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-34> Early public life <https://web.archive.org/web/20100328170101/http:/www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx>, Royal Household, archived from the original <http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx> on 28 March 2010, retrieved 20 April 2010
31.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-35> Pimlott, p. 71
32.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-36> "No. 36973" <https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36973/supplement/1315>, The London Gazette <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette> (Supplement), 6 March 1945, p. 1315
33.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-37> Bradford (2012), p. 45; Lacey, p. 148; Marr, p. 100; Pimlott, p. 75
34.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-38> "No. 37205" <https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37205/supplement/3972>, The London Gazette <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette> (Supplement), 31 July 1945, p. 3972
35.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-39> Rothman, Lily (25 May 2018), "The World War II Auto Mechanic in This Photo Is Queen Elizabeth II. Here's the Story Behind the Picture" <http://time.com/5287517/world-war-ii-queen-elizabeth-photo>, Time
36.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-40> Bond, p. 10; Pimlott, p. 79
37.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-41> "Royal plans to beat nationalism" <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm>, BBC News, 8 March 2005, retrieved 15 June 2010
38.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-42> Pimlott, pp. 71–73
39.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-43> Gorsedd of the Bards <https://web.archive.org/web/20140518203811/http:/www.museumwales.ac.uk/911>, National Museum of Wales, archived from the original <http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911> on 18 May 2014, retrieved 17 December 2009
40.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-44> A speech by the Queen on her 21st birthday <https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947>, Royal Household, 20 April 1947, retrieved 18 April 2016
41.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Oldie_45-0> Utley, Charles (June 2017). "My grandfather wrote the Princess's speech" <https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech>. The Oldie.
42.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-46> Brandreth, pp. 132–139; Lacey, pp. 124–125; Pimlott, p. 86
43.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-47> Bond, p. 10; Brandreth, pp. 132–136, 166–169; Lacey, pp. 119, 126, 135
44.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-48> Heald, p. 77
45.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-49> Edwards, Phil (31 October 2000), The Real Prince Philip <https://web.archive.org/web/20100209095416/http:/www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html>, Channel 4 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4>, archived from the original <http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html> on 9 February 2010, retrieved 23 September 2009
46.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-50> Crawford, p. 180
47.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-51> Davies, Caroline (20 April 2006), "Philip, the one constant through her life" <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1400208/Philip-the-one-constant-through-her-life.html>, The Daily Telegraph <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph>, London, archived <https://ghostarchive.org/archive/oQII5> from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 23 September 2009
48.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-52> Brandreth, p. 314
49.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-53> Heald, p. xviii
50.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-54> Hoey, pp. 55–56; Pimlott, pp. 101, 137
51.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-55> "No. 38128" <https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38128/page/5495>, The London Gazette <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette>, 21 November 1947, p. 5495
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53.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-57> Hoey, p. 58; Pimlott, pp. 133–134
54.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-58> Hoey, p. 59; Petropoulos, p. 363
55.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-59> Bradford (2012), p. 61
56.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-60> Letters Patent, 22 October 1948; Hoey, pp. 69–70; Pimlott, pp. 155–156
57.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-61> Pimlott, p. 163
58.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-62> Brandreth, pp. 226–238; Pimlott, pp. 145, 159–163, 167
59.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-63> Brandreth, pp. 240–241; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. 169–172
60.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-64> Brandreth, pp. 245–247; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. 173–176; Shawcross, p. 16
61.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-65> Bousfield and Toffoli, p. 72; Bradford (2002), p. 166; Pimlott, p. 179; Shawcross, p. 17
62.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-66> Mitchell, James (2003), "Scotland: Cultural Base and Economic Catalysts", in Hollowell, Jonathan (ed.), Britain Since 1945, Wiley-Blackwell, p. 113, doi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1002/9780470758328.ch5 <https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470758328.ch5>, ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-0-631-20967-6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20967-6>
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100.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-105> Hardman, pp. 213–214
101.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-106> Williams, Kate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Williams_(historian)> (18 August 2019). "As The Crown returns, watch out for these milestones" <https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams>. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
102.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-107> Bond, p. 66; Pimlott, pp. 345–354
103.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-108> Bradford (2012), pp. 123, 154, 176; Pimlott, pp. 301, 315–316, 415–417
104.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-109> Hoey, Brian (2022). Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Celebration-70 Years: 1952–2022. Pitkin. p. 58. ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-1-84165-939-8 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84165-939-8>.
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106.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-111> Bradford (2012), p. 181; Pimlott, p. 418
107.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-112> Bradford (2012), p. 181; Marr, p. 256; Pimlott, p. 419; Shawcross, pp. 109–110
108.^ Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Aus_113-0> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Aus_113-1> Bond, p. 96; Marr, p. 257; Pimlott, p. 427; Shawcross, p. 110
109.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-114> Pimlott, pp. 428–429
110.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-115> Pimlott, p. 449
111.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-116> Hardman, p. 137; Roberts, pp. 88–89; Shawcross, p. 178
112.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-117> Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in Shawcross, p. 178
113.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-118> Pimlott, pp. 336–337, 470–471; Roberts, pp. 88–89
114.^ Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Post_119-0> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Post_119-1> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Post_119-2> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Post_119-3> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-Post_119-4> Heinricks, Geoff (29 September 2000), "Trudeau: A drawer monarchist", National Post <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post>, Toronto, p. B12
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116.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-121> Lacey, p. 281; Pimlott, pp. 476–477; Shawcross, p. 192
117.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-122> McNeilly, Hamish (1 March 2018), "Intelligence documents confirm assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth in New Zealand" <https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html>, The Sydney Morning Herald <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald>, retrieved 1 March 2018
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119.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-124> Bond, p. 115; Pimlott, p. 487
120.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-125> Pimlott, p. 487; Shawcross, p. 127
121.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-126> Lacey, pp. 297–298; Pimlott, p. 491
122.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-127> Bond, p. 188; Pimlott, p. 497
123.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-128> Pimlott, pp. 488–490
124.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-129> Pimlott, p. 521
125.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-130> Hardman, pp. 216–217 and Pimlott, pp. 503–515; see also Neil, pp. 195–207 and Shawcross, pp. 129–132
126.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-131> Thatcher to Brian Walden <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Walden> quoted in Neil, p. 207; Andrew Neil <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Neil> quoted in Woodrow Wyatt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wyatt>'s diary of 26 October 1990
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128.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-133> Hardman, pp. 167, 171–173
129.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-134> Roberts, p. 101; Shawcross, p. 139
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132.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-137> "Queen fulfills a Royal Goal: To visit China" <https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html>. The New York Times. 13 October 1986.
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139.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-144> Pimlott, p. 538
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285.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-291> Ireland, Judith (15 July 2017). "We're all Elizabethans now: When Malcolm Turnbull met the monarch" <https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html>. The Sydney Morning Herald.
286.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-292> Lagan, Bernard (9 March 2021), "Australians in new push to break royal links after Meghan and Harry interview" <https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k>, The Times
287.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-293> "Vincies vote 'No'" <https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml>, BBC News, 26 November 2009, retrieved 26 November 2009
288.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-294> Monarchy poll <https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/378/Monarchy-Poll-April-2006.aspx>, Ipsos MORI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos_MORI>, April 2006, retrieved 22 March 2015Monarchy Survey <https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201056/http:/populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf> (PDF), Populus Ltd <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_Ltd>, 16 December 2007, p. 9, archived from the original <http://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf> (PDF) on 11 May 2011, retrieved 17 August 2010"Poll respondents back UK monarchy" <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm>, BBC News, 28 December 2007, retrieved 17 August 2010
289.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-295> Monarchy/Royal Family Trends – Satisfaction with the Queen <https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163208/https:/www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen>, Ipsos MORI, 19 May 2016, archived from the original <https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen> on 23 January 2021, retrieved 19 September 2017
290.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-296> Mills, Rhiannon (7 September 2019). "Epstein, Andrew and private jets: The royals have had a tumultuous summer" <https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972>. Sky News. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
291.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-297> Gallagher, Sophie; Hall, Harriet (19 May 2021). "How the couple who were supposed to 'modernise the monarchy' turned their backs on it" <https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html>. The Independent. Archived <http://archive.today/2022.03.30-200022/https:/www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
292.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-298> "IPSOS Attitudes to the Royal Family <https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf>" (PDF). March 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. "Half of Britons won't be celebrating Platinum Jubilee and think Royal Family is out of touch <https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587>". inews.co.uk. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022. Kirk, Isabelle (1 June 2022). "Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? | YouGov <https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m>". yougov.co.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2022. "Sky high public approval for the Queen ahead of Platinum Jubilee <https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee>". Ipsos Mori. 30 May 2022.
293.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-299> "The Queen remains the nations' favourite royal as the public associate her with tradition and a positive symbol of Britain at home and abroad <https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain>". Ipsos Mori. 30 May 2022. Ibbetson, Connor (21 May 2022). "Platinum Jubilee: how popular are the royals? | YouGov <https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals>". yougov.co.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2022. "IPSOS Attitudes to the Royal Family <https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf>" (PDF). March 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. "Half of Britons won't be celebrating Platinum Jubilee and think Royal Family is out of touch <https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587>". inews.co.uk. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022. "Sky high public approval for the Queen ahead of Platinum Jubilee <https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee>". Ipsos Mori. 30 May 2022. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne
294.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-300> "[1] <https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021>". "Gallup". 14 December 2021.
295.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-301> Riley, Ben (12 February 2016), "Revealed: Damien Hirst's only portrait of the Queen found in government archives" <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/12155026/Revealed-Damien-Hirsts-only-portrait-of-the-Queen-found-in-government-archives.html>, The Daily Telegraph, archived <https://ghostarchive.org/archive/hcSiV> from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 10 September 2016
296.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-NPG1_302-0> Elizabeth II <http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0>, National Portrait Gallery <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London>, retrieved 22 June 2013
297.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-NPG_303-0> Marcus Adams <http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art>, National Portrait Gallery, retrieved 20 April 2013
298.^ Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-inflation-UK_304-0> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-inflation-UK_304-1> UK Retail Price Index <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_Price_Index> inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" <https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/>, MeasuringWorth, retrieved 2 December 2021
299.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-305> "£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate'", The Times <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times>, p. 1, 11 June 1971
300.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-306> Pimlott, p. 401
301.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-307> Lord Chamberlain <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain> Lord Airlie <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogilvy,_13th_Earl_of_Airlie> quoted in Hoey, p. 225 and Pimlott, p. 561
302.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-308> "Queen inherits Queen Mother's estate" <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1993665.stm>, BBC News, 17 May 2002, retrieved 25 December 2015
303.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-309> "The Queen net worth — Sunday Times Rich List 2020" <https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sunday-times-rich-list-the-queen-net-worth-jbg329flv>, The Times <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times>, ISSN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> 0140-0460 <https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460>, retrieved 11 November 2020
304.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-310> "Rich List: Changing face of wealth" <https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762>, BBC News, 18 April 2013, retrieved 23 July 2020
305.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-311> FAQs <http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/about/frequently-asked-questions>, Royal Collection, retrieved 29 March 2012The Royal Collection <https://www.royal.uk/royal-collection>, Royal Household, 20 November 2015, retrieved 18 April 2016
306.^ Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-res_312-0> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-res_312-1> The Royal Residences: Overview <https://web.archive.org/web/20110501012839/http:/www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalResidences/Overview.aspx>, Royal Household, archived from the original <http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalResidences/Overview.aspx> on 1 May 2011, retrieved 9 December 2009
307.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-313> Accounts, Annual Reports and Investments <https://web.archive.org/web/20170824113505/http:/www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/financial/accounts-annual-reports-and-investments/>, Duchy of Lancaster, 2015, archived from the original <http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/financial/accounts-annual-reports-and-investments> on 24 August 2017, retrieved 19 August 2017
308.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-314> Osborne, Hilary (5 November 2017), "Revealed: Queen's private estate invested millions of pounds offshore" <https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/05/revealed-queen-private-estate-invested-offshore-paradise-papers>, The Guardian, archived <https://web.archive.org/web/20171105190200/https:/www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/05/revealed-queen-private-estate-invested-offshore-paradise-papers> from the original on 5 November 2017, retrieved 9 November 2020
309.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-315> Brilliant places for our customers <https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/3189/22668_the-crown-estate_ar_2019-interactive.pdf> (PDF), Crown Estate, 2019, retrieved 17 June 2020
310.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-316> FAQs <https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/our-business/faqs>, Crown Estate, retrieved 22 March 2015
311.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-317> Greeting a member of The Royal Family <https://www.royal.uk/greeting-member-royal-family>, Royal Household, 15 January 2016, retrieved 18 April 2016
312.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-318> Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth <https://web.archive.org/web/20131106035558/http:/ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm>, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_British_Columbia>, archived from the original <http://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm> on 6 November 2013, retrieved 6 April 2013
313.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-319> Personal flags <https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags>, Royal Household, 15 January 2016, retrieved 18 April 2016
314.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-320> Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maclagan> (1999) [1981], Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.), London: Little, Brown, p. 34, ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-0-316-84820-6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-84820-6>
315.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-321> Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Massingberd>, ed. (1973), "The Royal Lineage" <https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond>, Burke's Guide to the Royal Family <https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond/page/252>, London: Burke's Peerage, pp. 252, 293, 307 <https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond/page/252>, ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 0-220-66222-3 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-220-66222-3>
316.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_ref-322> Wagner, A. R. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wagner> (1940), "Some of the Sixty-four Ancestors of Her Majesty the Queen", Genealogist's Magazine, 9 (1): 7–13
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Hoey, Brian (2002). Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years. London: HarperCollins. ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 0-00-653136-9 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-653136-9>
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Marr, Andrew <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Marr> (2011). The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People. London: Macmillan. ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-0-230-74852-1 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-74852-1>
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Pimlott, Ben <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Pimlott> (2001). The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy. London: HarperCollins. ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 0-00-255494-1 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255494-1>
Roberts, Andrew <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)>; Edited by Antonia Fraser <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Fraser> (2000). The House of Windsor. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 0-304-35406-6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35406-6>
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Williamson, David (1987). Debrett's <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s> Kings and Queens of Britain. Webb & Bower. ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 0-86350-101-X <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86350-101-X>
Wyatt, Woodrow <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wyatt>; Edited by Sarah Curtis (1999). The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt: Volume II. London: Macmillan. ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 0-333-77405-1 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-77405-1>
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Heads of state of Canada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Canada>
Heads of state of Fiji <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Fiji>
Heads of state of the Gambia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_the_Gambia>
Heads of state of Ghana <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Ghana>
Heads of state of Grenada <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Grenada>
Heads of state of Guyana <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Guyana>
Heads of state of Jamaica <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Jamaica>
Heads of state of Kenya <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Kenya>
Heads of state of Malawi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Malawi>
Heads of state of Malta <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Malta>
Heads of state of Mauritius <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Mauritius>
Heads of state of New Zealand <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_New_Zealand>
Heads of state of Nigeria <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Nigeria>
Heads of state of Pakistan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Pakistan>
Heads of state of Papua New Guinea <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Papua_New_Guinea>
Heads of state of Saint Kitts and Nevis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis>
Heads of state of Saint Lucia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Saint_Lucia>
Heads of state of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines>
Heads of state of Sierra Leone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Sierra_Leone>
Heads of state of the Solomon Islands <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_the_Solomon_Islands>
Heads of state of Tanganyika <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Tanganyika>
Heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago>
Heads of state of Tuvalu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Tuvalu>
Heads of state of Uganda <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Uganda>
Heirs to the British throne <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heirs_to_the_British_throne>
Honorary air commodores <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Honorary_air_commodores>
House of Windsor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:House_of_Windsor>
Jewellery collectors <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewellery_collectors>
Lord High Admirals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lord_High_Admirals>
Monarchs of Australia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_Australia>
Monarchs of Ceylon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_Ceylon>
Monarchs of the Isle of Man <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_the_Isle_of_Man>
Monarchs of South Africa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_South_Africa>
Monarchs of the United Kingdom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_the_United_Kingdom>
People from Mayfair <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Mayfair>
People named in the Paradise Papers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_named_in_the_Paradise_Papers>
Queens regnant in the British Isles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Queens_regnant_in_the_British_Isles>
Time 100 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Time_100>
Time Person of the Year <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Time_Person_of_the_Year>
Women in the Canadian armed services <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_in_the_Canadian_armed_services>

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Barre chronologique Elizabeth II Queen of the (Elizabeth II, Queen of the) United Kingdom [[[35&38ggcCh-Wikibio++]]]

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Cliquez sur le nom pour plus d'information. Symboles utilisés: grootouders grand-parents   ouders parents   broers-zussen frères/soeurs   kinderen enfants

Ancêtres (et descendants) de Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom


Avec la recherche rapide, vous pouvez effectuer une recherche par nom, prénom suivi d'un nom de famille. Vous tapez quelques lettres (au moins 3) et une liste de noms personnels dans cette publication apparaîtra immédiatement. Plus de caractères saisis, plus précis seront les résultats. Cliquez sur le nom d'une personne pour accéder à la page de cette personne.

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  • Si vous n'êtes pas sûr du prénom ou de l'orthographe exacte, vous pouvez utiliser un astérisque (*). Exemple : "*ornelis de b*r" trouve à la fois "cornelis de boer" et "kornelis de buur".
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Les données affichées n'ont aucune source.

Événements historiques

Jour de naissance 21 avril 1926

  • La température au 21 avril 1926 était entre 3,7 et 9,9 °C et était d'une moyenne de 7,3 °C. Il y avait 2,1 mm de précipitation. Il y avait 1,7 heures de soleil (12%). La force moyenne du vent était de 3 Bft (vent modéré) et venait principalement du sud. Source: KNMI
  • Du 4 août 1925 au 8 mars 1926 il y avait aux Pays-Bas le cabinet Colijn I avec comme premier ministre Dr. H. Colijn (ARP).
  • Du 8 mars 1926 au 10 août 1929 il y avait aux Pays-Bas le cabinet De Geer I avec comme premier ministre Jonkheer mr. D.J. de Geer (CHU).
  • En l'an 1926: Source: Wikipedia
    • La population des Pays-Bas était d'environ 7,4 millions d'habitants.
    • 3 janvier » en Grèce, Theódoros Pángalos s'autoproclame dictateur.
    • 6 mars » en France, chute du gouvernement du président du Conseil Aristide Briand.
    • 16 mars » à Auburn, dans le Massachusetts, Robert Goddard lance sa première fusée à carburant liquide. Elle s'élève à 12,5mètres et son vol dure 2,5 secondes.
    • 12 mai » fin de la grève générale au Royaume-Uni.
    • 8 septembre » l'Allemagne adhère à la Société des Nations (retrait le 21 octobre 1933).
    • 10 décembre » Aristide Briand reçoit le prix Nobel de la paix.

Jour du mariage 20 novembre 1947

  • La température au 20 novembre 1947 était entre -2,8 et 12,7 °C et était d'une moyenne de 4,9 °C. Il y avait 0,1 mm de précipitation. La force moyenne du vent était de 4 Bft (vent modéré) et venait principalement du sud-sud-ouest. Source: KNMI
  • Du 3 juillet 1946 au 7 août 1948 il y avait aux Pays-Bas le cabinet Beel I avec comme premier ministre Dr. L.J.M. Beel (KVP).
  • En l'an 1947: Source: Wikipedia
    • La population des Pays-Bas était d'environ 9,5 millions d'habitants.
    • 29 janvier » les États-Unis renoncent à leur rôle de médiateur, en Chine.
    • 9 avril » résolution n° 22 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies, relative aux incidents survenus dans le détroit de Corfou.
    • 26 juillet » adoption aux États-Unis du National Security Act qui réorganise les forces armées et les services de renseignements.
    • 8 août » le drapeau du Pakistan est adopté.
    • 12 août » résolution n29 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies relative à l'admission de nouveaux membres (Yémen et Pakistan).
    • 29 novembre » |vote de la résolution n181 par l'assemblée générale des Nations unies qui prévoit la partition de la Palestine mandataire en trois entités, avec la création d’un État juif et d’un État arabe, Jérusalem et sa proche banlieue étant placées sous contrôle international en tant que corpus separatum.


Même jour de naissance/décès

Source: Wikipedia

Source: Wikipedia


Sur le nom de famille United Kingdom


La publication Généalogie Wylie a été préparée par .contacter l'auteur
Lors de la copie des données de cet arbre généalogique, veuillez inclure une référence à l'origine:
Kin Mapper, "Généalogie Wylie", base de données, Généalogie Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/genealogie-wylie/I398036.php : consultée 24 septembre 2024), "Elizabeth II Queen of the (Elizabeth II, Queen of the) United Kingdom [[[35&38ggcCh-Wikibio++]]] (1926-2022)".