Fox and Anderson and Taylor families in USA » King Richard Plantagenet III (1452-1485)

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1. Wikipedia .org, via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II...

   Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat at Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the protagonist of Richard III, one of William Shakespeare's history plays.
   
   When his brother King Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord Protector of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V. Arrangements were made for Edward's coronation on 22 June 1483; but, before the young king could be crowned, the marriage of his parents was declared bigamous and therefore invalid, making their children officially illegitimate and barring them from inheriting the throne. On 25 June, an assembly of Lords and commoners endorsed a declaration to this effect and proclaimed Richard the rightful king. The following day, Richard III began his reign, and he was crowned on 6 July 1483. The young princes, Edward and his younger brother Richard, Duke of York, were not seen in public after August, and accusations circulated that the boys had been murdered on Richard's orders.
   
   There were two major rebellions against Richard during his reign. The first, in October 1483, was led by staunch allies of Edward IV[1] and Richard's former ally, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham;[2] but the revolt collapsed. In August 1485, Henry Tudor and his uncle, Jasper Tudor, led a second rebellion. Henry Tudor landed in southern Wales with a small contingent of French troops and marched through his birthplace, Pembrokeshire, recruiting soldiers. Henry's force engaged Richard's army and defeated it at the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire. Richard was slain in the conflict, making him the last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as Henry VII.
   

2. 1.MyHeritage.com, via https://www.myheritage.com/site-family-t...

   Biography
   
   Richard only reigned for two years, from 6th July 1483 until his death at the battle of Bosworth on 22nd August 1485. Richard was the thirteenth and last Plantagenet king and the last king to be killed in battle. We see Richard depicted as a hunch-back by Shakespeare but this deformity may be exagerated.
   
   Origins
   Richard was born at Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire on 2nd October 1452. His father was Richard, Duke of York (died 1460) and his mother was Cecily Neville. Richard was their fourth son and last surviving child. Richard was born during the War of the Roses and along with George an elder brother, was moved from one safe location to another as the fortunes of their father changed. At the end of June 1461, Richard's eldest brother Edward became king of England as Edward IV and later that year Richard was given the title of Duke of Gloucester and made a member of the Order of the Garter. Richard's brother George was given the title Duke of Clarence.
   
   Schooling
   It was normal in medieval times for the sons of kings to be taught in the homes of other members of the nobility. Richard's schooling was entrusted to Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the 'Kingmaker') and Richard spent several years at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire learning the noble arts of hunting and jousting. Richard shared his time at Middleham with Francis Lovell, a knight who would support Richard in the future, and the daughters of the Kingmaker Isabel and Anne. Isabel would marry George, Richard's brother, and Anne would eventually marry Richard and become Queen of England.
   
   A much maligned and misunderstood king, thanks to Tudor slander after his untimely death at Bosworth on the 22nd August 1485 and later thanks to Shakespeare who took the Tudor slander and created a villain that has persisted as a stereotype for hundreds of years.
   
   The truth is that Richard of Gloucester was not a hunchback, the portraits were overpainted to make him look that way. He did not murder his brother the Duke of Clarence, that was a private execution carried out on the orders of their brother Edward IV. At the time of Clarence’s death Richard was back in the North, in the territory he controlled and ruled on behalf of his brother the king. He did not murder his son or his wife, they both died of natural diseases. He was made Lord Protector of the new king Edward V when his brother Edward died by direct bequest in Edward’s will.
   
   He did not usurp the throne. He was petitioned by parliament to take the throne after the revelation of the pre-contract of marriage which rendered the Princes illegitimate and unable to hold the position. The Titulus Regis, written at that time and later ordered to be hunted down and destroyed by order of Henry Tudor, proclaimed his right to be king.
   
   During his short reign Richard III introduced the bail system which we follow today, he standardised weights and measures across the kingdom, he abolished benevolences, abolished the purchasing of high office, you had to get there by merit or not at all, and established English as the language of law so that the common people would understand what was being said. He endowed many collegiates and was an intensely pious and devoted man.
   
   His part in the ‘death of the Princes’ is something which haunts his reputation to this day but the blame for the Princes’ disappearance can be laid at the door of several people, not least of whom was Henry, Duke of Buckingham, who later turned traitor to Richard and was executed after his uprising failed.
   
   Bosworth was a disaster waiting to happen, as the Stanleys and others stood back and let the battle go as it would, without joining in. Any good book on the battle will show that Richard III should have won, the Tudor should have been despatched and if all had gone according to plan, that is precisely what would have happened. Unfortunately the turncoats had the day and Richard was killed. It has been said he had nothing to live for at that time anyway, having lost all that mattered to him, his brother Edward to whom he was devoted, his wife and his son, both of whom he adored.
   

3. Internet Page, via https://blog.english-heritage.org.uk/ric...

   The infamous King Richard III has a reputation: exiled as a young man, embroiled in the (un)timely disappearance of his young nephews, reigning as King of England, only for his remains to be found in a car park in Leicester. To mark his reburial, historian Steven Brindle retells the king’s tumultuous life, which was for the most part lived out at English Heritage’s Middleham Castle
   
   For Shakespeare, he was one of the great ‘dark legends’ of English history: Shakespeare’s Richard III is one of English literature’s great villains and tragic heroes. The lines, ‘a horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse’, and the image of the crown rolling under the thorn-bush are stamped into English culture: but this is literature, not history. Look behind Shakespeare’s magnificent verse and the story remains a tragic one, but the truth becomes something much more complex, and ultimately probably unknowable.
   
   Many English monarchs have complex historic reputations, the subject of drastic revision, but none have aroused more passionate feeling than Richard III. In the 20th century, England’s last medieval king inspired a diverse group of people to campaign for the restoration of his reputation, deliberately blackened (as they saw it) by the Tudor propaganda of Thomas More and Shakespeare. The rediscovery of Richard’s remains, on the site of the Greyfriars Church in Leicester where his remains were swiftly and unceremoniously buried after his defeat and death at Bosworth in August 1485, is his supporters’ greatest triumph. And it is, indeed, one of the most extraordinary achievements in the whole story of British archaeology.
   
   The identification of the king’s DNA by tracing a collateral descendant (in Canada) through the female line, the discovery that the fabled ‘hunchback’ was, in fact scoliosis of the spine, the revelation of the king’s terrible, fatal injuries, and the reconstruction from his skull of his face, have made this an archaeological story like no other. A figure from the past has been resurrected: has, in a sense, become real.
   
   The story has raised the controversies of Richard’s life, his short reign, and the tragic fate of his nephews, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York, the young princes under Richard’s care who mysteriously disappeared before young Edward could be coronated as king.
   
   It also generated a briefly intense and richly enjoyable English controversy as to where the lost and found king should be buried. Westminster Abbey was mooted (which has the most royal burials, but no links with the House of York); Windsor (where Richard’s brother Edward IV is, and where Richard himself buried his supposed victim, Henry VI); while York Minster laid claim to him as England’s most ‘northern’ king. Yet in the end, Leicester’s claim seemed unchallengeable, legally and historically. However, if history had turned out differently, Richard might well have ended up being buried at the place which, of all places, he was most likely to have thought of as home: Middleham in Wensleydale. If his older brother Edward IV had lived out a natural term, instead of dying suddenly at the age of 40, Richard might well have elected to be buried here.
   
   Middleham was the seat of a great lordship. In the mid-15th century it was one of the main residences of the greatest lords of all: the Nevilles. Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury and Warwick, known as ‘the Kingmaker’, resided here, and in the 1460s he effectively controlled the north of England on behalf of the new Yorkist king Edward IV. It was a commonly accepted practice for aristocratic children to be brought up in a great noble household, to be educated and taught the arts of war, and thus Edward IV entrusted his youngest brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester to Warwick’s care: he lived at Middleham for around three years, from about 1465-8, when he was aged 13 to 16. In 1470-1, history seemed to speed up again: Warwick fell out with Edward, rebelled against him, deposed him and forced Edward and Richard into exile, putting Henry VI back on the throne. Warwick then had to face Edward’s wrath as he returned from exile with an army at his back, and was killed at the battle of Barnet. And so it was that Richard, now 21 years old, inherited Warwick’s place as Lord of Middleham, and as effective ruler of the north of England on behalf of his brother. In 1472, he married Warwick’s younger daughter, Anne Neville, which confirmed Richard’s inheritance of the mantle of the Nevilles in the north.
   
   There were many castles, but Middleham was home. It would have been like a smaller version of Edward IV’s glittering court, a microcosm of late medieval society with its now- vanished outer bailey teeming with horses and armed retainers, the inner bailey lined with apartments filled with servants, and with the members of northern gentry families who made up Richard’s ‘affinity’ and supported him during his bid for the throne and his brief reign. The castle’s great Norman keep remained the focus of this quasi-royal residence, with the kitchens on the ground floor, the Great Hall where the liveried retainers ate and slept on the first floor, the Great Chamber next to it for more private audiences with the Duke. Above this, another storey was added in the 15th century, which would have provided more private chambers with magnificent views out over the valley: this was quite probably added by Richard himself.
   
   Middleham was the scene of happy events, notably the birth of Richard and Anne’s only child, Edward of Middleham, in 1474. It was also the place where Edward, by then Prince of Wales, died in April 1484, an event which drove his parents almost mad with grief. It was the place where in May 1484, as King Richard III, he held court and received an envoy from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Nicholas von Poppelau, entertained him at his table and presented him with a gold chain. In 1478, before he became king, Richard had founded a college of priests in the little town’s parish church to say masses for his soul and his wife and son’s souls: it was a proper foundation with a dean, six chaplains, five clerks and six choristers. Since founding it his brother had died, he had come to the throne, his son had been born and died. His own fate lay ahead, unknowable, though he surely expected to die as king and be buried somewhere royal, somewhere in the south. However, it seems quite likely that, back in 1478, in establishing this foundation, Richard was saying that, at the time, he intended Middleham Castle to be his home in death as in life.

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Événements historiques

• Jour du mariage 12 juillet 1472
• Jour du décès 22 août 1485
• Jour des funérailles 26 mars 2015

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• Egalement décédé(e) le 22 août

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