Fox and Anderson and Taylor families in USA » King Henry Tudor VIII (1491-1547)

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1. WikiTree, via https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tudor-4...

   Biography
   
   The House of Tudor crest.
   
   Henry VIII (Tudor) of England is a member of the House of Tudor.
   
   Henry VIII was born on Tuesday, 28 June 1491 at Greenwich, the third child, and second son, of Henry VII, the first Tudor King of England and his queen Elizabeth of York. He was baptised, probably the same day, at Greenwich Parish Church,[1] Very little is known about his early life, as he was the second son behind his elder brother Arthur and thus was not heir apparent to the throne, and so his early life was not as well documented as Arthur’s was; the most that is known is that of the titles and honours which were granted to him.[2]
   
   Early Life
   
   He received his first office on 5 April 1493, when he was granted the office of Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.[3] He then became lieutenant of Ireland on 12 September 1494, with Sir Edward Poynings serving as his deputy. On 31 October of the same year, his father entered the Parliament Chamber wearing full regalia in order to hear Henry proclaimed as Duke of York. In December, Henry was appointed as Lord Warden of the Western March[4] and he was installed as a Knight of the Garter on 17 May 1495.[5]
   
   Catherine of Aragon
   
   Henry’s first wife, Catherine of Aragon, was born on 16 December 1485 as the daughter of Isabella de Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon.[6] Her mother spent most of her pregnancy on a campaign against the Moors, only withdrawing from the front following the capture of Ronda.[6] Catherine was named after Isabella’s English grandmother, a daughter of John of Gaunt. Henry, also, was a descendant of John’s,[7] making Catherine and Henry third cousins once removed.
   
   
   Catherine of Aragon.
   
   Catherine, at age three, was in Medina del Campo in the spring of 1489 and bore witness to a bull fight. During this time, an Embassy arrived from England in order to negotiate an alliance treaty between England and Spain, a treaty which was to be sealed with Catherine's marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.[6] Arthur and Catherine were first married by proxy on 19 May 1499, as Catherine was still being kept in Spain.[8][6]
   
   After several difficulties, Catherine arrived in Plymouth on 2 October 1501. On 14 November 1501, Henry took part in the marriage ceremonies of his brother Arthur to his bride. He was the head of the procession which led Catherine from Baynard’s Castle to St Paul’s, and he then led her out of the cathedral after the wedding.[2]
   
   Death of the Heir
   
   Four months after Arthur and Catherine had arrived at Ludlow Castle, Arthur died of an illness; this transformed Henry’s position completely, transforming him from “the spare” to the heir apparent of the English throne.[2] Although there was some doubt as to whether Henry was eligible to ascend to the title of Duke of Cornwall, as it usually belongs only to the first-born son, Henry succeeded Arthur to the Dukedom in the October of 1502.[9] Four months after this, on 18 February 1503/04, Henry was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.
   
   In order to maintain the Anglo-Spanish alliance which had been sealed with Arthur's marriage to Catherine, a new marriage was proposed between Henry and his brother's widow. However, it went against Canon Law for a man to marry his brother's widow[10]—and, a marriage was considered valid once it had been consummated.[10] However, Catherine insisted that her marriage to Arthur had not been consummated and thus was considered invalid, allowing Henry and Catherine to marry following a papal dispensation from Rome.
   
   On 11 June, Henry and Catherine were married in the Church of the Observant Friars outside of Greenwich Palace, and eight days later Henry arrived from Greenwich at the Tower of London in preparation for his inauguration.[2] The day prior, Henry was accompanied by his queen as they made their way through Westminster, traveling along streets “hung with tapestries and cloths of gold. He himself was bejeweled with an extravaganza of diamonds, rubies, and other precious stones.[2]
   
   A New King
   
   On 21 April 1509, Henry’s father died at Richmond Palace following a severe illness, leaving Henry to ascend to the throne.[2]
   
   The following day, on 24 June, Henry and Catherine paraded from the palace to Westminster Abbey and it was here, before the realm, that Henry was anointed and crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury—no longer was he Prince Henry, Duke of York, but he was now King Henry VIII of England.[2]
   
   Succeeding the ceremony a banquet was held at Westminster Hall, opening with a procession of the dishes led by the Duke of Buckingham and the Lord Steward. A tournament which lasted until nightfall was also held on the same day.[2]
   
   Execution of Dudley and Empson
   
   Edmund Dudley and Sir Thomas Empson had served Henry’s father as financial agents, who extorted money from wealthy landowners while claiming that the money was only being obtained for their King.[11] On the same day that Henry was crowned King he had several men arrested, including Empson and Dudley. Shortly afterward, Empson was brought before the King’s Council and charged with illegal extortion. He argued that he had been acting on his King’s orders and that what he had done could be justified by ancient laws, however a new accusation was then made against him and Dudley: when they had discovered that Henry VII was dying, they had approached their friends and asked them for support if they found their position threatened.[11] This could be seen as planning rebellion—an act of high treason against their new King. In July, Dudley was indicted for high treason in London while Empson was sent to his native county to be tried on the same charge at Northampton in October. Both of them were found guilty and subsequently sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered, though this sentence was not carried out for almost a year; prior to the execution, Henry commuted their sentence to death by beheading.[11] Dudley and Empson were finally beheaded on Tower Hill on 18 August 1510.[12]
   
   Struggles for Heirs
   
   Within a few weeks of their marriage, Catherine fell pregnant, but she gave birth to a stillborn daughter in May 1510. On 1 January the following year Catherine gave birth to a boy, who was christened as Henry. His godparents were King Louis XII of France and Archduchess Margaret. However, he passed away at just seven weeks old, much to Henry and Catherine's heartbreak.[6]
   
   Conflicts with France
   
   The Holy League was an anti-French league organised by Pope Julius II, directed against King Louis XII. Following a pact between Henry and Catherine’s father Ferdinand, Henry followed Ferdinand’s lead and joined the new League; the coalition also contained Venice and the Swiss alongside Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.[13] Sometime in early 1512, Julius stripped Louis of the title of "Most Christian King of France", and conferred the title to Henry. Julius also invested Henry and his heirs with the "name, glory and authority" of the King of France "for as long as they shall remain in faith, devotion and obedience to the Holy Roman Church and Apostolic See."[2] This also promised Henry coronation as King of France, though this would only come into effect following Louis’ defeat.
   
   On 30 June 1513, Henry led his troops in an invasion of France, first landing at Calais before making his way to Thérouanne, where the Battle of Guinegate took place between Henry and Emperor Maximilian I, and French cavalry led by Jacques de la Palice. The battle was a success for Henry, and following the fall of Thérouanne Henry besieged and took Tournai.[2]
   
   Following the ascension of Leo X, who favoured peace negotiations with France in comparison to his predecessor Julius, Henry signed a treaty with France, which included his sister Mary being betrothed to Louis.
   
   Battle of Flodden
   
   When Henry left Dover for France earlier in the year, he proclaimed that Catherine was to act as governor of the realm and captain-general of the forces in his absence, and given her a handful of councillors to help her to manage the kingdom.[2] On 11 August, a Scottish herald reached Henry at Thérouanne to inform him of his King’s defiance of the English. Julius warned King James IV that he and his kingdom would be anathematised ‘’(condemned)’’ if he attacked England while her king was fighting a holy war, however, James still crossed the Tweed with a large army behind him.
   
   On 9 September, the Scottish met the English (who were being led by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and who were being overseen by Queen Catherine) at Flodden, a battle which the English won after about three hours of fighting. Most of the Scottish aristocracy—twelve earls, the archbishop of St Andrews, two bishops, two abbots, and King James himself—were all killed, handing the Scottish a devastating defeat.[2]
   
   A Clean Slate
   
   Following the deaths of Ferdinand (in 1516) and Maximilian (in 1519), Charles V ascended to the thrones of both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.[14] Likewise, upon Louis’ death in 1515 Francis I became King of France, giving the rulers the opportunity for a clean slate. Peace was briefly achieved by the signing of the Treaty of London in 1518, and in June 1520 Henry met with Francis at the Field of the Cloth of Gold for a fortnight of celebration.
   
   In 1521, Charles took the Empire to war with France. Henry initially offered to mediate; however, he eventually aligned himself and England with Charles. He still wished to regain English lands in France, and also sought to ally himself with Burgundy. At the Battle of Pavia in 1525, Charles defeated and captured Francis and dictated peace, but he did not believe that he owed Henry anything, which caused Henry to remove England from the war by signing the Treaty of the More in August of that year.
   
   The King’s Great Matter
   
   Henry sought an affair with his wife’s lady-in-waiting Mary Boleyn during their marriage. In 1525, he became intrigued by Mary’s sister Anne[2] as his impatience with Catherine’s inability to produce a son grew. It was this interest that led to the separation of the Anglican and Catholic churches, giving rise to the English Reformation and Protestantism.
   
   As time passed and Catherine continually found herself unable to produce a male heir, Henry began to believe that his marriage was not accepted in the eyes of God, due to Catherine’s previous marriage to his brother—which had meant that a papal dispensation was required prior to Catherine’s marriage to Henry—and that his best option if he wished to produce a male heir was to be granted an annulment.[15] However, this went against Canon law. He formed a case for annulment and petitioned Pope Clement VII, who refused. One issue which arose was whether Catherine and Arthur had consummated their marriage against what she had claimed prior to her marriage to her current husband; Henry and his supporters said that she had, while Catherine maintained her claim that she had been a virgin when she had married the King.[15]
   
   Soon after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, Henry came to the view that his marriage was void according to God’s law and married Anne Boleyn in secret.[6] Before long, the breach between Henry and the Pope was finalised and Henry became the head of the Anglican church.[15]
   
   Anne Boleyn
   
   Anne Boleyn was born the daughter of Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard, at the family home in Blicking, Norfolk. She was well educated, being taught subjects such as arithmetic, history, and literacy.
   
   
   Anne Boleyn.
   
   Henry and Anne first married in secret on 25 January 1533 [6][16][17] before she fell pregnant with Henry’s child.[14] On 7 September 1533, Anne went into labour while staying at the Palace of Placentia and gave birth to her child. Unfortunately, however, it was a girl.
   
   Named Elizabeth, for the mothers of both Anne and Henry, Elizabeth bore her father’s red hair and her mother’s features, though this did not make up for the fact that she was not male. Both Henry and Anne were disappointed, though Henry assured his wife that there was still time for them to conceive a male heir.
   
   It was several years later, years marred by marital unrest, that Henry fell badly from his horse on 21 January 1536.[2] Anne, who had been pregnant at the time, was so shocked by the news that she miscarried. Not a week later she delivered her stillborn child, who was probably a boy.[2]
   
   In April of that year, charges of adultery with several courtiers were brought against her, and according to many, this constituted treason. On 2 May, Anne was hysterical as she was taken to the Tower. Anne was beheaded "upon a scaffold within the Tower" on 19 May 1536.[18][2]
   
   Jane Seymour
   
   The day after Anne’s execution Henry was engaged to one of Anne’s ladies-in-waiting, Jane Seymour, and they married quietly at York Palace on 30 May.[2]
   
   
   Jane Seymour.
   
   In June of 1536, the Second Succession Act was passed by Parliament. It was a piece of legislation which followed Anne’s conviction and declared both of his legitimate children—Mary, his daughter by Catherine, and Elizabeth, his daughter by Anne—as illegitimate, stripping them of their place in the line of succession in favour of any further children that he might have.[19]
   
   An Heir at Last
   
   On 12 October the following year, Jane gave birth to a son, the future Edward VI, however, the birth was difficult and the queen died almost two weeks later on 24 October from an infection. She was buried at Windsor on 12 November.
   
   Anne of Cleves
   
   William, Duke of Cleves, ruled a powerful agglomeration of territories in northern Germany, and provided a political
   
   
   Anne of Cleves.
   alliance for Henry to secure. Anne, his sister, would supply a secure link, and so Henry and Anne were quickly married, though upon their meeting Henry discovered that she was not as attractive as he had been made to believe and sought an annulment. As their marriage had not been consummated, and she had previously been betrothed to the Duke of Lorraine’s son, the marriage was dissolved on 9 July, 1540.[20]
   Cromwell’s Fall From Grace
   
   The man who had helped to arrange Henry’s marriage to Anne was Thomas Cromwell. Cromwell served as Henry’s chief minister for eight years, and he had helped to engineer Henry’s annulment from Catherine in order for him to marry Anne Boleyn. However, following Henry’s disastrous marriage to Anne of Cleves, Cromwell fell out of favour with the King. Though he was never formally accused of being responsible for Henry’s failed marriage to Anne, he was charged with treason, selling export licenses, granting passports, and drawing up commissions without permission. He was subsequently attainted and beheaded on 28 July, 1540.[2]
   
   
   Catherine Howard.
   
   Catherine Howard
   
   Catherine Howard was the first cousin and lady-in-waiting of Anne Boleyn, and quickly took Henry’s fancy while he was searching for a way out of his marriage to Anne of Cleves. He and Catherine married quietly on the same day that Cromwell was executed—28 July—and it was clear that Henry was enraptured with his new wife.[2] However, soon after the marriage Catherine had an affair with Thomas Culpepper and employed Francis Dereham as her secretary; a man she had previously been informally engaged to. Catherine was accused of adultery and subsequently beheaded on 13 February 1542.[2]
   
   Catherine Parr
   
   
   Catherine Parr.
   
   On 12 July 1543, Henry married who would be his final wife, Catherine Parr. She was an agreeable woman, who was a remarkable figure within the royal household; she reorganized and directed the royal nursery, which played an important role in the education of royal and noble children.[2]
   
   Death
   
   On 28 January 1547, the 55 year old King Henry VIII died, though his death was kept under wraps for three days while the King’s Council discussed the accession of his son by Jane, Prince Edward, who was to become King Edward VI.[21][22]
   
   Sources
   1.↑ Sandford, Francis. A Genealogical History of the Kings of England and Monarchs of Great Britain. The Savoy: Thomas Newcomb (for the author), 1677. p 449.
   2.↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 Scarisbrick, J. J. Henry VIII. London : Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1968.
   3.↑ Maxwell-Lyte, Henry Churchill. Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1914. p 423.
   4.↑ Pease, Howard. The Lord Wardens of the Marches of England and Scotland: Being a Brief History of the Marches, the Laws of March, and the Marchmen Together with Some Account of the Ancient Feud Between England and Scotland. London: Constable and Company Ltd., 1912. p 197.
   5.↑ Gairdner, James. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, 1863. pp 57, 374.
   6.↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Starkey, David. The Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII.' New York: HarperCollins, 2003. pp 11-30; 120-123.
   7.↑ Armitage-Smith, Sydney. John of Gaunt, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd, 1904. p 389.
   8.↑ Chrimes, Stanley Bertram. Henry VII. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992. p 337.
   9.↑ Cokayne, G. E. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant. London: The St Catherine Press, 1913. Volume III, p 442.
   10.↑ 10.0 10.1 Coriden, James A. ‘’An Introduction to Canon Law.’’ New York: Paulist Press, 1991. pp 135, 140.
   11.↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Ridley, Jasper. ‘’Henry VIII.’’ London: Constable and Company, 1984. p 36
   12.↑ Brewer, J.S. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. London : Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts, 1862. pp 179-180.
   13.↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica. Holy League : accessed February 24, 2019.
   14.↑ 14.0 14.1 Weir, Alison. ‘’The Six Wives of Henry VIII.’’ New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1992. pp 126, 240, 257-258,
   15.↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Phillips, Roderick. Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. p 20-21
   16.↑ Harpsfield, Nicholas. A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce Between Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon. Westminster: Nichols and Sons, 1878. pp 234-235.
   17.↑ Williams, Neville. Henry VIII and his Court. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1971. p 124.
   18.↑ "Henry VIII: May 1536, 16-20," in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10, January-June 1536, ed. James Gairdner (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1887), 371-391. British History Online, accessed February 27, 2019.
   19.↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Second Succession Act," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, (accessed February 24, 2019).
   20.↑ Weir, Alison. Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: Vintage, 2008. p 155.
   21.↑ Ridgway, Claire. (2016) "28 January 1547—The King is Dead! Long Live the King!" The Anne Boleyn Files : accessed 27 February, 2019.
   22.↑ Hall, Edward. Hall's Chronicle : Containing the History of England, During the Reign of Henry the Fourth, and the Succeeding Monarchs, to the End of the Reign of Henry the Eighth, in Which Are Particularly Described the Manners and Customs of Those Periods. London : J. Johnson et al, 1809. p 868.
   
   See Also
   
   Letters and Papers
   
   Volumes of letters and papers from Henry’s reign are available for viewing online; free locations include British History Online and Internet Archive.
   

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