Family Tree Welborn » Mark Bynum Baynham (1801-1862)

Données personnelles Mark Bynum Baynham 

• Il est né en l'an 1801 dans Pendleton, Anderson, South Carolina, USA.Les sources 2, 3, 4, 5
• Résidant:
• en l'an 1850: Jones, Mississippi.Source 5
• en l'an 1860: Jones, Mississippi, United States.Source 2
• en l'an 1860: Jones, Mississippi, United States.Source 4
• Il est décédé en l'an 1862 dans Jones Co., Mississippi, il avait 61 ans.
• Un enfant de William (III) ·ÄúOld·Äù Bynum Baynham et Anna Bynum (Kirby)
• Cette information a été mise à jour pour la dernière fois le 8 février 2022.

Famille de Mark Bynum Baynham

(1) Il est marié avec Elizabeth Bynum (Mitchell).

Marriage
Date: 1820
Place: Mississippi, United States
Marriage
Date: 1824
Place: Covington Co., MS

Ils se sont mariés à of MS.

Enfant(s):

1. Lydia Bynum  1823-1880
2. Catherine Bynum  1825-1862
3. Hiram Bynum  1833-1833
4. Robert Bynum  1835-1863 
5. Susan M Bynum  1837-????
6. William A Bynum  1838-1920
7. Nancy Bynum  1839-1910
8. Sarah Bynum  1842-1928
9. Sabra Bynum  1845-1918
10. July E Bynum  1846-????
11. Martha A Bynum  1847-1930
12. Cintha Bynum  1850-1900

(2) Il est marié avec Lydia Smith.

Ils se sont mariés en l'an 1824 à Covington County, Mississippi, Verenigde Staten, il avait 23 ans.

Notes par Mark Bynum Baynham

Mark Bynum is your fourth great grandfather.
You ¬â€  ·Üí Henry Marvin Welborn
your father ·Üí Emma Corine Welborn (Bombard)
his mother ·Üí Emma Elizabeth Free / Bombard
her mother ·Üí Isabelle Pridgen (Bynum)
her mother ·Üí Robert W Bynum
her father ·Üí Mark Bynum
his father

https://www.geni.com/people/Mark-Bynum/6000000010542629794

Mark Bynum
Gender:
Male
Birth:
1801¬â€ 
Pendleton, Anderson County, South Carolina, United States
Death:
1862¬â€ (61)¬â€ 
Jones County, Mississippi, United States
Immediate Family:
Son of¬â€ William Bynum¬â€ and¬â€ Anna Bynum¬â€ 
Husband of¬â€ Lydia Smith¬â€ and¬â€ Elizabeth Bynum¬â€ 

Father of¬â€ Lydia Collins;¬â€ Lydia Bynum;¬â€ Catherine Bynum;¬â€ Hiram Bynum;¬â€ Robert W Bynum;¬â€ Susan M Bynum;¬â€ William A Bynum;¬â€ Nancy Bynum;¬â€ Sarah Bynum;¬â€ Sabra Bynum;¬â€ July E Bynum;¬â€ Martha A Bynum¬â€ and¬â€ Cintha Bynum

Brother of¬â€ Benjamin Franklin Bynum;¬â€ Sarah Nancy Collins;¬â€ Anna Bynum;¬â€ Lydia E Bynum;¬â€ Tapley Bynum;¬â€ Elizabeth Bynum;¬â€ Charity Bynum;¬â€ William Bynum, Jr;¬â€ John Bynum;¬â€ Jesse Bynum¬â€ and¬â€ Drury Bynum¬â€ 

Half brother of¬â€ Tapley Bynum;¬â€ Charity Bynum;¬â€ Elizabeth Bynum¬â€ and¬â€ Sarah Nancy Collins¬â€ 

**********old*********
Mark Bynum
Gender:
Male
Birth:
1801
Pendleton, Anderson County, South Carolina, United States
Death:
1862 (61)
Jones County, Mississippi, United States
Immediate Family:
Son of William Bynum and Anna Bynum
Husband of Elizabeth Bynum
Father of Lydia Collins
Brother of Sarah Nancy Collins and Benjamin Franklin Bynum

https://www.geni.com/people/Mark-Bynum/6000000010542629794

1880 United States Federal Census
Name:Elizabeth Bymun
[Elizabeth Bynum]
Age:76
Birth Date:Abt 1804
Birthplace:South Carolina
Home in 1880:Jasper, Mississippi, USA
Dwelling Number:117
Race:White
Gender:Female
Relation to Head of House:Wife
Marital status:Married
Spouse's name:Merk Bymun
Father's Birthplace:South Carolina
Mother's Birthplace:South Carolina
Occupation:House Keeper
Cannot Read:Yes
Cannot Write:Yes
Neighbors:View others on page
Household Members:
NameAge
Merk Bymun79
Elizabeth Bymun76
Source Citation
Year: 1880; Census Place: Jasper, Mississippi; Roll: 650; Page: 76D; Enumeration District: 111
Source Information
Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010. 1880 U.S. Census Index provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints © Copyright 1999 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved. All use is subject to the limited use license and other terms and conditions applicable to this site.
Original data: Tenth Census of the United States, 1880. (NARA microfilm publication T9, 1,454 rolls). Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
----------------------------------------

U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900
Name:Elizabeth Mitchell
Gender:Female
Birth Place:OH
Birth Year:1805
Spouse Name:Mark Bynum
Spouse
Birth Place:SC
Spouse Birth Year:1801
Marriage State:of MS
Number Pages:1
Source Citation
Source number: 6032.009; Source type: Family group sheet, FGSE, listed as parents; Number of Pages: 1
Source Information
Yates Publishing. U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.
Original data: This unique collection of records was extracted from a variety of sources including family group sheets and electronic databases. Originally, the information was derived from an array of materials including pedigree charts, family history articles, querie.
--------------------------------------------------

1860 United States Federal Census
Name:Elizabeth Bynum
Age:55
Birth Year:abt 1805
Gender:Female
Birth Place:Ohio
Home in 1860:Jones, Mississippi
Post Office:Ellisville
Dwelling Number:262
Family Number:262
Household Members:
NameAge
Mark Bynum59
Elizabeth Bynum55
Sabra Bynum15
Martha A Bynum13
Cintha Bynum10
Source Citation
Year: 1860; Census Place: Jones, Mississippi; Page: 698; Family History Library Film: 803584
Source Information
Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
Original data: 1860 U.S. census, population schedule. NARA microfilm publication M653, 1,438 rolls. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.
---------------------------------------

1850 United States Federal Census
Name:Elizabeth Bynum
Gender:Female
Age:45
Birth Year:abt 1805
Birthplace:Ohio
Home in 1850:Jones, Mississippi, USA
Line Number:26
Dwelling Number:133
Family Number:133
Household Members:
NameAge
Mark Bynum49
Elizabeth Bynum45
Hiram Bynum17
Robert Bynum15
Nancy Bynum11
Sarah Bynum8
Zabra Bynum5
Martha Bynum3
Robert Mitchel100
Lydda Mitchel85
Source Citation
Year: 1850; Census Place: Jones, Mississippi; Roll: 374; Page: 124A
Source Information
Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
Original data: Seventh Census of the United States, 1850; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M432, 1009 rolls); Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29; National Archives, Washington, D.C.
--------------------------------------

family divided by the war
Posted 09 Dec 2011 by hardymorgan42

What·Äôs in a Marriage? Bynums on both sides of the Civil War Divide

March 14, 2009 by renegadesouth (Victoria E. Bynum)

One of the genuine surprises of my research on The Free State of Jones was the discovery that my own Bynum ancestors were deeply involved on both sides of Jones County·Äôs inner civil war. I learned about the Free State in a history book, not from my father, who never mentioned Newt Knight or the Knight Company to me before his death in 1990. In that way, I·Äôm like a lot of folks who had no idea their ancestors were in the middle of such an important Civil War story until later in their lives.

There were many Jones County families, like the Bynums, who supported opposing sides of the war. My great-grandfather, William A. Bynum, son of William, born 1795, son of ·ÄúOld·Äù William, born 1763, fought on the side of the Confederacy. Like many Jones County men, he deserted the Army for a time and was charged with being AWOL. However, rather than join the Knight band, he rejoined the Confederacy. During Reconstruction, he, his father, William Senior, and his brother, John H. Bynum, all signed petitions opposing Newt Knight and his followers.

But it was a very different story for Tapley Bynum, who was a half-brother to my GGGrandfather, William Senior. Tapley deserted the Confederate Army, joined the Knight band, and was shot to death by Confederate soldiers, allegedly while at home visiting his newborn daughter.

Why were such different courses taken by members of the same family? A careful study of family alliances offers at least a partial answer. It appears that certain branches of the same family were pulled in different directions according to the families they married into. And here is where the Collins family once again emerges as one of the most important Unionist families in the region. It appears that if a branch of a family married into the Collins line, they were especially likely to be Unionists before, during, and after the war.

Newt Knight himself was influenced by the Collinses. At the end of his long life, he credited Jasper Collins with convincing him that the Twenty Negro Law made the Civil War a ·Äúrich man·Äôs war and poor man·Äôs fight.·Äù Jasper then deserted and Newt did, too. It·Äôs not so much that folks became Unionists after meeting or marrying a Collins; rather, it seems that such connections solidified their own Unionist tendencies. Jones County voters, after all, elected an anti-secession delegate to the 1861 Mississippi State Convention.

The importance of family alliances is demonstrated by two sons of Old William, Mark and Benjamin, both of whom were Unionists. During the war, ·Äúold man Mark Bynum·Äù (born 1801) delivered a wagonload of provisions and arms to the Knight band. And well he might: his daughter, Lydia, was married to band member Simeon Collins. Benjamin Bynum was married to Simeon·Äôs sister, Margaret. Their son, Prentice M. Bynum, joined the Knight Company during the war. Oh, and Mark and Benjamin also had a sister, Nancy Bynum, who married the oldest Collins brother, Vinson, another staunch Unionist. These branches of the Bynums married into Unionist branches of the Mauldin, Welch, and Holifield families as well. Opposition to secession and, later, the Confederacy, was most certainly a family affair.

In contrast to the above Bynums, however, who were prosperous but non-slaveholding farmers, there was a slaveholding branch of the family. Old William, the original migrant to Mississippi, had owned three slaves. He passed these slaves onto his oldest son, William, who owned them at the time of the war (this William·Äôs son, William A. Bynum, was my direct ancestor). Not surprisingly, these Bynums married into other slaveholding families. And, during the war, they identified their fortunes with those of the Confederacy.

Tapley Bynum, the last of Old William·Äôs sons (William was 74 years old when Tapley was born!) seems to have been raised primarily by his older brother Benjamin, and Benjamin·Äôs wife, Margaret Collins. He was only eight years older than their son, Prentice, and the young men may have joined the Knight band together. On a cold January morning, the decision to defy the Confederacy cost Tapley his life. Later, Confederate Col. Lowry·Äôs raid on the county convinced Prentice to flee to New Orleans, where he joined the Union Army and survived the war. During the 1890s, Prentice Bynum became a Populist, as did his uncle, the venerable Jasper Collins.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Everything I·Äôve read and researched about the Bynums, it appears they first migrated to Virginia from England or Wales early in the 17th century. By the 1800s, my branch was in North Carolina. From there, the names between branches overlap so much that I can·Äôt pinpoint their exact route to eventual settlement in southern Mississippi around 1817. After studying to census records, however, it seems certain my ancestor, William Bynum, born 1763, lived in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia before settling in what became Jones County, MS, in 1826.

The Collinses followed a similar migratory path, and it·Äôs possible that some members from both families either remained in Georgia, or returned there later.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
"William Bynum (1763-) and Sarah had married in 1836 when William had already reached the advanced age of seventy-three. Sarah died in childbirth in 1843, leaving six-year-old Tapley and his newborn sister in the care of a father too old to tend to them properly. . . William's grown children assumed increasing responsibility for their young siblings, which put Tapley in frequent company with his brother Benjamin and sister-in-law Peggy (Collins) Bynum. It is thus not surprising that during the war he would cast his lot with the Knight band, alongside Benjamin and Peggy's son Prentice and his Collins in-laws." (p82-83)

During the Civil War a group of Jones County, Mississippi Confederate Army deserters and Union sympathizers harrassed Confederate officials and carried on an underground war from the swamps and backwoods. They were led by Newton Knight.

Tapley joined the Confederate Army, 7th Mississippi Infantry. Many Jones County (MS) Confederates deserted after the battles of Iuka and Corinth in northern Mississippi. Tapley Bynum was hospitalized in Saltillo in late September 1862 and deserted his unit in January 1863. He then joined Knight's band living with them in Jones County swamps. (p. 101)

On January 10, 1864 Tapley slipped home to visit his wife and newborn baby. Family members recalled that he was shot in his front yard. Confederate troops reported that he was shot "on picket" at Tallahoma Creek (MS). (p.111)

--Free State of Jones by Victoria E. Bynum, University of NC Press, Chapel Hill.

Tapley Bynum joined the CSA, 7th Battalion Mississippi Infantry along with his Nephew Benjamin Jr., Newton Knight, his Brother-in-Law William Harrison Mauldin, Jr. and many other friends, but went AWOL after recovering from an injury in the battle of Corinth. In 1863, he returned home to Jones County, Mississippi where he joined Newton Knight's Renegade Band to fight the Confederates alongside his Uncle Benjamin and Nephew Prentice Bynum. He was killed by Confederates in his front yard on February 10, 1864 after returning home to visit his wife and newborn Daughter. This was during the period Jones County, Mississippi, had seceded from the State of Mississippi and set up the Free State of Jones. [taken from Free State of Jones, by Victoria Bynum, 2001]

Bynum family in the Civil War - . . . January 1863. Less than a year earlier he (Tapley Bynum) and his eighteen-year old nephew Benjamin Franklin Bynum Jr., had together joined the 7th Battalion (Mississippi) But Ben was taken prisoner during the battle of Iuka, hospitalized for illness in Jackson, and dead before the year was over. (p. 101) Free State of Jones by Victoria E. Bynum (Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill)

Source.
https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/13714818/person/18040595187/media/6007f0da-29b9-4ba7-8ce3-9c40709ba30a?destTreeId=13714818&o_xid=99455&o_lid=99455&o_sch=Email%20Programs
==================================

U.S., Civil War Soldier Records and Profiles, 1861-1865
Name:Marcus W Bynum
Enlistment Date:15 Apr 1861
Rank at enlistment:Private
State Served:Mississippi
Service Record:Enlisted in Company A, Mississippi 2nd Infantry Regiment on 15 Apr 1861.
Sources:Index to Compiled Confederate Military Service RecordsConfederate Veteran Magazine
Source Information
Historical Data Systems, comp. U.S., Civil War Soldier Records and Profiles, 1861-1865 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2009.
Original data: Data compiled by Historical Data Systems of Kingston, MA from the following list of works.
Copyright 1997-2009
Historical Data Systems, Inc.
PO Box 35
Duxbury, MA 02331.
---------------------------

1850 United States Federal Census
Name:Mark Bynum
Gender:Male
Age:49
Birth Year:abt 1801
Birthplace:South Carolina
Home in 1850:Jones, Mississippi, USA
Occupation:Farmer
Industry:Agriculture
Real Estate:300
Line Number:25
Dwelling Number: 133
Family Number:133
Household Members:
NameAge
Mark Bynum49
Elizabeth Bynum45
Hiram Bynum17
Robert Bynum15
Nancy Bynum11
Sarah Bynum8
Zabra Bynum5
Martha Bynum3
Robert Mitchel100
Lydda Mitchel85
Source Citation
Year: 1850; Census Place: Jones, Mississippi; Roll: 374; Page: 124A
Source Information
Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
Original data: Seventh Census of the United States, 1850; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M432, 1009 rolls); Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29; National Archives, Washington, D.C.
------------------------------

1860 United States Federal Census
Name:Mark Bynum
Age:59
Birth Year:abt 1801
Gender:Male
Birth Place:South Carolina
Home in 1860:Jones, Mississippi
Post Office:Ellisville
Dwelling Number:262
Family Number:262
Occupation:Farmer
Real Estate Value:600
Personal Estate Value:500
Cannot Read, Write:Y
Household Members:
NameAge
Mark Bynum59
Elizabeth Bynum55
Sabra Bynum15
Martha A Bynum13
Cintha Bynum10
Source Citation
Year: 1860; Census Place: Jones, Mississippi; Page: 698; Family History Library Film: 803584
Source Information
Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
Original data: 1860 U.S. census, population schedule. NARA microfilm publication M653, 1,438 rolls. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.
--------------------------------

1840 United States Federal Census
Name:Mark Byman
[Mark Bynum]
Home in 1840 (City, County, State):Jones, Mississippi
Free White Persons - Males - 5 thru 9:2
Free White Persons - Males - 10 thru 14:1
Free White Persons - Males - 30 thru 39:1
Free White Persons - Females - Under 5:1
Free White Persons - Females - 10 thru 14:1
Free White Persons - Females - 40 thru 49:1
Persons Employed in Agriculture:2
Free White Persons - Under 20:5
Free White Persons - 20 thru 49:2
Total Free White Persons:7
Total All Persons - Free White, Free Colored, Slaves:7

Source Citation
Year: 1840; Census Place: Jones, Mississippi; Roll: 214; Page: 307; Family History Library Film: 0014840
Source Information
Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.
Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
Original data: Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. (NARA microfilm publication M704, 580 rolls). Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
--------------------------------

==========
Origin of the Name ·ÄúBynum·Äù
https://genfiles.com/bynum/origin-of-the-name-bynum/

The various branches of the Baynham and Bynum families of America eventually developed legends that the name, and the family itself, originated variously in Wales, Scotland, England, and Ireland.¬â€  All of the immigrants mentioned herein, and all other colonial immigrants of the name who can be identified, were certainly English.
However, the name itself is of Welsh derivation, taking the Baynham and other forms in fifteenth century England among families of Welsh origin.¬â€ ¬â€  Many English surnames were formed from Welsh given names by prefixing the patronymic ·Äúab·Äù(before vowels) or ·Äúap·Äù (before consonants).¬â€  Eventually, the vowel was dropped and, for example, ap Hugh became Pugh, ab Owen became Bowen, and ap Rhys became Price.
One of the most common Welsh given names was Ennian (or, in more modern times, Enyon or Enion).¬â€ ¬â€  With the patronymic prefix ·Äúab·Äù, this name produced a great many English surnames. The Origin of English Surnames notes that ab Enyon ·Äúsurvives as Ennion, Eynon, Inions, Anyan, Onians, Onions, and Hennion and, compounded with ap or ab, as Pinnion, Beynon, Benian, Benyan, and Binyon·Ä¶ In 1455 in Worcestershire and in 1486 in Gloucestershire this acquired a pseudo-topographical form Baynham which still survives.·Äù1¬â€  A companion book by the same author gives the same derivation, adding that ·Äúin spite of appearance, Baynham is not local in origin.·Äù2 ¬â€  All authorities on English surnames seem to reject the notion that Baynham and its variants were derived from a place name.
T. E. Morris, in ·ÄúWelsh Surnames in the Border Counties of Wales·Äù, writes that ·ÄúEynon and Beynon have undergone curious changes in England, producing such divergent variants as Haynes and Onions and Baines, Baynham and Beniams·Ä¶ Baynham is an old Gloucestershire and Herefordshire surname.¬â€  The son of one Robert ap Eignon was Robert Baynham·Ä¶ Thomas Baynham was married in 1437, hence this is an early instance of the name.¬â€  Another even earlier instance of Baynham as a surname is [1421 in Herefordshire].¬â€  Thomas Baynham was the High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1476,¬â€  Laurence Bynion or Benyon or Benion or Bygnion was at the University of Oxford in 1581·Ä¶·Äù3 ¬â€  Note that all the referenced English counties border South Wales.¬â€  The same book lists Baynham, Banham, Beynon, Benniam and similar variants as originating in these border counties.¬â€  It does not list any version of Bynum at all.¬â€ ¬â€  Morris further notes that, in these particular surnames, ·Äúthe vowels are interchanged at will.·Äù4¬â€  Pronunciation of Baynham and its variants, as we know from contemporary poems that presumably rhymed, would have at times been pretty close to ·Äúbye-nom·Äù.¬â€ 5
The 1901 The Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames repeats the same Welsh origin and calls Baynham ·Äúa Gloucestershire surname: ·Äú·Ä¶Robert ap Eignon had for his son Robert Baynham, of Chorewall in the forest of Dean.¬â€  Henceforward the family were so known·Ä¶ The name looks wonderfully English and local, but, as shown, is not so.¬â€  Beynon, Binyon, and Benyon are other forms·Ä¶·Äù6
The National Library of Wales, located in the charmingly-named town of Aberystwyth,¬â€  kindly provided two gentlemen to discuss this further some years ago.¬â€  While referring to the above authors, they added the observation that the Welsh patronymic produced different forms even within Wales.¬â€  For example, ab Enyon¬â€  tended to became Bennion and variations in North Wales, but Beynon in South Wales.¬â€  These gentlemen also pointed out that the Welsh use of patronymics continued well into the 19th century, so it is clear that derived surnames like Baynham developed outside Wales in the adjoining English border counties.¬â€  It is true, however, that in the last century or two, variants like Baynam, Beynom, and Bynom have occasionally appeared in South Wales as well as in the border counties.
The Visitation of the County of Gloucestershire Taken in the Year 1623, referenced by some of the authors above, contains a lengthy genealogy that begins with one Raffe ap Eignon of Gloucestershire¬â€  Several generations later, roughly in the year 1400, his descendents had adopted Baynham as the surname.¬â€  There follows eight generations of Baynhams, through the early 1600s.¬â€  (Alas, there is no evidence of a relationship with any of the Virginia Baynhams.)¬â€  The Knights of England lists four knights of this name, all spelled ·ÄúBaynham·Äù, three of whom are in the genealogy of Raffe ap Eignon.7
It seems clear, then, that ·ÄúBaynham·Äù was the dominant form of the name in the seventeenth century and that the Baynham immigrants to America (like most of that period) came from the southwestern counties or from the vicinity of London.
Surnames of the Earliest Immigrants
The surnames of the two earliest seventeenth century Virginia immigrants, John Baynham of Jamestown and Alexander Baynham of Westmoreland County (both of whom are discussed in Chapter 1) are most often recorded as ·ÄúBaynham·Äù.¬â€  This is surely due to the fact that both were literate and could sign their own names.¬â€  What copies of signatures we can find for them are rendered as ·ÄúBaynham·Äù.¬â€  The clerks who wrote their names into the records were perhaps either familiar with their signatures or were told how to spell the name.¬â€  However, the names of both men were sometimes¬â€  recorded as Baynam, Bainham, Baineham, and even Banum and Beanum.
A century later there came to Caroline County, Virginia another literate immigrant, William Baynham (also see Chapter 1) who, along with his descendants, consistently signed as ·ÄúBaynham·Äù, though the rendering of the surname by clerks on occasion exhibited nearly as much imagination.¬â€  The descendants of this immigrant, essentially all of whom were literate, continued to use the ·ÄúBaynham·Äù name in later generations.
Transformation of the Name in America
Two non-literate immigrants of the 17th century perhaps were named ·ÄúBaynham·Äù as well, though because neither was literate, the name was recorded by clerks in a different form.¬â€  These two immigrants were George Baynam of Maryland (see Chapter 1) and John Bynum of Surry County, Virginia (see Chapter 2).¬â€  Neither of these two men could read or write and so we have no example of a signature.¬â€ ¬â€  Their illiteracy undoubtedly contributed to the transmutation of their surnames.¬â€  In the case of the former, the surname was recorded as both Baynam and Banum but his descendants generally adopted Bainum and variants when they became literate.
John ·ÄúBynum·Äù of Surry County ·Äì 11 different spellings
John Bynum, who arrived in Surry County by 1663, is the progenitor of the large American Bynum family.¬â€  Neither he nor his sons were literate.¬â€  Lacking the ability to spell his own name, we find it recorded by numerous clerks in what appears to be a more or less phonetic rendering of ·ÄúBaynham·Äù.¬â€ ¬â€  John Baynham·Äôs name appears some 37 times in Surry County records, in eleven different versions ·Äì in order of frequency: Byneham, Bynham, Bynam, Bineham, Binam, Bynom, Bayneham, Binnom, Binham, Benham, and Benom.¬â€ ¬â€  Note that his name was never spelled ·ÄúBynum·Äù during his lifetime.¬â€ ¬â€  The ·ÄúBynum·Äù form of the name was rarely found, in fact, until his grandchildren and great-grandchildren, having learned to write, employed it as the preferred form.¬â€  While some styled themselves as Bineham and other variants, the great majority of the descendants of this man had adopted Bynum by the nineteenth century.
The name Bynum is thus a uniquely American name, used almost exclusively by the descendants of a single immigrant.¬â€  It is also a relatively unusual name. The first census of the United States in 1790 lists a total of 24 households headed by persons of the name (by one spelling or another) ·Äì one each in Massachusetts and Maryland, five in Virginia, fourteen in North Carolina and three in South Carolina.¬â€  At the same time, the name was virtually non-existent in England; only a handful of references pre-1790 can be found.
How do we determine the original surname of the Surry immigrant?¬â€  The answer, unfortunately, is that we cannot be absolutely certain.¬â€  But there are several good reasons to conclude that his name was actually ·ÄúBaynham·Äù or one of its close variants:
·Ä¢The form in which the immigrant·Äôs name is most often recorded by clerks (Byneham and variants) appears to be a phonetic form of Baynham, which would have been pronounced, roughly, as ·ÄúBynum.·Äù8¬â€ ¬â€  Indeed, his name is recorded on at least one occasion as Bayneham.¬â€  Among the other variations of his name, as recorded by the Surry County clerks, such as Benham and Benom, are mentioned in the above-referenced works as surnames with the same derivation as Baynham.
·Ä¢As Morris noted, families who used Baynham sometimes appear in early records as Bynion, Beynham, and other variants, and the same root name evolved in South Wales and the English border counties into Bynom.9¬â€ ¬â€  The name Bynom and Beynham seem more than coincidently similar to Bynum.¬â€  In fact, of those foreign-born immigrants named Bynam, Bynom, and Bynum appearing in the U.S. censuses of the mid-1800s, essentially all were Welsh.
·Ä¢The name Byneham and its variants is completely ignored by the authorities quoted above.¬â€  That is, the name in that form was almost entirely unknown in England (but see below)¬â€  Thus the odds are that the Surry immigrant·Äôs name was a phonetic rendering of some other name unusual enough that the clerks of Surry County were unfamiliar with it.¬â€  The surname that best fits that description is ·ÄúBaynham·Äù or one of its variants. ¬â€ I¬â€  also note that a similar transformation may have taken place in England a century or two later, when the English censuses of the mid-19th century recorded numerous households in southwestern England with similar surnames.10 ¬â€  As the National Library of Wales pointed out, both South Wales and the English border counties developed the forms Baynam, Beynom, and Bynom from the same root name by the early 19th century.
·Ä¢Finally, I would point out that the vast majority of immigrants to Virginia in the early and mid seventeenth century originated in either the southeastern counties (where Baynham originated) or the metropolitan area of London.¬â€  Thus it seems plausible that the Surry immigrant·Äôs name would have been prevalent on one of those areas.
There is an alternative explanation for the Bynum surname which, upon inspection, seems so unlikely that we can safely consider it implausible.¬â€  Some researchers have noted that a priory named Binham existed in early Norfolk County in northeastern England.11¬â€ ¬â€  Spelled ·ÄúBinneham·Äù in the 1086 Domesday Book, it eventually became known as ·ÄúBinham.·Äù¬â€  (There was also a town in Nottinghamshire called Bingheha, which eventually became spelled Bingham, then Byneham in the Vale.¬â€  However, all English surname authorities reject the idea that any surname developed from this place name.)¬â€ ¬â€  While it is possible that a similar sprang from the place called ·ÄúBinham·Äù, the reverse is also possible, for Reaney mentions Binham (Bineham) as a Norfolk surname among ·ÄúSurnames of Norwich Immigrants 1285-1350.·Äù12
If such a surname did develop in eastern England it was exceedingly rare compared to those of the southwest and west.¬â€  In fact, the surname Binham and Bineham does not appear to have survived in eastern England.¬â€  A search of English records of the 16th century uncovers only a few persons of that name, most of them in the southwest.¬â€  By the1851 English census not a single person of that name was enumerated, though many similar names existed in the western counties.¬â€  The 1861 English census listed no families in the vicinity of Norfolk named Binham, Bineham, Byneham, or similar, but several of that name in the west and southwest.¬â€  Thus it appears that the name in that form had an origin outside of Norfolk, more akin to Beynham, Beynom, and Bynom, than to the priory of Binham.¬â€ ¬â€  In any event, an origin in eastern England for the Surry County immigrant is considerably less likely than an origin in the southwestern counties.
Variations on the Name in Surry County, Virginia
To clearly illustrate that Bynum developed as a uniquely American name, I·Äôve noted below the distribution of the spellings of the name found in all 101 Surry County, Virginia records from the first occurrence in 1663 through 1700.¬â€  These citations were for the first two generations of the family in Surry, none of whom could sign their own names.¬â€  It seems obvious from this table that the clerks and magistrates wrote the name phonetically.
50 times as Bineham or Byneham
30 times as Binham or Bynham
13 times as Binam or Bynam
4 times as Binnom or Bynom
2 times as Binum or Bynum
once each as Bayneham and Benom
1P. H. Reaney, The Origin of English Surnames (London, 1967), pp318-319. [·Ü©]
2P. H. Reaney, A Dictionary of British Surnames (London, 1958), p32. [·Ü©]
3T. E. Morris, ·ÄúWelsh Surnames in the Border Counties of Wales·Äù, Y Cymmrodor, Volume XLIII (London, 1932), p108 and pp157-159. [·Ü©]
4T. E. Morris, p158. [·Ü©]
5Per the helpful staff at the National Library of Wales.¬â€  See also Bill Bryson·Äôs The Mother Tongue (William Morrow, New York, 1990) for a very readable summary of English pronunciation in the 17th century. [·Ü©]
6Charles W. E. Bardsley, The Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames (London, 1901), p86. [·Ü©]
7William Arthur Shaw, The Knights of England (London, 1906), Volume II, p18, 41, 58, and 98. [·Ü©]
8Helpful gentlemen at both the National Library of Wales and the British Museum assured me in 1979 that the pronunciation was probably ·Äúbye·Äù for ·Äúbay·Äù.¬â€ ¬â€ ¬â€  It helps to recall that pronunciation of English vowels was often considerably different a few hundred years ago.¬â€  Several books on early English pronunciation, especially H. L. Menken¬â€  and Bill Bryson, make the same point. [·Ü©]
9Morris, pp158-159. [·Ü©]
10The form Bynum and variants appears very rarely in English records.¬â€  For example, the 1861 English census lists only 5 households rendered as Bynam, Binam, Bynom, Bynum, and the like but lists 90 households rendered as Baynham and Baynam.¬â€  ¬â€ As another example, Pallot·Äôs Marriage Index for 1780-1837 lists no persons named Bynum and similar, but 34 named Baynham.¬â€  Among such seventeenth century records as could be found, the Bynum form of the name appears to have been essentially nonexistent in England. [·Ü©]
11Its history is described in considerable detail by Francis Blomefield, An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk, Vol. IX, (London, 1808). [·Ü©]
12P. H. Rainey, The Origin of English Surnames (London, 1967), pp334-335. [·Ü©]

·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî·Äî
March 14, 2009 by renegadesouth (Victoria E. Bynum)
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One of the genuine surprises of my research on The Free State of Jones was the discovery that my own Bynum ancestors were deeply involved on both sides of Jones County·Äôs inner civil war. I learned about the Free State in a history book, not from my father, who never mentioned Newt Knight or the Knight Company to me before his death in 1990. In that way, I·Äôm like a lot of folks who had no idea their ancestors were in the middle of such an important Civil War story until later in their lives.
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There were many Jones County families, like the Bynums, who supported opposing sides of the war. My great-grandfather, William A. Bynum, son of William, born 1795, son of ·ÄúOld·Äù William, born 1763, fought on the side of the Confederacy. Like many Jones County men, he deserted the Army for a time and was charged with being AWOL. However, rather than join the Knight band, he rejoined the Confederacy. During Reconstruction, he, his father, William Senior, and his brother, John H. Bynum, all signed petitions opposing Newt Knight and his followers.
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But it was a very different story for Tapley Bynum, who was a half-brother to my GGGrandfather, William Senior. Tapley deserted the Confederate Army, joined the Knight band, and was shot to death by Confederate soldiers, allegedly while at home visiting his newborn daughter.
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Why were such different courses taken by members of the same family? A careful study of family alliances offers at least a partial answer. It appears that certain branches of the same family were pulled in different directions according to the families they married into. And here is where the Collins family once again emerges as one of the most important Unionist families in the region. It appears that if a branch of a family married into the Collins line, they were especially likely to be Unionists before, during, and after the war.
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Newt Knight himself was influenced by the Collinses. At the end of his long life, he credited Jasper Collins with convincing him that the Twenty Negro Law made the Civil War a ·Äúrich man·Äôs war and poor man·Äôs fight.·Äù Jasper then deserted and Newt did, too. It·Äôs not so much that folks became Unionists after meeting or marrying a Collins; rather, it seems that such connections solidified their own Unionist tendencies. Jones County voters, after all, elected an anti-secession delegate to the 1861 Mississippi State Convention.
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The importance of family alliances is demonstrated by two sons of Old William, Mark and Benjamin, both of whom were Unionists. During the war, ·Äúold man Mark Bynum·Äù (born 1801) delivered a wagonload of provisions and arms to the Knight band. And well he might: his daughter, Lydia, was married to band member Simeon Collins. Benjamin Bynum was married to Simeon·Äôs sister, Margaret. Their son, Prentice M. Bynum, joined the Knight Company during the war. Oh, and Mark and Benjamin also had a sister, Nancy Bynum, who married the oldest Collins brother, Vinson, another staunch Unionist. These branches of the Bynums married into Unionist branches of the Mauldin, Welch, and Holifield families as well. Opposition to secession and, later, the Confederacy, was most certainly a family affair.
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In contrast to the above Bynums, however, who were prosperous but nonslaveholding farmers, there was a slaveholding branch of the family. Old William, the original migrant to Mississippi, had owned three slaves. He passed these slaves onto his oldest son, William, who owned them at the time of the war (this William·Äôs son, William A. Bynum, was my direct ancestor). Not surprisingly, these Bynums married into other slaveholding families. And, during the war, they identified their fortunes with those of the Confederacy.
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Tapley Bynum, the last of Old William·Äôs sons (William was 74 years old when Tapley was born!) seems to have been raised primarily by his older brother Benjamin, and Benjamin·Äôs wife, Margaret Collins. He was only eight years older than their son, Prentice, and the young men may have joined the Knight band together. On a cold January morning, the decision to defy the Confederacy cost Tapley his life. Later, Confederate Col. Lowry·Äôs raid on the county convinced Prentice to flee to New Orleans, where he joined the Union Army and survived the war. During the 1890s, Prentice Bynum became a Populist, as did his uncle, the venerable Jasper Collins.
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Everything I·Äôve read and researched about the Bynums, it appears they first migrated to Virginia from England or Wales early in the 17th century. By the 1800s, my branch was in North Carolina. From there, the names between branches overlap so much that I can·Äôt pinpoint their exact route to eventual settlement in southern Mississippi around 1817. After studying to census records, however, it seems certain my ancestor, William Bynum, born 1763, lived in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia before settling in what became Jones County, MS, in 1826.
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The Collinses followed a similar migratory path, and it·Äôs possible that some members from both families either remained in Georgia, or returned there later.
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"William Bynum (1763-) and Sarah had married in 1836 when William had already reached the advanced age of seventy-three. Sarah died in childbirth in 1843, leaving six-year-old Tapley and his newborn sister in the care of a father too old to tend to them properly. . . William's grown children assumed increasing responsibility for their young siblings, which put Tapley in frequent company with his brother Benjamin and sister-in-law Peggy (Collins) Bynum.¬â€  It is thus not surprising that during the war he would cast his lot with the Knight band, alonside Benjamin and Peggy's son Prentice and his Collins in-laws." (p82-83)
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During the Civil War a group of Jones County, Mississippi Confederate Army deserters and Union sympathizers harrassed Confederate officials and carried on an underground war from the swamps and backwoods.¬â€  They were led by Newton Knight.
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Tapley joined the Confederate Army, 7th Mississippi Infantry. Many Jones County (MS) Confederates deserted after the battles of Iuka and Corinth in northern Mississippi. Tapley Bynum was hospitalized in Saltillo in late September 1862 and deserted his unit in January 1863. He then joined Knight's band living with them in Jones County swamps. (p. 101)
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On January 10, 1864 Tapley slipped home to visit his wife and newborn baby. Family members recalled that he was shot in his front yard. Confederate troops reported that he was shot "on picket" at Tallahoma Creek (MS). (p.111)
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--Free State of Jones by Victoria E. Bynum, University of NC Press, Chapel Hill.
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Tapley Bynum joined the CSA, 7th Battalion Mississippi Infantry along with his Nephew Benjamin Jr., Newton Knight, his Brother-in-Law William Harrison Mauldin, Jr. and many other friends, but went AWOL after recovering from an injury in the battle of Corinth. In 1863, he returned home to Jones County, Mississippi where he joined Newton Knight's Renegade Band to fight the Confederates alongside his Uncle Benjamin and Nephew Prentice Bynum. He was killed by Confederates in his front yard on February 10, 1864 after returning home to visit his wife and newborn Daughter. This was during the period Jones County, Mississippi, had seceded from the State of Mississippi and set up the Free State of Jones. [taken from Free State of Jones, by Victoria Bynum, 2001]
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Bynum family in the Civil War - . . . January 1863. Less than a year earlier he (Tapley Bynum) and his eighteen-year old nephew Benjamin Franklin Bynum Jr., had together joined the 7th Battalion (Mississippi) But Ben was taken prisoner during the battle of Iuka, hospitalized for illness in Jackson, and dead before the year was over. (p. 101) Free State of Jones by Victoria E. Bynum (Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill)

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