Il est marié avec Elizabeth Molineux.
Ils se sont mariés le 3 mars 1851 à Prescot, Lancashire, England.Les sources 4, 6
Enfant(s):
Thomas Cruikshank (1827-1879) was, like his father George a bootmaker in Dublin before coming to England sometime before 1851. Many Irish shoemakers came to England during the nineteenth century.
This extract from
https://divergentpathsstafford.wordpress.com/2017/09/15/the-stafford-shoe-trade-and-the-irish/
gives a little background as to why Thomas Cruikshank may have left Dublin where he worked as a shoemaker like his father before him.
“Between 1841 and 1901 almost one in ten of the town’s (Stafford) adult Irish workforce was in the footwear industry, and many of the children of Irish families entered the trade when they grew up….Ireland suffered ‘deindustrialisation’ in the nineteenth century, and industrialisation and deindustrialisation were complementary forces.
Traditionally shoes were bespoke products made by cobblers selling directly to their customers, but in Britain the growth of London and the industrial cities created a profitable market for mass-produced ‘ready-mades’. This was exploited most profitably when entrepreneurs could use economies of scale, division of labour and cheaper road and rail transport. The trade increasingly concentrated in specialised shoe towns and villages of which Stafford was one. …most of the work was still done in workers’ houses.
[Market] volatility forced shoemakers to often go ‘on-tramp’ in search of work elsewhere. They had an easily transferable skill which used simple tools and had an organised system to provide support during the search for work. By the 1820s the Dublin trades had tramping links with England and in the shoe trade there was a broadly open labour market between Britain and Ireland.
The collapse of the Irish shoe industry
Shoemaking declined drastically in nineteenth century Ireland. In 1841 50,334 ‘boot and shoemakers’ were recorded in the census. The number had dropped to 45,421 by 1861, a decline of nearly ten per cent and the industry’s decline after 1861 was precipitous. Employment fell to 25,650 in 1881 and 13,627 in 1911. By the 1900s the majority were not makers of shoes but shoe shop assistants or cobblers repairing footwear imported from British factories. This decline was a direct result of what was happening in the British shoe industry. The industry was moved into purpose-built factories and workshops. These more efficient methods as well as vicious competition by British shoe firms eliminated artisan producers in Ireland and more or less strangled the growth of factory production there. The 1907 Census of Production recorded a mere 2,026 factory shoemakers in Ireland. British firms particularly targeted the Irish market because overseas sales were hit by tariff barriers and American competition. Mass-produced ware from Britain flooded an Irish economy that was becoming more commercialised in the decades after the Famine. The dealers, shops and mail traders who encouraged the purchase of imported boots and shoes played a major part in undermining the native Irish shoe industry.
Work in the shoe trade
[The boom of the industrialised shoe trade in England] …meant that outsiders were common and there was general acceptance of the shoemaker’s right to come and go in search of work. A perennial shortage of housing meant that many households included lodgers and were overcrowded. Although initially instrumental in motivation such households could develop quasi-family relationships around work, social life, sexual intimacy, bonding and marriage. Because shoemaking was still largely domestic until the 1870s, ‘home’ was often the workplace.
Booms and slumps meant work was difficult to get and incomes varied from week to week. Times were often hard. The nature of the work meant a shoemaking household and its family environment could be inherently stressful. Gender roles were complex, with women often both home-making and earning money in lower grade jobs like shoe binding. Their children were exploited with long hours, hard work and insanitary conditions. Even when the work was moved into workshops children were still exploited, and it was said around 1880 that boys were paid ‘wages only just a remove from the pauper’s dole.’
Thomas Cruikshank | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Elizabeth Molineux | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||