Ancestral Trails 2016 » Friedrich III of DENMARK (1609-1670)

Données personnelles Friedrich III of DENMARK 

• Il est né le 18 mars 1609 dans Haderslevhus Castle, Haderslev, Sonderjylland, Denmark.
• Il est décédé le 9 février 1670 dans Copenhagen Castle, Kobenhavn, Denmark, il avait 60 ans.
• Il est enterré en l'an 1670 dans Roskilde Cathedral, Jutland, Denmark.
• Un enfant de Christian IV of DENMARK et Anne Catherine von BRANDENBURG

Famille de Friedrich III of DENMARK

Il est marié avec Sophie Amalie von BRAUNSCHWEIG-LUNEBURG.

Ils se sont mariés le 1 octobre 1643 à Schloss Glücksburg, Glücksburg, Schleswig-Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, il avait 34 ans.

Enfant(s):

1. George of DENMARK  1653-1708
2. Ulrika Eleonora of DENMARK  1656-1693 
3. Wilhelmina Ernestina of DENMARK  1650-1706
4. Christian V of DENMARK  1646-1699 
5. Anna Sophie of DENMARK  1647-1717 
6. Frederica Amalia of DENMARK  1649-1704 

Notes par Friedrich III of DENMARK

Frederick III (Danish: Frederik; 18 March 1609 - 9 February 1670) was king of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death. He also governed under the name Frederick II as diocesan administrator (colloquially referred to as prince-bishop) of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623-29 and again 1634-44), and the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635-45).

He instituted absolute monarchy in Denmark-Norway in 1660, confirmed by law in 1665 as the first in Western historiography. He also ordered the creation of the Throne Chair of Denmark. He was born the second-eldest son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg. Frederick was only considered an heir to the throne after the death of his older brother Prince Christian in 1647.

In order to be elected king after the death of his father, Frederick conceded significant influence to the nobility. As king, he fought two wars against Sweden. He was defeated in the Dano-Swedish War of 1657-1658, but attained great popularity when he weathered the 1659 Assault on Copenhagen and won the Dano-Swedish War of 1658-1660. Later that year, Frederick used his popularity to disband the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy, which lasted until 1848 in Denmark. He married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, with whom he fathered Christian V of Denmark.

Frederick was born at Haderslev in Slesvig, the son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg. In his youth and early manhood, there was no prospect of his ascending the Danish throne, as his older brother Christian was elected heir apparent in 1608. Frederick was educated at Sorø Academy and studied in the Netherlands and France. As a young man, he demonstrated an interest in theology, natural sciences, and Scandinavian history. He was a reserved and enigmatic prince who seldom laughed, spoke little, and wrote less, a striking contrast to Christian IV. Even though he lacked the impulsive and jovial qualities of his father, Frederick possessed the compensating virtues of moderation and self-control. On 1 October 1643 Frederick wed Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the daughter of George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who had an energetic, passionate, and ambitious character. He was an enthusiastic collector of books and his collection became the foundation for the Copenhagen Royal Library.

In his youth, Frederick became the instrument of his father's political schemes in the Holy Roman Empire. He was granted administration of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635-45), the Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623-29 and again 1634-44), and named coadjutor of the Bishopric of Halberstadt. Thus, from an early age, he had considerable experience as an administrator. At the age of eighteen, he was the chief commandant of the Bremian fortress of Stade. During the Torstenson War of 1643-45, Frederick lost control of his possessions within the empire. He was then appointed commander in the royal shares in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein by his father. His command was not successful, chiefly owing to his quarrels with the Earl-Marshal Anders Bille, who commanded the Danish forces. This was Frederick's first collision with the Danish nobility, who afterwards regarded him with extreme distrust.

The death of his elder brother Christian in June 1647 opened the possibility for Frederick to be elected heir apparent to the Danish throne. However, this issue was still unsettled when Christian IV died on 28 February 1648. After long deliberation among the Danish Estates and in the Rigsraadet (royal council), he was finally accepted as his father's successor. On 6 July, Frederick received the homage of his subjects, and he was crowned on 23 November. However, due to misgivings about the rule of Christian IV, as well as Frederick's previous confrontational administrations in Bremen and Verden and his quarrels with Anders Bille, he was only elected after he had signed a Haandfæstning charter. The Haandfæstning included provisions curtailing the already diminished royal prerogative in favour of increased influence for the Rigsraadet.

In the first years of his reign, the Rigsraadet was the main power center of Danish politics. However, Frederick wielded more effective power than what the Haandfæstning officially granted. He eventually succeeded in removing the two most influential members of the Rigsraadet from office in 1651: his brothers-in-law Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested. Ulfeldt went into exile in Sweden where he turned traitor, while Sehested was restored to favour in 1660.

Frederick III profited by his spirited defense of the common interests of the country and the dynasty. The traditional loyalty of the Danish middle classes was transformed into enthusiasm for the king personally, and for a brief period Frederick found himself the most popular man in his kingdom. He made use of his popularity by converting the elective monarchy into an absolute monarchy by the Revolution of 1660. To ensure this conversion he instituted the 1660 state of emergency in Denmark. At the September 1660 gathering of the Estates, intended to solve the financial problems faced after the wars, Frederick played the different Estates against each other. He succeeded in gaining support for the hereditary monarchy, the annulment of the Haandfæstning, and the institution of absolute monarchical rule by decree.

During the last ten years of his reign, the king again took a relative obscure position while the new monarchy was built up and the country tried to recover after the wars. New men came into government, which was marked by a rivalry between the ministers and councillors like Hannibal Sehested and Kristoffer Gabel. Frederick concentrated on changing the administratitive structure from chancellery to resort colleges, and replaced the administrative divisions of fiefs with amt counties. In 1665, the Kongeloven (Lex Regia) was introduced: the “constitution” of Danish absolute monarchy, and the first assertion of divine right underpinned by a written constitution in Europe. It decreed that the Monarch "shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone." This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the Council of the Realm.

In 1665, Frederick had an opportunity to repay the Netherlands for their support, by protecting the Return Fleet from the Dutch East Indies from the English navy. The English had blocked the English Channel, forcing the Return Fleet to sail all around the British Isles. The Dutch took refuge in Bergen, Norway, pursued by English warships. There they was protected by the fortress at the harbor, whose commander treated them as Danish allies. The English urged Frederick to seize the Return Fleet for himself, claiming that it was more valuable than the whole of his kingdom. Instead of protecting the Dutch, Frederick agreed to collaborate with the English in seizing the Return Fleet. But before the Danish fleet or word of the deal reached Bergen, the English attacked, and were defeated in the Battle of Vågen by the Dutch, supported by the fortress.

Frederick III died at Copenhagen Castle and is interred in Roskilde Cathedral.

With Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg he had the following children:
Christian V 15 April 1646-26 August 1699 Married to Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel; had issue, including the future Frederick IV
Anna Sophie 1 September 1647-1 July 1717 Married to John George III, Elector of Saxony.
Frederica Amalia11 April 1649-30 October 1704 Married to Duke Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
Wilhelmina Ernestina 21 June 1650-22 April 1706 Married to Charles II, Elector Palatine. No issue.
George 2 April 1653-28 October 1708 Married to Anne, Queen of Great Britain. All their children died young.
Ulrika Eleonora September 11, 1656-26 July 1693 Married King Charles XI, King of Sweden.
Frederick 11 October 1651-14 March 1652 Died in infancy.
Dorothea 16 November 1657-15 May 1658 Died in infancy.
Dates in this table are Gregorian.

Also, he had with Margarethe Pape one illegitimate son, Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve.
SOURCE: Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark

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