Fox and Anderson and Taylor families in USA » King Henry Plantagenet Gaunt Bolingbroke Lancaster IV (1367-1413)

Bronnen

1. Book, Platagenet Encyclopedia, Elizabeth Hallam (ed.), Crescent Books, New York, 1996. ISBN 0-517-14081-0.

   1367-1413. Son of John of Gaunt (fourth son of Edward III) and Blanche of Lancaster; knight of the Garter (1377), 9th earl of Derby (1377-99), 12th earl of Hereford (1384-97), 1st duke of Hereford (1397-9), king of England (1399-1413). Henry was born at Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire. Styled earl of Derby by 1377, in 1380 he married Mary Bohun, a co-heiress of the great earldom of Hereford. He was one of the five lords appellant who, in the Merciless Parliament of 1388, forced Richard II to dismiss the favourites associated with his tyrannical rule. Adventurous and enterprising, he joined the Teutonic Knights fighting in Lithuania in 1390, and also went to Prussia, Cyprus and on pilgrimage to Jerusalem (1392-93) - before returning to the political turmoil of Richard II's court. To his renown as a fighting man, he added a reputation for generosity, elegance and well-developed literary and musical tastes.
   
   Henry regained Richard's favour after his return, and was created duke of Hereford in 1397. In 1398 he quarrelled with one of the other former lords appellant, Thomas Mowbray, 1st duke of Norfolk, and attempted to fight a duel with him. Richard, increasingly suspicious of Henry, banished him for ten years.
   
   In 1390, when John of Gaunt died and Richard II confiscated his vast Lancastrian estates, the exiled Henry, as Gaunt's heir, found himself at the head of Richard's growing band of enemies, who had suffered similar wrongs. In June 1399, while the king was campaigning in Ireland, Henry invaded England. Richard abdicated on his return in August and was imprisoned at Pontefract castle in Yorkshire, where he died in 1400, presumed murdered, leaving no heirs as rivals to the new royal house of Lancaster.
   
   Henry foun it easier to gain than to retain his throne. For nearly a decade he fought to keep it - against Richard II's supporters in 1400; against the Welsh under Owen Glendower, from 1400 to 1408; against the powerful Percy family, from 1403 to 1408; and even against Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, who proclaimed his opposition in 1405.
   
   The execution of the archbishop (1405) was a major political blunder by Henry. The king fell prey after 1408 to a mysterious disease, perhaps leprosy. Many of his subjects believed this was God's vengeance upon the king for such a nmisdeed.
   
   Henry married Joan, regent of Brittany, in 1402 (Mary had died in 1394), but she bore him no childeren and the succession fell to Henry, prince of Wales, the eldes of his four sons by Mary. Henry relied increasingly on him to crush his rivals, and by 1410 Prince Henry effectively ruled in his ailing father's place. In 1411 the king, perhaps fearing an impending coup, briefly resumed power, but in 1413 he too to his sickbed once more, and died at Westminster. A later chronicler recounts that the king expected to die in Jerusalem in fulfilment of a prophecy, but instead ended his days in the Jerusalem chamber in Westminster Abbey. He was buried at Canterbury Cathedral, and despite the problems of his reigh, left his son an undisputed succession.

Historische gebeurtenissen

• Geboortedag 15 april 1367
• Trouwdag 11 februari 1381
• Dag van overlijden 20 maart 1413

Dezelfde geboorte/sterftedag

• Ook geboren op 15 april
• Ook overleden op 20 maart

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