April 25 » The Chongzhen Emperor, the last Emperor of Ming dynasty China, commits suicide during a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng.
May 25 » Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.
May 26 » Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese and Spanish forces both claim victory in the Battle of Montijo.
June 5 » The Qing dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor take Beijing during the collapse of the Ming dynasty.
July 2 » English Civil War: Battle of Marston Moor.
September 1 » Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause.
June 25 » Venetian Elena Cornaro Piscopia is the first woman awarded a doctorate of philosophy when she graduates from the University of Padua.
August 3 » Robert LaSalle builds the Le Griffon, the first known ship built on the Great Lakes.
November 25 » Trunajaya rebellion: After a long and logistically challenging march, the allied Mataram and Dutch troops successfully assaulted the rebel stronghold of Kediri.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Andre Bas, "Family tree Bas", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-bas/I9504.php : accessed December 30, 2025), "Elsge Pietersdr van Leeuwen (????-1678)".
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