The temperature on August 31, 1829 was about 17.0 °C. Wind direction mainly northeast. Weather type: betrokken regen. Source: KNMI
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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden werd in 1794-1795 door de Fransen veroverd onder leiding van bevelhebber Charles Pichegru (geholpen door de Nederlander Herman Willem Daendels); de verovering werd vergemakkelijkt door het dichtvriezen van de Waterlinie; Willem V moest op 18 januari 1795 uitwijken naar Engeland (en van daaruit in 1801 naar Duitsland); de patriotten namen de macht over van de aristocratische regenten en proclameerden de Bataafsche Republiek; op 16 mei 1795 werd het Haags Verdrag gesloten, waarmee ons land een vazalstaat werd van Frankrijk; in 3.1796 kwam er een Nationale Vergadering; in 1798 pleegde Daendels een staatsgreep, die de unitarissen aan de macht bracht; er kwam een nieuwe grondwet, die een Vertegenwoordigend Lichaam (met een Eerste en Tweede Kamer) instelde en als regering een Directoire; in 1799 sloeg Daendels bij Castricum een Brits-Russische invasie af; in 1801 kwam er een nieuwe grondwet; bij de Vrede van Amiens (1802) kreeg ons land van Engeland zijn koloniën terug (behalve Ceylon); na de grondwetswijziging van 1805 kwam er een raadpensionaris als eenhoofdig gezag, namelijk Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (van 31 oktober 1761 tot 25 maart 1825).
March 22 » In the London Protocol, the three protecting powers (United Kingdom, France and Russia) establish the borders of Greece.
March 24 » The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, allowing Catholics to serve in Parliament.
May 23 » Accordion patent granted to Cyrill Demian in Vienna, Austrian Empire.
June 10 » The first Boat Race between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge takes place on the Thames in London.
July 23 » In the United States, William Austin Burt patents the typographer, a precursor to the typewriter.
October 1 » South African College is founded in Cape Town, South Africa. It will later separate into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools.
Day of marriage November 2, 1870
The temperature on November 2, 1870 was about 8.3 °C. The air pressure was 5 kgf/m2 and came mainly from the northeast. The airpressure was 77 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 62%. Source: KNMI
From June 4, 1868 till January 4, 1871 the Netherlands had a cabinet Van Bosse - Fock with the prime ministers Mr. P.P. van Bosse (liberaal) and Mr. C. Fock (liberaal).
February 15 » Stevens Institute of Technology is founded in New Jersey, USA and offers the first Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering.
June 26 » The Christian holiday of Christmas is declared a federal holiday in the United States.
July 19 » Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.
August 24 » The Wolseley expedition reaches Manitoba to end the Red River Rebellion.
September 1 » Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Sedan is fought, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory.
September 19 » Franco-Prussian War: The siege of Paris begins. The city will hold out for over four months before surrendering.
Day of death March 30, 1898
The temperature on March 30, 1898 was about 5.3 °C. The airpressure was 75 cm mercury. The atmospheric humidity was 86%. Source: KNMI
January 13 » Émile Zola's J'accuse…! exposes the Dreyfus affair.
May 1 » Spanish–American War: Battle of Manila Bay: The Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy destroys the Pacific Squadron of the Spanish Navy after a seven-hour battle. Spain loses all seven of its ships, and 381 Spanish sailors die. There are no American vessel losses or combat deaths.
August 13 » Spanish–American War: Spanish and American forces engage in a mock battle for Manila, after which the Spanish commander surrendered in order to keep the city out of Filipino rebel hands.
August 24 » Count Muravyov, Foreign Minister of Russia presents a rescript that convoked the First Hague Peace Conference.
September 2 » Battle of Omdurman: British and Egyptian troops defeat Sudanese tribesmen and establish British dominance in Sudan.
November 10 » Beginning of the Wilmington insurrection of 1898, the only instance of a municipal government being overthrown in United States history.
When copying data from this family tree, please include a reference to the origin: Sim Mostert, "Genealogy Pot en Smit", database, Genealogy Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/genealogie_pot_smit/I3999.php : accessed October 19, 2026), "HELENA PETRONELLA van der GRAAF (1829-1898)".
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