Bacheler Family Tree » Richard of York 3rd Duke of York (1411-1460)

Persoonlijke gegevens Richard of York 3rd Duke of York 

• Hij is geboren op 20 september 1411 in Conisbrough CastleEngland.
• Hij werd gedoopt in Rose, Bourgogne (Région), France.
• Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 1 juni 1925.
• Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 18 oktober 1927.
• Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 18 oktober 1927.
• Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 25 februari 1993.
• Beroep: Lord Protector of England, 3rd Duke of York.
• (Misc Event) in het jaar 1424England United Kingdom.
• Hij is overleden op 30 december 1460, hij was toen 49 jaar oudWakefield
  England.
• Hij is begraven na 30 december 1460 in Fotheringhay CastleFotheringhay
  England.
• Een kind van Richard of Conisburgh en Anne de Mortimer
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 14 november 2019.

Gezin van Richard of York 3rd Duke of York

Hij is getrouwd met Cecily Neville.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 18 oktober 1437 te Yorkshire,England, hij was toen 26 jaar oud.

Kind(eren):

1. Anne of York  1439-1476 

Notities over Richard of York 3rd Duke of York

3rd Duke of York
Source
www.thepeerage.com

Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460) was a member of the English royal family, who served in senior positions in France at the end of the Hundred Years' War, and in England during Henry VI's madness. His conflict with Henry VI was a leading factor in the political upheaval of mid-fifteenth-century England, and a major cause of the Wars of the Roses. Although he never became king, he was the father of Edward IV and Richard III.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Descent
* 2 Childhood and Upbringing (1411–1436)
* 3 France (1436–1439)
* 4 France again (1440–1445)
* 5 Ireland (1445–1450)
* 6 Leader of the Opposition (1450–1452)
* 7 Protector of the Realm (1453–1454)
* 8 St. Albans (1455–1456)
* 9 Loveday (1456–1458)
* 10 Ludford (1459)
* 11 The wheel of fortune (1459–1460)
* 12 A paper crown
* 13 Legacy
* 14 Ancestry
* 15 Children
* 16 References
* 17 Literature
* 18 External links

[edit] Descent
Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
Children
Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York
Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge
Constance, Countess of Gloucester
Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York
Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge
Children
Isabel, Countess of Essex
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
Children
Anne, Duchess of Exeter
Edward IV of England
Edmund, Earl of Rutland
Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk
Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy
George, Duke of Clarence
Richard III of England
Edward IV of England
Children
Elizabeth, Queen Consort of England
Mary of York
Cecily Kymbe
Edward V of England
Margaret of York
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
Anne, Countess of Surrey
George, Duke of Bedford
Catherine, Countess of Devon
Bridget of York
George, Duke of Clarence
Children
Margaret, Countess of Salisbury
Edward, Earl of Warwick
Richard III of England
Children
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales

He was born to Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge and Anne de Mortimer. Anne was the senior heiress of Lionel of Antwerp, the second surviving son of Edward III; this arguably gave her and her family a superior claim to the throne over that of the House of Lancaster. Anne died giving birth to Richard. He was a younger brother of Isabel Plantagenet.

His paternal grandparents were Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York and Isabella of Castile. His maternal grandparents were Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March and Eleanor de Holland.

Edmund of Langley was the fourth surviving son of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Isabella of Castile was a daughter of Pedro of Castile and María de Padilla. Roger de Mortimer was a son of Edmund de Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and Philippa Plantagenet. Eleanor de Holland was a daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent and Alice Fitzalan. Alice Fitzalan was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster.

Philippa Plantagenet was in turn the only daughter of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence and Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster. Lionel of Antwerp being the second son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault.

His father was executed for his part in the plot against Henry V of England on August 5, 1415. From his father he inherited neither land nor title. However his paternal uncle Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York was killed at the Battle of Agincourt (October 25, 1415). The Duke was childless and Richard was his closest male relative.

After some hesitation Henry V allowed Richard to inherit the title and (at his majority) the lands of the Duchy of York. The lesser title and (in due course) greater estates of the Earldom of March became his on the death his maternal uncle Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, on January 19, 1425. The reason for the hestiation of Henry V is due to the usurpation of Edmund Mortimer's right to the English throne; once Richard inherited the March, he became the foremost Yorkist pretender.

[edit] Childhood and Upbringing (1411–1436)

As an orphan, the income and management of his lands became the property of the crown. Even though many of the lands of his uncle of York had been granted for life only, or to him and his male heirs; the remaining lands, concentrated in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire, Yorkshire, and Wiltshire and Gloucestershire were considerable. The wardship of such an orphan was therefore a valuable gift of the Crown, and in October 1417 this was granted to Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmoreland, with the young Richard under the guardianship of Sir Robert Waterton. Ralph was one of the most philoprogenitive peers of the age, and had many daughters needing husbands. As was his right, in 1424 he betrothed the 13-year-old Richard to his daughter Cecily Neville, then aged 9.

In October 1425, when Ralph Neville died, he bequeathed the wardship of York to his widow, Joan Beaufort. By now the wardship was even more valuable, as Richard had inherited the Mortimer estates on the death of the Earl of March. These manors were concentrated in Wales, and in the Welsh Borders around Ludlow.

Little is recorded of his early life. On 19 May 1426 he was knighted at Leicester by John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. In October 1429 (or earlier) his marriage to Cecily Neville took place. On November 6 he was present at the coronation of Henry VI of England in Westminster Abbey. He then followed Henry to France, being present at his coronation as King of France in Notre Dame on December 16, 1431. Finally, on May 12, 1432 he came into his inheritance and was granted control of his estates.

[edit] France (1436–1439)

York first enters history with his expedition to France in May 1436. Henry V's conquests in France could not be sustained forever - the Kingdom of England either needed to conquer more territory to ensure permanent French subordination, or to concede territory to gain a negotiated settlement. During Henry VI's minority the Council took advantage of French weakness and the alliance with Burgundy to increase England's possessions, but following the Treaty of Arras in 1435 Burgundy ceased to recognise the King of England's claim to the French throne.

York's appointment was one of a number of stop-gap measures after the death of Bedford to try to retain French possessions until King Henry should assume personal rule. The fall of Paris (his original destination) led to his army being allocated to Normandy. Working with Bedford's captains, York had some success, re-capturing Fecamp and holding on to the Pays de Caux, while establishing good order and justice in the Duchy. His term was extended beyond the original twelve months, and he returned to England in November 1439. In spite of his position as one of the leading nobles of the realm, he was not included in Henry VI's Council on his return.[1]

[edit] France again (1440–1445)

Henry turned to York again in 1440 after peace negotiations failed. He was appointed Lieutenant of France on 2 July, with the same powers that Bedford had been granted. As in 1437, he was able to count on the loyalty of Bedford's supporters, including Sir John Fastolf and Sir William Oldhall.

However, in 1443 Henry put the newly-created John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset in charge of an army of 8,000 men, initially intended for the relief of Gascony. This denied York much-needed men and resources at a time when he was struggling to hold the borders of Normandy. Not only that, the terms of Somerset's appointment could have caused York to feel that his own role as effective regent over the whole of Lancastrian France was reduced to that of governor of Normandy. Somerset's army achieved nothing, and eventually returned to Normandy, where Somerset died. This may have been the start of the hatred that York felt for the Beaufort family, that would later turn into civil war.

English policy now turned back to a negotiated peace (or at least a truce), so the remainder of York's time in France was spent in routine administration and domestic matters. Duchess Cecily had accompanied him to Normandy, and his children Edward, Edmund and Elizabeth were born in Rouen.

[edit] Ireland (1445–1450)

At the end of his five year appointment (he returned to England on 20 October), he must have had reasonable expectations of reappointment. However, he had become associated with the English in Normandy who were opposed to Henry VI's policy towards France, some of whom (for example Sir William Oldhall and Sir Andrew Ogard) had followed him to England. Eventually (in December 1446) the lieutenancy went to Edmund Beaufort, who had become Earl of Somerset on the death of his brother (see above). During 1446-7 York attended meetings of Henry VI's Council and of Parliament, but most of his time was spent in administration of his estates on the Welsh border.

His attitude toward Henry's surrender of Maine must have contributed to his appointment on 30 July as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In some ways it was a logical appointment. Richard was also Earl of Ulster and had considerable estates in Ireland. But it was also a convenient way of removing him from both England and France. His term of office was for ten years, ruling him out of consideration of any other high office during that period.

Domestic matters kept him in England until June 1449, but when he did eventually go, it was with Cecily (who was pregnant at the time) and an army of around 600 men. This suggests a stay of some time was envisaged. However, claiming lack of money to defend English possessions, York decided to return to England. His financial state may indeed have been problematic - by the mid-1440s he was owed nearly £40,000 by the crown, and the income from his estates was declining.

[edit] Leader of the Opposition (1450–1452)
Coat of arms of Richard, 3rd Duke of York
Coat of arms of Richard, 3rd Duke of York

In 1450 the defeats and failures of the previous ten years boiled over into serious political unrest. In January, Adam Moleyns, Lord Privy Seal and Bishop of Chichester, was lynched. In May the chief councillor of the King, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, was murdered on his way into exile. The commons demanded that the King take back many of the grants of land and money he had made to his favourites.

In June Kent and Sussex rose in revolt. Led by Jack Cade (taking the name Mortimer), they took control of London and killed John Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele, Lord High Treasurer of England. In August, the final towns held in Normandy fell to the French' and refugees flooded back to England.

On 7 September York landed at Beaumaris. Evading an attempt by Henry to intercept him, and gathering followers as he went, York arrived in London on 27 September. After an inconclusive (and possibly violent) meeting with the King, York continued to recruit, both in East Anglia and the west. The violence in London was such that Somerset, back in England after the collapse of English Normandy, was put in the Tower of London for his own safety. In December Parliament elected York's chamberlain, Sir William Oldhall, as speaker.

York's public stance was that of a reformer, demanding better government and the prosecution of the traitors who had lost northern France. Judging by his later actions, there may also have been a more hidden motive — the destruction of Somerset, who was soon released from the Tower. Although granted another office (Justice of the Forest south of the Trent), York still lacked any real support outside Parliament and his own retainers.

In April 1451, Somerset was released from the Tower and appointed Captain of Calais. When the MP for Bristol, Thomas Young (one of York's councillors) proposed that York be recognised as heir to the throne, he was sent to the Tower and Parliament was dissolved. Henry VI was prompted into belated reforms, which went some way to restore public order and improve the royal finances. Frustrated by his lack of political power, York retired to Ludlow.

In 1452, York made another bid for power — but not to become king himself. Protesting his loyalty, he aimed to be recognised as Henry VI's heir, while also trying to destroy the Earl of Somerset (as a Beaufort descendant, Henry may have preferred him over York to succeed him). Gathering men on the march from Ludlow, York headed for London, to find the city gates barred against him on Henry's orders. At Dartford in Kent, with his army outnumbered, and the support of only two of the nobility, York was forced to come to an agreement with Henry. Allowed to present his complaints against Somerset to the king, he then was taken to London and after two weeks of virtual house arrest, was forced to swear an oath of allegiance at St Paul's Cathedral.

[edit] Protector of the Realm (1453–1454)

By the summer of 1453, York seemed to have lost his power struggle. Henry embarked on a series of judicial tours, punishing York's tenants who had been involved in the debacle at Dartford. His Queen consort Margaret of Anjou was pregnant, and even if she should miscarry, the marriage of the newly ennobled Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond to Margaret Beaufort provided for an alternative line of succession. Bordeaux had been re-captured the previous year. By July he had lost both his Offices - Lieutenant of Ireland and Justice of the Forest south of the Trent.

Then, in August, Henry VI suffered a catastrophic mental breakdown. Perhaps brought on by the news of the defeat at the Battle of Castillon in Gascony, he became completely unresponsive, unable to speak and having to be led from room to room. The council tried to carry on as though the King's disability would be brief. However, eventually they had to admit that something had to be done. In October, invitations for a Great Council were issued, and although Somerset tried to have him excluded, York (the premier Duke of the realm) was included. Somerset's fears were to prove well-grounded, for in November he was committed to the Tower. Despite the opposition of Margaret of Anjou, on 27 March, York was appointed Protector of the Realm and Chief Councillor.

York's appointment of his brother-in-law, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, as Chancellor was significant. Henry's burst of activity in 1453 had seen him try to stem the violence caused by various disputes between noble families. These disputes gradually polarised around the long-standing Percy-Neville feud. Unfortunately for Henry, Somerset (and therefore the king) became identified with the Percy cause. This drove the Nevilles into the arms of York, who now for the first time had support among a section of the nobility.

[edit] St. Albans (1455–1456)

"If Henry's insanity was a tragedy, his recovery was a national disaster" [2]. In January 1455 Henry lost little time in reversing York's actions. Somerset was released and restored to favour. York was deprived of the Captaincy of Calais (granted to Somerset) and of the office of Protector. Salisbury resigned as Chancellor. York, Salisbury and Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick were threatened when a Great Council was called to meet in Leicester (away from Somerset's enemies in London) on 21 May. York and his Neville relations recruited in the north and probably along the Welsh border. By the time Somerset realised what was happening, there was no time to raise a large force to support the king.

Once York took his army south of Leicester, thus barring the route to the Great Council, the dispute between him and the king regarding Somerset would have to be settled by force. On 22 May, the king and Somerset, with a hastily-assembled and poorly-equipped army of around 2,000 arrived at St Albans. York, Warwick and Salisbury were already there, with a larger and better-equipped army. More importantly, at least some of their soldiers would have had experience in the frequent border skirmishes with the Kingdom of Scotland and the occasionally rebellious people of Wales.

The First Battle of St Albans which immediately followed hardly deserves the term battle. Possibly as few as 50 men were killed, but among them were Somerset and the two Percy lords, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland and Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford. York and the Nevilles had therefore succeeded in killing their enemies, while York's capture of the king gave him the chance to resume the power he had lost in 1453. It was vital to keep Henry alive - his death would have led, not to York becoming king himself, but to the minority rule of his two-year-old son Edward of Westminster. Since York's support among the nobility was small, he would be unable to dominate a minority council led by Margaret of Anjou.

In the custody of York, the king was returned to London with York and Salisbury riding alongside, and with Warwick bearing the royal sword in front. On 25 May, Henry received the crown from York, in a clearly symbolic display of power. York made himself Constable of England, and appointed Warwick Captain of Calais. York's position was enhanced when some of the nobility agreed to join his government, including Lord Fauconberg, who had served under him in France.

For the rest of the summer York held the king prisoner, either in Hertford castle or (in order to be enthroned in Parliament in July) in London. When Parliament met again in November the throne was empty, and it was reported that the king was ill again. York resumed the office of Protector, although he surrendered it when the king recovered in February 1456, it seemed that this time Henry was willing to accept that York and his supporters would play a major part in the government of the realm.

Salisbury and Warwick continued as councillors, and Warwick was confirmed as Captain of Calais. In June York himself was sent north to defend the border against a threatened invasion by James II of Scotland. However, the king once again became under the control of a dominant figure, this time one harder to replace than Suffolk or Somerset. For the rest of his reign, it would be the queen, Margaret of Anjou, who would control the king.

[edit] Loveday (1456–1458)

Although Margaret of Anjou had now taken the place formerly held by Suffolk or Somerset, her position, at least at first, was not as dominant. York had his Lieutenancy of Ireland renewed, and he continued to attend meetings of the Council. However, in August 1456 the court moved to Coventry, in the heart of the Queen's lands. How York was treated now depended on how powerful the Queen's views were. York was regarded with suspicion on three fronts: he threatened the succession of the young Prince of Wales; he was apparently negotiating for the marriage of his son Edward into the Burgundian ruling Family; and as a supporter of the Nevilles, he was contributing to the major cause of disturbance in the kingdom - the Percy/Neville feud.

Here, the Nevilles lost ground. Salisbury gradually ceased to attend meetings of the council. When his brother Robert Neville, Bishop of Durham died in 1457, the new appointment was Laurence Booth. Booth was a member of the Queen's inner circle. The Percys were shown greater favour both at court and in the struggle for power on the Scottish Border.

Henry's attempts at reconciliation between the factions divided by the killings at St Albans reached their climax with the Loveday on March 24, 1458. However, the lords concerned had earlier turned London into an armed camp, and the public expressions of amity seemed not to have lasted beyond the ceremony.

[edit] Ludford (1459)

In June 1459 a great council was summoned to meet at Coventry. York, the Nevilles and some other lords refused to appear, fearing that the armed forces that had been commanded to assemble the previous month had been summoned to arrest them. Instead, York and Salisbury recruited in their strongholds and at Worcester met Warwick, who had brought with him his troops from Calais. Parliament was summoned to meet at Coventry in November, but without York and the Nevilles. This could only mean that they were to be accused of treason.

On 11 October, York tried by move south, but was forced to head for Ludlow. On 12 October, at the Battle of Ludford Bridge, York once again faced Henry just as he had at Dartford seven years earlier. Warwick's troops from Calais refused to fight, and the rebels fled - York to Ireland, Warwick, Salisbury and York's son Edward to Calais[3]. York's wife Cecily and their two younger sons (George and Richard) were captured in Ludlow Castle and imprisoned at Coventry.

[edit] The wheel of fortune (1459–1460)

York's retreat worked to his advantage. He was still Lieutenant of Ireland, and attempts to replace him failed. The Parliament of Ireland backed him, providing offers of both military and financial support. Warwick's (possibly inadvertent) return to Calais also proved fortunate — his control of the English Channel meant that pro-Yorkist propaganda, emphasising loyalty to the king while decrying his wicked councillors, could be spread around Southern England. Such was the Yorkists' naval dominance that Warwick was able to sail to Ireland in March 1460, meet York and return to Calais in May. Warwick's control of Calais was to prove to be influential with the wool-merchants in London.

In December 1459 York (along with Warwick and Salisbury) had suffered attainder — his life was forfeit, and his lands reverted to the king — his heirs would not inherit. This was the most extreme punishment a member of the nobility could suffer, and York was now in the same situation as Henry of Bolingbroke in 1398. Only a successful invasion of England would restore his fortune. Assuming the invasion was successful, York had three options — become protector again, disinherit the king so that York's son would succeed, or claim the throne for himself.

On 26 June, Warwick and Salisbury landed at Sandwich. The men of Kent, always ready to revolt, rose to join them. London opened its gates to the Nevilles on 2 July. York remained in Ireland. Not until 9 September did he set foot in England, and when he did, he acted as a king. Marching under the arms of his maternal great-great-great-grandfather Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, as he approached London he displayed a banner of the Coat of Arms of England. By this time, Warwick had already defeated the royal forces at the Battle of Northampton (10 July) and captured the king. A Parliament called to meet on 7 October repealed all the legislation of the Coventry parliament the previous year.

On 10 October, York arrived in London and took residence in the royal palace. Entering Parliament with his sword borne upright before him, he claimed the throne of England. Once again, his narrow support among his peers led to failure. After weeks of negotiation, the best that could be achieved was that York and his heirs would be recognised as Henry's successor. However, Parliament did grant York extraordinary executive powers to protect the realm, and with the king effectively in custody, York and Warwick were the de facto rulers of the country.

While this was happening, the Lancastrian loyalists were arming. Faced with the threat of attack from the Percys, and with Margaret of Anjou trying to gain the support of new king James III of Scotland, on 2 December York and Salisbury headed north. With them went York's son Edmund, Earl of Rutland. They arrived at Sandal Castle on 21 December to find the situation bad and getting worse. Forces loyal to Henry controlled the city of York, and nearby Pontefract Castle was also in hostile hands.

On 30 December, York and his forces left Sandal, possibly to obtain supplies. Intercepted near Wakefield by a larger Lancastrian force, York and his son were killed. Salisbury was captured during the Battle of Wakefield and executed the following day. York was buried at Pontefract, but his head was put on a pike by the victorious Lancastrian armies. His remains were later moved to Fotheringhay Church[4].

[edit] A paper crown

There is no contemporary portrait of Richard of York. None of his affinity (or his enemies) left a memoir of him. All that remains is the record of his actions, and the propaganda issued by both sides. Faced with the lack of evidence, we can only infer his intentions from his actions. Few men have come so close to the throne as York, who died not knowing that in only a few months his son Edward would become king. Even at the time, opinion was divided as to his true motives. Did he always want the throne, or did Henry VI's poor government and the hostility of Henry's favourites leave him no choice? Was the alliance with Warwick the deciding factor, or did he just respond to events?

[edit] Legacy

Richard's eldest surviving son finally succeeded in putting the House of York on the throne in 1461 as Edward IV of England. His youngest son later became Richard III of England. The grandchildren of Richard include Edward V of England and Elizabeth of York. Elizabeth married Henry VII of England, founder of the Tudor dynasty and became the mother of Henry VIII of England, Margaret Tudor and Mary Tudor. After the reigns of the three children of Henry VIII, all English monarchs have been descendants of Margaret.

[edit] Ancestry

Richard was descended from English, French and Castilian royalty, as well as several major English aristocratic families.
Ancestors of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York[show]










16. Edward II of England



8. Edward III of England





17. Isabella of France



4. Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York







18. William I, Count of Hainaut



9. Philippa of Hainault





19. Joan of Valois



2. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge









20. Alfonso XI of Castile



10. Peter of Castile





21. Maria of Portugal



5. Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York







22. Juan García de Padilla, 1st Señor de Villagera



11. María de Padilla





23. María Fernández de Henestrosa



1. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York











24. Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March



12. Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March





25. Philippa Montacute



6. Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March







26. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (son of 8)



13. Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster





27. Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster



3. Anne de Mortimer









28. Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent



14. Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent





29. Joan of Kent



7. Alianore Holland







30. Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel



15. Alice FitzAlan





31. Eleanor of Lancaster



[edit] Children

His children with Cecily Neville include:

1. Joan of York (1438-1438).
2. Anne of York (August 10, 1439 – January 14, 1476), consort to Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter.
3. Henry of York (b. February 10, 1441, died young).
4. Edward IV of England (April 28, 1442 – April 9, 1483).
5. Edmund, Earl of Rutland (May 17, 1443 – December 31, 1460).
6. Elizabeth of York (April 22, 1444 – after January, 1503), consort to John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk.(His first wife was Margaret Beaufort).
7. Margaret of York (May 3, 1446 – November 23, 1503). Married to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
8. William of York (b. July 7, 1447, died young).
9. John of York (b. November 7, 1448, died young).
10. George, Duke of Clarence (October 21, 1449 – February 18, 1478). Married to Isabel Neville. Parents of Margaret Pole whose husband's mother was the half-sister of Margaret Beaufort.
11. Thomas of York (born c. 1451, died young).
12. Richard III of England (October 2, 1452 – August 22, 1485). Married to Anne Neville, the sister of Isabel Neville.
13. Ursula of York (born 22 July 1455, died young).

[edit] References

1. ^ Storey p.72
2. ^ Storey p 159
3. ^ Goodman p 31
4. ^ Haigh p 31ff

[edit] Literature

* Goodman, Anthony The Wars of the Roses Routledge&Kegan 1990 ISBN 0-415-05264-5
* Griffiths Henry VI' ISBN 0-7509-3777-7
* Haigh, Philip From Wakefield to Towton Pen and Sword Books 2002 ISBN 0 85052 825 9
* Hicks Warwick the Kingmaker ISBN 0-631-23593-0
* Hilliam, David Kings, Queens, Bones and Bastards Sutton Publishing 2000 ISBN 0 7509 2340 7
* Johnson Richard Duke of York ISBN 0-19-820268-7
* Storey, Robin The End of the House of Lancaster Sutton Publishing 1986 ISBN 0-86299-290-7
* Wolffe Henry VI ISBN 0-300-08926-0

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about Richard, Duke of York, father of King Edward IV.For the article about Edward IV's son who was imprisoned in the Towerof London see: Richard, Duke of York (Prince in the Tower).
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Richard (Plantagenet), Duke of York (21 September 1411- 30 December1460) was the son of Richard, Earl of Cambridge, a noble who had beenexecuted for treason by King Henry V of England in 1415, and of AnneMortimer, who, like her husband, was a direct descendant of KingEdward III. Richard thus had an excellent claim on the throne ofEngland, which he began to press in 1448 by assuming the long-disusedsurname of Plantagenet. In doing so, he made a direct challenge to theweak King Henry VI. In about 1424, he married Cecily Neville, adescendant of John of Gaunt. Having had the attainder against hisfather reversed in 1426, he resumed the title of Duke of York, havingalready become Earl of March through the death of his uncle, EdmundMortimer, 5th Earl of March.

With King Henry's insanity in 1452, York was made Lord Protector, buthad to give up this position with the king's recovery and the birth ofan heir, Edward, Prince of Wales, the next year. York graduallygathered together his forces, however, and the civil wars known as theWars of the Roses eventually broke out in 1455. The forces loyal tothe King were led by the ambitious Duke of Somerset, but the Yorkistshad the first victory at the First Battle of St Albans on 22 May 1455,at which Somerset was killed, but he was soon forced to back down andcome to terms with the King. Four years passed in uneasy peace, but,conflict was resumed in 1459, and York and his followers wereattainted as traitors on 20 November 1459, and York himself forcedinto exile in Ireland, while his eldest son Edward fled to Calais withYork's most powerful ally, the Earl of Warwick. York became all themore determined to achieve the throne for the House of York, and hewas victorious over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Northampton. Atthis battle, he captured the King, who was subsequently forced torecognize York as his heir (disinheriting his own son) under the Actof Accord. York had been intending to seize the throne for himself,but there was limited support for this kind of usurpation even amongsuch staunch Yorkists as the Earl of Warwick. But parliament did agreeto the compromise of making York heir to the throne, in effectrecognising the Yorkist claim to the throne as superior to theLancastrian one.

The Lancastrians, however, led by Henry's wife, Margaret of Anjou,refused to accept this, and continued the war. York headed north andhe was killed fighting the Lancastrians at the Battle of Wakefield on30 December 1460. He was buried at Pontefract, but his head was put ona pike by the victorious Lancastrian armies. Richard's eldest sonfinally succeeded in putting his dynasty on the throne in 1461 as KingEdward IV of England. Edward V of England was Richard's grandson, andRichard III of England was Richard's son. The Tudor king Henry VIII ofEngland was Richard's great-grandson.

His children with Cecily Neville include:

Joan of York (1438).
Anne of York (August 10, 1439 - January 14, 1476), consort to HenryHolland, 3rd Duke of Exeter.
Henry of York (b. February 10, 1441).
Edward IV of England (April 28, 1442 - April 9, 1483).
Edmund, Earl of Rutland (May 17, 1443 - December 31, 1460).
Elizabeth of York (April 22, 1444 - after January, 1503), consort toJohn de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk.
Margaret of Burgundy (May 3, 1446 - November 23, 1503).
William of York (b. July 7, 1447).
John of York (b. November 7, 1448).
George, Duke of Clarence (October 21, 1449 - February 18, 1478).
Thomas of York (born c. 1451).
Richard III of England (October 2, 1452 - August 22, 1485).
Ursula of York (born c. 1454).

[Kopi av ROYALS.FTW]

Richard was the first to adopt the surname Plantagenet; Killed at the battle
of Wakefield in 1460.

Richard was the first to adopt the surname Plantagenet; Killed at the battle
of Wakefield in 1460.
[] Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York.[] Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York.

[] Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York.

Protector of England, Earl of March & Ulster, Earl of Cambridge.
The first to adopt the surname of Plantagenet. His laying claim to the
throne of England led to the War of the Roses.
The Complete Peerage v.XIIpII,pp.905-909.

{geni:about_me}

"Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, 6th Earl of March, 4th Earl of Cambridge, and 7th Earl of Ulster, conventionally called Richard of York (21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460) was a leading English magnate, great-grandson of King Edward III. He inherited great estates, and served in various offices of state in France at the end of the Hundred Years' War, and in England, ultimately governing the country as Lord Protector during Henry VI's madness. His conflicts with Henry's queen, Margaret of Anjou, and other members of Henry's court were a leading factor in the political upheaval of mid-fifteenth-century England, and a major cause of the Wars of the Roses. Richard eventually attempted to claim the throne but was dissuaded, although it was agreed that he would become King on Henry's death. Within a few weeks of securing this agreement, he died in battle.

Although Richard never became king, he was the father of Edward IV and Richard III."

=================================================================================

Links:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11543649

http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=1681

http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I658&tree=EuropeRoyalNobleHous

http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I289&tree=Nixon

http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I116182&tree=Welsh

http://www.thepeerage.com/p10164.htm#i101632

=================================================================================

Citations / Sources:

[S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), Volume 12, page 905. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.

[S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume II, page 495.

[S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, Volume XII/2, pages 905-908 .

[S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume III, page 246.

[S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume III, page 260.

[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 132. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.

[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family, page 134.

[S2411] #11915 British Genealogy (filmed 1950), Evans, Alcwyn Caryni, (Books A to H. National Library of Wales MSS 12359-12360D. Manuscript filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1950), FHL microfilms 104,355 and 104,390 item 2., book 6 p. F3*, 4; book 7 p. G28.

[S2434] #2105 Heraldic Visitations of Wales and Part of the Marches Between the Years 1586 and 1613 by Lewys Dwnn (1846), Dwnn, Lewys; transcribed and edited with notes by Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick, (2 volumes. Llandovery: William Rees, 1846), FHL book 942.9 D23d; FHL microfilm 176,668., vol. 2 p. 108.

[S712] #1039 Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families: with Their Collateral Branches in Denbighshire, Merionethshire (1914), Griffith, John Edwards, (Horncastle, England: W.K. Morton, 1914), FHL book Folio 942.9 D2gr; FHL microfilm 468,334., p. I, 305*.

[S673] #1079 A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time (1904-1993), Bradney, Sir Joseph Alfred, (Publications of the South Wales Record Society, number 8. Five volumes in 13. London: Mitchell, Hughes and Clarke, 1904-1993), FHL book 942.43 H2b., vol. 3 p. 8.

!HISTORICAL NOTES:
Richard Plantagenet and his wife, Cecily Neville, lived during the 15th Century. They have been chosen to begin the Royal Ancestors pedigree because of their common descent from a host of kings and royal families, including King EdwardIII of England. They were also the parents of two English kings--Edward IV and Richard III--who ruled England from 1461 to 1485. The name Plantagenet comes froma long line of Plantagenet kings who ruled England for about 300 years. The Neville family was one of England's most influential families during the 14th and 15th centuries.

!HISTORICAL NOTES:
Richard Plantagenet and his wife, Cecily Neville, lived during the 15th Century. They have been chosen to begin the Royal Ancestors pedigree because of their common descent from a host of kings and royal families, including King Edward III of England. They were also the parents of two English kings--Edward IV and Richard III--who ruled England from 1461 to 1485. The name Plantagenet comes from a long line of Plantagenet kings who ruled England for about 300 years. The Neville family was one of England's most influential families during the 14th and 15th centuries.

150px-Richard_of_Conisburgh_Arms
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d9eb7ac3-46da-43f5-8a20-1932ac5a6609&tid=6545431&pid=-736067988

3RD DUKE OF YORK; EARL OF MARCH & ULSTER; KILLED (OR EXECUTED) IN BATTLE

Protector of England. Married before 18 Oct 1424. Regent of France. Fell at the Battle of Wakefield. {Burke�s Peerage} [GADD.GED]

Richard_Duke_of_York
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=207c1a0e-bbc6-4f60-99b6-fe721acabd92&tid=2258109&pid=-1832678802

RECORDS: THE PLANTAGENET ANCESTRY, ENG. 116, P. 2; THE COMPLETE
PEERAGE, G.E.C., ENG. V, V. 2, P. 495 V. 3 P. 260, V. 5, P. 212-16,
737-41; RICHARD ASSUMED THE NAME "PLANTAGENET" IN 1448.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet%2C_3rd_Duke_of_York

Grandchild of Edward III on both sides and Father of both Edward IV and Richard III

From Ancestral File (TM), data as of 2 January 1996.

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